Language Organization Research Articles

What are the guiding principles in the evolution of language: Paradigmatics or syntagmatics?

AbstractThe main designs of modern theories of syntax assume a process of syntagmatic organization. However, research on first language acquisition leaves no doubt that the structured combination of single lexical items cannot begin until a critical mass of lexical items has been acquired such that the lexicon is structured hierarchically on the basis of hierarchical feature bundling. Independent of a decision between the main views about the design of a proto language (the grammarless “Holophrastic view”,Arbib & Bickerton 2010: 1,Bickerton 2014) or the ‘Compositional View’ as taken byRizzi (2010),Carstairs-McCarthy (2010), and others. What seems to be the minimal offset for language is the existence of grammatical categories like verb and noun, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, functional categories as needed for the expression of all kinds of agreement between the distinct categories to form recursively structured complexes. I follow the different stages of complexification asking whether there is paradigmatic next to syntagmatic organization and what its added value is for the evolution of grammar. The conclusion will be that paradigmatics is an indismissible part of the organization of early language in that it structures the lexicon so as to make primary and secondary syntactic merge possible and, consequently, is also a prerequisite for movement. The guiding idea of this position is Roman Jakobson’s insistence on the twofold organization of language and grammar. The two organizational designs, syntagmatics and paradigmatics, are manifest within each module: in the phonetic, the morphological, the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic form (consider Jakobson’s1971a,breiterated argument).

English use by the heads of state at the United Nations General Assembly

How do people choose a language when they are proficient in more than one language? This research sheds light on language choice, English use in particular, in diplomacy where an individual speaks primarily for negotiation on behalf of an organization or a community. Nick (2001: 39) argued that ‘language is not a simple tool … but very often the very essence of the diplomatic vocation’. Despite its importance, little has been investigated about language choice in diplomatic meetings (Finsen, 2016). Wodak, Krzyzanowski and Forchtner (2012), one of the few studies, illustrated that 45% of the overall percentage of languages in the European Parliament (EP) meetings was English. To accumulate more data of English use in diplomacy, this research investigated addresses made by the heads of state at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly (GA). The EP is the law-making institution of the European Union (EN) (European Union, 2019), and the UN and the EU have contrasting language policies. Under the EU's non-restrictive language policy, national languages of all 23 members are included in the official languages (Finsen, 2016). On the other hand, the UN restricts the number of official languages to six, namely Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. This makes a difference in the payment for interpretation services. If representatives would like to speak in Portuguese, the EU provides interpretation. However, the UN does not. The speakers need to provide interpretation into one of the six official languages on their own. These contrasting language policies between the EU and the UN can influence language choice at the UN meetings. Moreover, the UN has a larger number of member states than the EU, and many of them belong to other language or regional organizations. Therefore, this study focuses on the prevalence of English use by the heads of state at the UN GA meetings according to five language and two regional groups.

Spoken Language Development and the Challenge of Skill Integration.

The development of phonological awareness, the knowledge of the structural combinatoriality of a language, has been widely investigated in relation to reading (dis)ability across languages. However, the extent to which knowledge of phonemic units may interact with spoken language organization in (transparent) alphabetical languages has hardly been investigated. The present study examined whether phonemic awareness correlates with coarticulation degree, commonly used as a metric for estimating the size of children’s production units. A speech production task was designed to test for developmental differences in intra-syllabic coarticulation degree in 41 German children from 4 to 7 years of age. The technique of ultrasound imaging allowed for comparing the articulatory foundations of children’s coarticulatory patterns. Four behavioral tasks assessing various levels of phonological awareness from large to small units and expressive vocabulary were also administered. Generalized additive modeling revealed strong interactions between children’s vocabulary and phonological awareness with coarticulatory patterns. Greater knowledge of sub-lexical units was associated with lower intra-syllabic coarticulation degree and greater differentiation of articulatory gestures for individual segments. This interaction was mostly nonlinear: an increase in children’s phonological proficiency was not systematically associated with an equivalent change in coarticulation degree. Similar findings were drawn between vocabulary and coarticulatory patterns. Overall, results suggest that the process of developing spoken language fluency involves dynamical interactions between cognitive and speech motor domains. Arguments for an integrated-interactive approach to skill development are discussed.

