Landscape Of War Research Articles

HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa

October 01 2002 HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa Stefan Elbe Stefan Elbe Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Warwick and a Visiting Fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Stefan Elbe Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Warwick and a Visiting Fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London Online Issn: 1531-4804 Print Issn: 0162-2889 © 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2002 International Security (2002) 27 (2): 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228802760987851 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Stefan Elbe; HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa. International Security 2002; 27 (2): 159–177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/016228802760987851 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsInternational Security Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2002 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Landscapes of War: Rules and Conventions of Conflict in Ancient Hawai'i (And Elsewhere)

A comparison of the rich ethnohistoric record of prehistoric conflict in Hawai'i with evidence of warfare in other culture areas suggests some basic similarities in cause and effect shared by many complex hegemonic polities. Three types of archaeological remains in Hawai'i indicate that human sacrifice and monumental-scale ritual construction were integral parts of pre-Contact (A.D. 1778) conquest warfare. The Hawaiians, however, invested much less labor in long-term responses to possible threats to civilian security than many cultures, suggesting that wartime expectations were very different even if the scale and intensity of combat was similar. These differences are perceived to be a reflection of distinct historical traditions of wartime ethics in Polynesia, unique rules of conflict adapted to the geographic isolation of the Hawaiian people and the environmental diversity that defines the archipelago.

Dead Cows on a Georgia Field: Mapping the Cultural Landscape of the Post-World War II American Pesticide Controversies

The winter of 1957-1958 was the worst that the American South had seen in fifty years, the mercury hovering below freezing for weeks and snow falling across the Southern coastal plain. For farmers in Decatur County, Georgia, however, April was the cruelest month, breeding despair out of a dead land. Throughout the early part of the year, they had been losing cattle, a trend that reached its culmination in early spring. As quail coveys broke up and the male birds staked out breeding territories, scores of cattle drooled and stumbled, seized and convulsed, then dropped dead. One farm lost fifteen cows and calves. Other animals suffered, too chickens and turkeys, sheep and goats died. Sows aborted their fetuses. Songbird, quail, and rabbit carcasses littered pastures.' What had killed the livestock? Was the cold the cause? Listeriosis, brucellosis, and rabies could account for the symptoms and all three ailments were endemic to the area. Maybe the abnormally low temperatures and diseases had worked in tandem, the cold weakening the animals and the pathogens killing them. Or, perhaps the animals had been poisoned. Several months before that fateful April, the U.S. Department of Agriculture had spread granules of heptachlor and, possibly, dieldrin-chemical relatives of DDT, more potent than their famous cousinacross the region in an attempt to eradicate the imported fire ant. The insecticides might have been responsible, and the deaths fit into a growing controversy over the dangers of pesticides. A local veterinarian, affected farmers, USDA employees, wildlife biologists, and officials associated with the Conservation Foundation, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Alabama Department of Conservation, National Wildlife Federation, Welder Wildlife Fund, and the National Audubon Society all probed the mysterious deaths, offering different explanations of the events in Georgia. Rachel Carson later entered the controversy, too, charging in Silent Spring that the department of agriculture had poisoned the animals. This essay focuses on the controversy over the dead cattle and, to a lesser extent, the other animals found dead in southwest Georgia during the spring of 1958, but it is not a whodunit. Rather than sorting through the evidence to decide what killed the cows, who was right, and how the truth was discovered, the mystery surrounding

From Heroes' Groves to Parks of Peace: Landscapes of remembrance, protest and peace

The public space surrounding war memorials and military monuments has always been important in the iconography of remembrance. In the 19th century these spaces often took the form of garden cemeteries and memorial plantations; after the First World War large tracts of former battlefield were preserved as sacred spaces which were essential to the process of ritual pilgrimage. After 1945 there was a considerable shift in the landscapes of war: memorial schemes more often took a pragmatic and utilitarian form, and desolated cities such as Hiroshima (and to a lesser extent Dresden and Coventry) became the cornerstone for anti-war movements in the late 1950s and 1960s. This period saw the emergence of a symbolic landscape of protest, which often co-existed uncomfortably as a place of tourism. Through a study of such sites the various types of 'peace landscape' are analysed, from environmental schemes such as trans-border parks to political interventions in the form of peace gardens. In the final section a recent design competition for a peace park in Turkey is examined and compared with similar complex environments in the US and Northern Ireland.

