Landscape Point Of View Research Articles

造園樹木における接木技術の歴史および技術継承に関する研究

It can be said graft is important technique from a viewpoint of landscape from some their feature. However, their techniques have developed in pomological field. In this study, we examined about the historical transition of graft use through literature. In addition, we considered about position of graft at the industry of tree production in recent years and transmitting of graft techniques through a listening to people who have graft techniques and nursery stock producers. As a result, graft has already been done for ornamental trees at Heian era. It was thought that graft techniques were actively used in the background of the gardening cultural prosperity at Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo era. Afterwards, object of graft shifted to the fruit tree since Meiji era. About the transmitting of graft techniques, there were a lot of cases with transmission to the relative. There is a tendency to transmit movements of graft only when it is not relative. Intention of graft is the overall techniques include that caring and environmental making at the before and after graft. Depression of plant industry, difficulty that compete in plant industry and weakening of the consciousness that taking over the family business caused a decreases in the number of workman of the next generation.

Dinamica evolutiva e gestione delle abetine toscane: sintesi di quarant’anni di ricerche

The paper aims to outline the guidelines for the management of silver fir stands in Tuscan Apennines, according to a review of research activities carried out by the Silviculture Institute of Florence, nowadays Department of Forest Environmental Technologies (DISTAF), from 1960 up to today. The study cases are placed in the Vallombrosa Forest Reserve (province of Florence), in the National Park of Foreste Casentinesi Monte Falterona e Campigna (province of Arezzo) and in Amiata Mountain (province of Siena). The main research activities concern different issues linked to the dynamics of silver fir stands: 1) ecology of natural regeneration, 2) stands dynamics in time, 3) sapling growth rates in relation with different canopy cover, 4) impact of wildlife on regeneration storey, 5) forest typology according to vegetation dynamics. As regards management aspects, the decrease of the importance of silver fir pure stands for timber production, as well as the increase of their role from naturalistic, recreation and landscape point of view, encourage close-to-nature sylviculture interventions aimed to promote stand dynamics towards mixed forest. Selective cuttings are proposed in order to progressively reduce the tree canopy cover and to favour the growth of regeneration layer. Nevertheless, wherever silver fir artificial stands play an important role from an historical point of view, the conservation of pure stand by means of clear cutting and artificial regeneration is recommended. Finally, the paper outlines the necessity to face the interactions between forest regeneration and wild ungulate populations, which currently represents one of the most dramatic problems of sustainable management.

The cumulative effects of resource development on biodiversity and ecological integrity in the Peace-Moberly region of Northeast British Columbia, Canada

Rapid acceleration of industrial development in north-eastern British Columbia is currently occurring without a comprehensive assessment of the effects it will have on ecological or cultural systems. The cumulative effects of past development are already being felt within the Treaty 8 First Nations of the region but these effects have not been quantified from a landscape point of view. Using habitat modeling and GIS analysis the effects of 35 years of agricultural and industrial development on forest biodiversity and ecological integrity were investigated for a 410,000 ha landscape in north-eastern British Columbia. The study identified a significant increase in area impacted by developments which lead to a shift in landscape structure and significant change in forest biodiversity. Forest fragmentation and habitat loss has resulted in an increase in open, early seral and edge habitats at the expense of contiguous mature forests. The change in landscape structure resulted in a significant increase in species richness as generalist and early seral species responded positively to increases in these habitats. A significant increase in brown-headed cowbird parasitism risk was also detected. Changes in landscape structure, reduction in habitat for 22% of modeled species, increase parasitism and predation risk due to fragmentation, and increased access have resulted in a cumulative effect of recent resource development on ecological integrity that is both additive and synergistic. The propose acceleration of future development will increase the risk to maintaining the biodiversity and ecological integrity in the Peace-Moberly region of British Columbia.

Foreste, boschi, arboricoltura da legno

In protected areas the forest ecosystem management is directed to define the best approaches with high protection levels from ecological, historical, anthropological and landscape point of view. The conservation purposes have to be taken in consideration to not disturb the natural and functional processes, and therefore any forest human activity has to be done. Through a detailed analysis of the relations among functionality, stability, productivity and genetic diversity, the statement of the reasons for application of close-to-nature silviculture is described and discussed. Some specific silvicultural systems are illustrated on the basis of very large quantity of data and information originated from researches carried out for long time. A major challenge facing modern silviculture is to reconcile the traditional objectives of timber production with the demand for multifunctional forest ecosystems which arises from the society. The preservation of the functionality is strictly related to the forest genetic pool which is the basis of biodiversity, as it represents the basis for adaptation and survival of species and individual.

Flow Characteristics of Local Flows from View Point of Landscape

Flow Characteristics of Local Flows from View Point of Landscape

Phenological and aeropalynological survey in an olive orchard in Umbria (Central Italy)

The olive tree Olea europaea L. is a resource of notable value from an economic and landscape point of view in Central Italy. This study examined two cultivars (Giarraffa and Ascolana) grown in an associative stand in an experimental olive orchard, to verify the possibility of introducing new olive cultivars into Umbria. The analyses were carried out at three different altitudes in the olive orchard following criteria used for non-homogeneous samplings in order to minimize the effect due to steepness. Since the number of trees of the two cultivars is different, the sample sizes were different for the two cultivars. Phenological observations of the above mentioned cultivars and the evaluation of the pollen flow, done by using a portable pollen trap inside the olive orchard, were carried out over two seasons (1998-1999). The start of initial phenological phases differed in the two cultivars, but the differences became less evident during phases of anthesis. In aeropalynological respect, it appears that, in a hill species such as the olive tree, the flowering is correlated with altitude. Comparing the aeropalynological data from the distant pollen trap and those collected in the olive orchard, it is clear that the periods of pollen release are very similar in the two cultivars, and there is a clear synchronism in the peak pollen release. It is concluded that in Central Italy the pollen grains of Giarraffa cultivar are well compatible with the Ascolana cultivar from a phenological and aeropalynological point of view.