Right-hemispheric Dominance in Self-body Recognition is Altered in Left-handed Individuals

Visual self-face and proprioceptive postural recognition predominantly activate the right inferior frontoparietal cortices in human right-handers at the population level. In the present study, prompted by the finding that left-handedness may alter lateralized cortical organization for language, sensory-motor, and cognitive functions observed in right-handers, we investigated individual variations in right-dominant use of the cortices in 50 right-handers and 50 left-handers during self-body recognition (self-face and proprioceptive) tasks. We also investigated possible between-tasks differences in this right-dominant use, and possible atypical left–right reversed lateralization (right-dominance for language and left-dominance for self-body recognition) in left-handers. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants performed a proprioceptive postural recognition task (experiencing illusory movements of the left and the right hands), a visual self-face recognition (self-other distinction) task, and a language (verb generation) task. To evaluate hemispheric dominance, we computed individual lateralization indices for the inferior frontoparietal activities in these tasks. Left-handedness altered the right-hemispheric dominance that was observed in the majority of right-handed participants in both self-body recognition tasks. In the left-handed group, during proprioceptive recognition, participants with right-lateralization, bilaterality, or left-lateralization were equally distributed, and during self-face recognition, right-lateralization was still observed, though the number of participants who demonstrated left-lateralization increased. Atypical left–right reversed lateralization was only observed in left-handed participants, but during both self-body recognition tasks. The present study provides novel and valuable knowledge about right-hemispheric dominance in self-body recognition affected by left-handedness. We discuss how functional lateralization of self-body recognition is shaped in human brain, in terms of handedness, language lateralization, and development.

A Child Language Acquisition in Indonesian and English Language: A Longitudinal case study

Learning a dual language at the same time during early childhood has caused the wrong perception. Its false perception makes the parents delay the start of learning a second /foreign language. Therefore, This study aims at analyzing the first and second language acquisition of a child in the Indonesian Language and English. The issues concentrated on the spoken utterances in Indonesian and English and its affecting factors. The research adopted a qualitative approach by using a case study, as the unit analysis is a child of 3 years old. For data collection, I employed The naturalistic approach, which I kept daily notes on the progress of a child’s linguistic and recorded the dialogues. Since it is a longitudinal study, the research was conducted for two years, from 2014 to 2015. The research has revealed that utterances spoken have primarily increased and the child has already understood the commands by following the instructions. Some concepts such as feeling, taste, color, and numbers as well as short phrases and simple words in Indonesian and English at the same time can be understood and uttered. She also can change the affirmative sentence to question in term of objects she sees in her surrounding. Factors such as linguistic inputs, imitation, environment, and significant others as exposure, and language acquisition device affect a child utterance. Thus, it indicates that two languages can be taught at the same time at an early age, and it doesn’t cause misunderstanding or confusion utterance, language acquisition, exposure, L1 and L2

ANALISIS GANGGUAN BERBAHASA PADA ANAK DI KECAMATAN PAHAE JULU

This study originated from cases of language disorders that occur in society in Pahae Julu district. Language is a need to interact, and humans have been blessed with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or any language by god. However, if when speaking of someone impaired both LAD and language processing part of the brain, then the communication will not be smooth. The language disorders can happen to anyone. The purpose of this study is to reveal some kinds of language disorders, cases of language disorders and to find out the causes of language disorders experienced by the community in Pahae Julu. The method used in this research is descriptive research method type of case studies.

Striking loss of second language in bilingual patients with semantic dementia.

Studies of bilingual or multilingual patients with neurodegenerative diseases that disrupt language like the primary progressive aphasias (PPA) may contribute valuable information on language organization in the bilingual brain and on the factors affecting language decline. There is limited literature on bilingual PPA and in particular on semantic dementia, a type of PPA with selective loss of semantic memory. We studied the nature and severity of naming and comprehension deficits across languages in bilingual patients with semantic dementia (SD). Sixteen bilingual patients with SD and 34 bilingual age-matched controls were administered the modified Boston Naming Test and components of Cambridge Semantic Battery. The patients' performance on picture naming and word comprehension was compared across languages and with controls. The most proficient language on self-rating was labelled as L1 and less proficient as L2. We observed striking loss of second language (L2) in SD for both receptive and expressive language, even in patients who were premorbidly fluent in their L2. Naming and comprehension in every patient's L2 were impaired relative to both their own first-language (L1) scores and controls' L2 scores. Furthermore, item-specific correct responses in each patient's L2 were a subset of their successes in L1. A striking contrast in performance between two languages in bilingual patients with SD indicates that a bilingual's L2 or less proficient language is more vulnerable to neurodegeneration. Our findings also support a common semantic network in the brain for the different languages of bilinguals.