“Another Weekend Away Looking for Dead Bodies…”: Battlefield Tourism on the Somme and in Flanders

This article reports a phenomenological investigation into the perspectives and experiences of battlefield tourists visiting the landscapes of the Western Front, the setting of trench warfare in the Great War of 1914–1918. Based on a small scale, participant observational methodology the study provides insights into the appeals of the First World War landscapes to visitors in the 1990s, suggests how these appeals may differ in quality and intensity among different groups, and how the tourism preferences of groups may be intrinsically linked to other aspects of their life experiences and leisure behaviour.

Souls astray: Elizabeth Bowen's landscape of war

Souls astray: Elizabeth Bowen's landscape of war

Monumentality and the Rise of Religious Authority in Precontact Hawai'i [and Comments and Reply

Changes in temple labor investment and sacrificial offerings indicate that the rise in religious authority of the Hawaiian chiefly hierarchy correlates with an increase in political centralization and the intensifying role of the chief as divine intermediary through time. Initially, temples were small public courts akin to traditional Polynesian shrines used to reaffirm genealogical ties. During a period of internecine warfare and political instability and conflict in the I5th century A.D., temples became extremely large, a practical symbol of the burgeoning power of elites as they used ritual labor obligations to reaffirm chiefly genealogical relationships and enhance class cooperation. After island unification in the i6th century, chiefly religious activity shifted to sacrificial ceremonies and the consumption of surplus goods and foodstuffs as a result of status competition. By the time of European contact in the igth century, divinely sanctified rituals associated with war and levying taxes were instituted to enhance the status and power of the paramount chief through personal displays of material wealth. The Hawaiian case appears to follow a common trajectory among complex societies, where religious authority is increasingly expressed through the political economy, and serves as a contextual model of a complex chiefdom undergoing rapid political stratification.

How will the heart endure: Elizabeth Bowen and the landscape of war

How will the heart endure: Elizabeth Bowen and the landscape of war

How Will the Heart Endure: Elizabeth Bowen and the Landscape of War

Explores the relationship between war and women's creative expression through the work of Elizabeth Bowen.

"Zero Pays the House": The Las Vegas Novel and Atomic Roulette

T he history of Las as we know it almost exactly coincides with the nuclear age, beginning with the construction of Bugsy Siegel's Flamingo Hotel in 1945. In the 1950s, this city in the middle of nowhere suddenly found itself next to the Nevada Test Site, prompting one native to complain, It annoys me to read about some statesman saying that the world is living with the atomic bomb. . . . Damn it, it's not the world. It's Las Vegas (Lang 100). While this resident was correct about the radioactive fallout from nuclear testing, he underestimated the power of imaginative association. Just as Nathanael West, E Scott Fitzgerald, and others had found Hollywood to be a fitting extrapolation of American culture, a new generation of writers has come to use a peculiar conflation of Las and the bomb as the symbol and landscape of the cold war and its attendant reign of terror. The group of writers I discuss is necessarily large-including Tom Wolfe, Joan Didion, Stephen King, Norman Mailer, Thomas Pynchon, J. G. Ballard, and Hunter S. Thompson-because I wish to demonstrate their unanimity in associating Las with the bomb.

Looking back on Kurt Lewin: from field theory to action research.

There is a remarkable consistency in the underlying current of Kurt Lewin's thought from his 1917 paper on “the landscape of war,” through his post-World War Two work in social conflict; namely, the effort to elucidate conflict situations by means of psychological field theory through a phenomenological perspective. The transplantation of Lewin from Germany to America posed a serious problem for the theoretical continuity of his work. The change from a culture placing a high value on theoretical science to one oriented to practical values diminished the meaningfulness of his phenomenological vision. However, it furnished him with opportunities to grapple with pressing human concerns, concerns to which he had always been sensitive. From the necessity of this shift emerged Lewin's notion of “action research” and “group dynamics.” At the same time, these developments served to obscure his failure to develop a psychological counterpart to the physical type of field theory from which he had set out.