Age of acquisition impacts the brain differently depending on neuroanatomical metric.

Although researchers generally agree that a certain set of brain areas underlie bilingual language processing, there is discrepancy regarding what effect timing of language acquisition has on these regions. We aimed to investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of age of acquisition (AoA), which has been examined previously, but with inconsistent results, likely influenced by methodological differences across studies. We analyzed gray matter density, volume, and thickness using whole‐brain linear models in 334 bilinguals and monolinguals. Neuroanatomical correlates of AoA differed depending on gray matter metric. Relative to early bilinguals, late bilinguals had thicker cortex in language processing and cognitive control regions, and greater density in multiple frontal areas and the right middle temporal and supramarginal gyri. Early bilinguals had greater volume than late bilinguals in the left middle temporal gyrus. Overall, volume was the least sensitive to AoA‐related differences. Multiple regions not classically implicated in dual‐language processing were also found, which highlights the important role of whole‐brain analyses in neuroscience. This is the first study to investigate AoA and gray matter thickness, volume, and density all in the same sample. We conclude that cognitive models of bilingualism should consider the roles of development and neuroanatomical metric in driving our understanding of bilingual and monolingual language organization.

P62 Getting to know you: a quality improvement project designed to enhance paediatric inpatient rehabilitation for those with non-inflammatory musculoskeletal pain

Abstract Background In November 2018 the paediatric rheumatology team in Belfast attended the Bridges self-management course. Bridges reflects on what works well as a team and how you can build upon current practice, with an emphasis upon a self-management approach. There are eleven Bridges principles aiming to help interdisciplinary team’s co-ordinate their service around the patient. Bridges believes that the language we use can improve our clinical practice, especially with regards to problem solving, encouraging self-discovery, encouraging patients to reflect and enabling them to take action. Our team felt that we should use this approach to enhance our inpatient rehabilitation service. We chose this group of patients as we felt that this can be a challenging group to treat and it can take a long time to build supportive and trusting relationships. Methods Prior to commencing this project each member of the multidisciplinary team assessed the patient individually on the first day of admission. In retrospect we discovered that this led to repetition for the patient and this assessment was very clinician led. It also focused on clinician led (SMART) goals and achieving these. We furthermore realised we did not separately ask patients and parents what they wanted to gain from our service. Our method of improvement was to devise three questionnaires. One for a parent, one for a child under fourteen and over fourteen. These are distributed prior to being assessed by the team, allowing us to gather information and negating the need for repetition. The questionnaire gathers information regarding family members, education, school attendance, additional educational assistance, past medical history. For the patient we ask, what are their main concerns, what has helped so far, what support the patient has, what activities they enjoy as a family and what they hope to gain from their inpatient stay. The patient must fill out a description of their typical day, including their mood. Questions specifically for the parents are asking why their child has been referred, what their main concerns are, to outline their typical day, what do they feel has helped and what do they aim to gain from our team. Results We have utilised the questionnaires for every inpatient since January 2019. All team members feel that this new approach allows us to gain valuable information from patients and their parents thus encouraging them to adopt a self-management approach and to prioritise the patient’s story. As a team we feel that we learn a lot about our patients using this method and that it is more time effective. It allows us to identify unrealistic hopes and discuss these. Conclusion We believe that using the Bridges approach and by mainly adapting our language skills and organisation we have improved this service. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Inhibition of Manual Movements at Speech Arrest Sites in the Posterior Inferior Frontal Lobe.

Intraoperative stimulation of the posterior inferior frontal lobe (IFL) induces speech arrest, which is often interpreted as demonstration of essential language function. However, prior reports have described "negative motor areas" in the IFL, sites where stimulation halts ongoing limb motor activity. To investigate the spatial and functional relationship between IFL speech arrest areas and negative motor areas (NMAs). In this retrospective cohort study, intraoperative stimulation mapping was performed to localize speech and motor function, as well as arrest of hand movement, hand posture, and guitar playing in a set of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for dominant hemisphere pathologies. The incidence and localization of speech arrest and motor inhibition was analyzed. Eleven patients underwent intraoperative localization of speech arrest sites and inhibitory motor areas. A total of 17 speech arrest sites were identified in the dominant frontal lobe, and, of these, 5 sites (29.4%) were also identified as NMAs. Speech arrest and arrest of guitar playing was also evoked by a single IFL site in 1 subject. Inferior frontal gyrus speech arrest sites do not function solely in speech production. These findings provide further evidence for the complexity of language organization, and suggest the need for refined mapping strategies that discern between language-specific sites and inhibitory motor areas.

History of awake mapping and speech and language localization: from modules to networks.

Lesion-symptom correlations shaped the early understanding of cortical localization. The classic Broca-Wernicke model of cortical speech and language organization underwent a paradigm shift in large part due to advances in brain mapping techniques. This initially started by demonstrating that the cortex was excitable. Later, advancements in neuroanesthesia led to awake surgery for epilepsy focus and tumor resection, providing neurosurgeons with a means of studying cortical and subcortical pathways to understand neural architecture and obtain maximal resection while avoiding so-called critical structures. The aim of this historical review is to highlight the essential role of direct electrical stimulation and cortical-subcortical mapping and the advancements it has made to our understanding of speech and language cortical organization. Specifically, using cortical and subcortical mapping, neurosurgeons shifted from a localist view in which the brain is composed of rigid functional modules to one of dynamic and integrative large-scale networks consisting of interconnected cortical subregions.

The influence of place and time on lexical behavior: A distributional analysis.

We measured and documented the influence of corpus effects on lexical behavior. Specifically, we used a corpus of over 26,000 fiction books to show that computational models of language trained on samples of language (i.e., subcorpora) representative of the language located in a particular place and time can track differences in people's experimental language behavior. This conclusion was true across multiple tasks (lexical decision, category production, and word familiarity) and provided insight into the influence that language experience imposes on language processing and organization. We used the assembled corpus and methods to validate a new machine-learning approach for optimizing language models, entitled experiential optimization (Johns, Jones, & Mewhort in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26, 103-126, 2019).

Language Localization in Multilingual Patients—Evidence From Direct Electrical Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Single Institution Case Series

Abstract INTRODUCTION To enable the safe mapping of language function in multilinguals, we need to understand how language organization in multilinguals differ from well-described organizations in monolingual patients. The development and appropriate administration of standardized test batteries intraoperatively is important to ensure accuracy of mapping, as interlanguage differences cannot be accounted by accurate translations alone. Individual or linguistic factors affects language organization. This study aims to review the published literature on language organization in multilinguals and illustrate intraoperative findings from a case series of multilingual patients who underwent language mapping during awake craniotomy at an Asian institution. METHODS This PRISMA guided review included studies on multilingual patients undergoing awake craniotomy utilizing direct electrical stimulation (DES) to localize language sites during awake craniotomy. Similar details from case series of multilingual individuals with more than one language mapped at our center, and strategies used to develop intraoperative tasks for non-English languages are also presented. RESULTS A total of 142 patients in 21 studies were included. These studies included 80.9% bilinguals, 10.5% trilinguals, 6.3% tetralinguals, 2.8% pentalinguals. Most common first languages (L1) are French (26.7%), English (16.9%), Spanish (14.0%), second languages (L2) are English (38%), Spanish (19.7%), Mandarin (7.7%). Our study noted large variation in fluency definition and evaluation methods for language and cognitive evaluation. Stimulation protocols, error definitions were similar. Naming and counting tasks most commonly used. Majority of studies (76.1%) found distinct cortical sites for L1 and L2, and shared sites as well (66.7%). There was no clear relationship between pattern of distribution and age of acquisition, proficiency or nature of language. Sites for specific tasks such as voluntary and involuntary switching, translation, and reading were identified. CONCLUSION There are distinct differences language organization between multilinguals and monolinguals. It is crucial for understanding of these differences for maximal preservation of each mapped language function to achieve maximal quality of life.

Sex Difference in Language Processing in Patients With Malignant Brain Tumors

Abstract INTRODUCTION Numerous differences between males and females in brain organization have been described including in the development, performance, and lateralization of language function. However, there is very limited knowledge of whether language processing differs across sex in patients with brain lesions. In particular, malignant brain tumors (MBT) demonstrate significant sex differences in incidence and long-term survival. Given the importance of brain organization and planning surgical treatment for patients with brain tumors, we investigated the effect of sex on the organization of language in a cohort of patients with MBT. METHODS In the current study, we carried out a retrospective analysis in 47 patients with MBT (22 females, 25 males), retrieving their clinical characteristics and task-based and resting-state functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) data from our clinical database. General Linear Model (GLM) and region-of-interest (ROI) based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses were applied to explore the effect of sex on language tasks associated activations and functional connectivity. RESULTS Across the Sentence Completion task and Antonym Generation task, female patients showed greater activation volumes in the left inferior frontal gyrus, right precuneus, and left superior parietal lobule, while male patients showed larger clusters of activation of the left supplemental motor area (SMA), left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), left precuneus, bilateral precentral gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Furthermore, the left SMA was a highly sex-specific brain area during the language performance, and it showed stronger resting-state correlations with brain areas within the intrinsic language network in females, while it showed stronger resting-state connections with brain areas involving the visuomotor/higher level cognitive functions in males. CONCLUSION These findings enhance our understanding of the role of sex in language organization in patients with MBT, helping neurosurgeons assess surgical risk and plan surgery in patients with MBT to best preserve language function.

When context matters: how false, truthful, and genre-related communication styles are revealed in language

ABSTRACTIn this preregistered experiment, we address an understudied question in the deception and language literature: What is the impact of context on false and truthful language patterns? Drawing on two theories, Truth-Default Theory and the Contextual Organization of Language and Deception model, we instructed participants (N = 639) to lie, tell the truth, or write within a genre without explicit lying or truth-telling instructions across different topics (e.g. their friends, attitudes on abortion). The results successfully replicate several cue-based models for self-references and negative affect, such as the Newman Pennebaker model of deception. Participants without lying or truth-telling instructions, but who wrote within genre conventions, showed markedly similar patterns to truth-tellers, though indicators of analytic thinking, adjectives, and auxiliary verbs were distinct. The data were also evaluated with a topic modeling approach and suggest that the abortion process was construed negatively when people lied about the topic. Truth-tellers construed abortion in objective terms and genre-related speech highlighted key role-players (e.g. the government, men, women, baby). We discuss how these data advance deception and language theory.

A’ãma Mrémé: A Playful Window into A'uwẽ‐Xavante Language, Cognition, and Social Organization

A’ãma mrémé, or a’ãma speech, spoken by incumbents of a special ceremonial role within central Brazilian A'uwẽ‐Xavante society, illustrates Joel Sherzer's argument regarding the centrality of speech play to both linguistic and social analysis. A’ãma mrémé is a ludic code variant, a system of lexical substitution primarily at the level of nouns and verbs, spoken exclusively by a’ãma. Morphological analysis of of a’ãma mrémé reveals the existence of conceptual categories and perceptions that are not otherwise linguistically transparent. Further, a’ãma, who indexically make their ceremonial identity and role salient through the everyday practice of ãma speech, add an additional layer of complexity to A'uwẽ‐Xavante's complicated dualistic system of social organization. This complexity, heretofore overlooked by anthropologists of A'uwẽ‐Xavante, becomes apparent through attention to socially situated discourse and verbal arts. A’ãma mrémé enriches and adds complexity to understandings of A'uwẽ‐Xavante language, thought, and social organization. It is, as Sherzer contends, a place where language, cognition, perception, worldview and social structure come together in distilled form.

A-37 Effects of Atypical Language Representation in Populations Suffering From Intractable Epilepsy

Abstract Objective Atypical language laterality, secondary to refractory epilepsy, presents complications to surgical planning/cognitive outcomes. Extant research shows the non-dominant hemisphere reallocates neural resources for language compensation in response to left-sided lesions (resulting in decreased visuoperceptual/visual memory). The present study examined relationships between 1) lesion location and atypical language organization and 2) lesion location/language laterality on performance on memory (California Verbal Memory Test 2nd-edition (CVLT; Delayed Recall), and visuoperceptual (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, ROCFT; Copy) tests in relation to lesion location in a sample of patients with intractable epilepsy. Method Retrospective data was compiled on patients with refractory epilepsy undergoing interdisciplinary pre-surgical workup (N = 101), mean age of 37.2 (SD = 11.9) and mean education of 12.3 (SD = 3.7). The sample was then stratified by non-lesional (n = 48), left (n = 26), right (n = 21) or bilateral (n = 6) mesial temporal sclerosis (MTL); and, language laterality was confirmed by neuroradiologists via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans. Results Analyses showed patients with left MTS were more likely to have atypical language organization, X2 (1, N = 47) = 6.6, p = .01. Moreover, significant differences on T-scores for CVLT, F (3,15) = 3.81, p = .04, 95% Cl [-1.73, -.08] and ROCFT, F(4,28) = 2.85, p = .046 95% Cl [31.62, 46.17] were found between groups stratified by lesion location/language laterality, respectively. Conclusions Organization of language in epileptic populations presents atypically in conjunction with left-sided lesions. Additionally, cognitive processes such as verbal memory and visuoperceptual abilities suffer based on lesion presence/location and language laterality in this fMRI confirmed sample.

Evolution of semantic networks in biomedical texts

Language is hierarchically organized: words are built into phrases, sentences, and paragraphs to represent complex ideas. Here we ask whether the organization of language in written text displays the fractal hierarchical architecture common in systems optimized for efficient information transmission. We test the hypothesis that the expositional structure of scientific research articles displays Rentian scaling, and that the exponent of the scaling law changes as the article's information transmission capacity changes. Using 32 scientific manuscripts - each containing between three and 26 iterations of revision - we construct semantic networks in which nodes represented unique words in each manuscript, and edges connect nodes if two words appeared within the same 5-word window. We show that these semantic networks display clear Rentian scaling, and that the Rent exponent varies over the publication life cycle, from the first draft to the final revision. Furthermore, we observe that manuscripts fell into three clusters in terms of how the scaling exponents changed across drafts: exponents rising over time, falling over time, and remaining relatively stable over time. This change in exponent reflects the evolution in semantic network structure over the manuscript revision process, highlighting a balance between network complexity, which increases the exponent, and network efficiency, which decreases the exponent. Lastly, the final value of the Rent exponent is negatively correlated with the number of authors. Taken together, our results suggest that semantic networks reflecting the structure of exposition in scientific research articles display striking hierarchical architecture that arbitrates tradeoffs between competing constraints on network organization, and that this arbitration is navigated differently depending on the social environment characteristic of the collaboration.

Diffusing the bilingual lexicon: Task-based and lexical components of language switch costs

Bilingual speakers show a response time (RT) cost when switching between languages. These costs could reflect the organization of language in a shared bilingual lexicon (Grainger, Midgley, & Holcomb, 2010) or a domain general cognitive processing cost (Green & Abutalebi, 2013). To test these accounts, we analysed RT distributions of bilingual (Spanish-English) performance on generalized lexical decision (GLD) tasks using Ratcliff (1978) diffusion model. Experiment 1 revealed that language switches decrease the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate) and slow the cognitive processes that occur prior to decision-making (non-decision time). Experiment 2 showed that the anticipation of language switches did not change these effects. The results suggest that language switch costs originate from a combination of at least two loci: lexical access and a task-specific decision process.

On the way to the problem of "Semantic Web – Data Base"

The present state of the problem of "Semantic Web – Data Base" is analyzed. "Semantic Web" is analyzed from the standpoint of the integration approach, covering the results of research in the fields of neurophysiology, psychology, philosophy; it allows to formally define the quantum of knowledge as a separate situation of the visual level and clearly define the scheme of its verbalization in the form of a basic semantic-syntactic structure. The main result of the integration approach is presented by the following thesis: “The structural level of the linguistic organization is derived from the structural and functional level of the neural organization of the visual path”. From here we have a productive conclusion: the structural and functional level of the language organization will be the same for all languages. The second component of the "Data Base" covers (should cover) the entire social cognitive potential of knowledge, presented by a plurality of accumulated texts. The structured level of knowledge base organization is presented by a very small fragment of the neural network, which reproduces a separate situation of text information, but which, through a plurality of separate tokens, of its constituents (with corresponding references to other structural formations) forms a practically cognitive neural network of a certain knowledge area.