山形市市街地における農業用水路の景観と音環境に関する調査研究

In this study, a survey of the irrigation canals in urban area of Yamagata City was carried out to revaluate the environmental effect from the view point of landscape and sound environment. Many canals, which are still flowing and murmuring, have been observed. But also many canals have been altered to concrete canals and culvert style canals under the influence of urbanization which has rapidly progressed after 1955, and the scenery has been destroyed and murmuring is disappearing by that. In these canals, the old style canals built of natural stones was superior not only for landscape but also for making murmuring.

How dose a person evaluate natural landscape on a river: in case of Agano river

This study made clear evaluation of “Nature” of river from landscape point of view. The results are as follows;1. The evaluation of “Nature” of river landscape is highly related to the evaluation of “Nature” of river terrace. The evaluation of “Nature” of river terrace depends upon the situation of river terrace mainly.2. People are apt to think that the river terrace is quite natural if the terrace is “natural vegetation”, however people think it not so natural if the terrace is covered by artificial vegetation such as lawn and field.3. People are fond of the neat vegetation from point of view, and not fond of messy vegetation when the vegetation is highly natured.This study also mentions that is important to establish the new landscape evaluation method which includes ecological knowledge.

露天採掘に伴う景観変化の予測と評価

Landscape destruction after open-cut mining gives to the social impression. This paper presents the method to predict and evaluate landscape changes caused by open-cut mining. Landscape changes with the progression of mining are simulated by the use of digital terrain models, and that are shown on the computer graphic screen. Evaluation tests are conducted by using of photomontages composed of computer graphics and present appearance photographs. Two psychometrical evaluation methods, rating-scale method and selection method, are adopted to estimate the allowable scale of mined-out quarry from the viewpoint of landscape engineering.In this study, two quarries are chosen as the examples of case study. From the results of evaluation tests, it is shown that the landscape impact of mined-out quarry is subjected to the height ratio against the background mountains and the apprarent height of mining slope. Especially, the apparent height of mining slope is a important factor for landscape evaluation. It becomes clear that the allowable limit of the apparent height of mining slop is about 0.037. This value is equal to the visual angle of 1°, at which an ordinary person can distinguish the object observed. The apparent height 0.037 is therefore the quantitative criterion for the allowable scale of mined-out quarry from the viewpoint of landscape conservation.

Méthode d'approche des friches dans le Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat / A method for studying waste land in the Pilat natural regional park

The intensification of agriculture and the reduction in the number of farmers have led to a modified pattern of land use and the appearance of areas of waste land in the landscape. The trend is evident in the Parc du Pilât and is a cause for concern. II waste land is often synonymous with abandonment and considered unusable, it may also be seen as a positive element froman ecological and landscape point of view. In order to manage such land, it is important to undestrand its precise pattern of development and present state. A method of analysis has been developed based on land-use mapping from aerial photographs for the years 1950 and 1980.

採掘跡地の修復に関する景観工学的研究

In order to determine the allowable scale of mined-out quarry from the viewpointof landscape, we have been studied on two psychometrical evaluations, assuming that step-down green planting method is adopted for mined-out quarry. One is rating-scale method, and the other is choice method.From these experiments, it is clear that allowable scale of mined-out quarry becomes smaller and convergestoa certain scale as distance to mined-out quarry is nearer. Comparing the resultsof two experiments, allowable scale of mined-out quarry by choice method is smaller than rating-scale method. But it appears that the result byrating-scale method is more reliable than choice method, considering experimental condition and so on. Anyway it becomes clear from this study that mined-out quarry needs notto be planted completely from the viewpoint of landscape, and planting cost canbe reduced.

Aspects des systèmes touristiques et récréatifs du littoral soviétique de la mer Noire et de la mer Caspienne. Étude comparative avec le littoral méditerranéen français

Aspects of the touristic and leisure systems of the Soviet littoral along the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. While the tourism along the Caspian Sea is still to be developed, the Black Sea littoral is already in full bloom. The «organized» tourism only regards seaside resorts which play the part of both holiday villages and rest-houses (sanatoria). But most part of the holiday resorts is due to «unorganized» people which causes many problems to arise on regard to their servicing. The two regions are separated by four main differences on the landscape point of view, the difference with the french mediterranean littoral being considerable. The generalization of collective housing as well as the importance of green areas consequently limit the built area. There are hardly any nautical resorts to be seen. The servicing of touristic areas is made by rail and plane, the car playing a very feeble part in it. Lastly, the spreading of touristic areas inland is so limited in U.S.S.R. thai it causes the littoral to be overcrowded. The realization of a better development is thus linked to the exploiting of the still unexploited areas along the Crimean and Caspian littoral.

The Square in the Primitive Ages

This is a study of the Square in the primitive ages. In this study, I make a trial of arrangement of the archaeological results from the view-point of landscape architecture.In the former term of Jyomon-jidai, the loop or U-shaped settlements and their central Squares are observed. And in the middle and latter term, they are observed with generalities.In the age of Yayoi, the duplex structure is actualized in the settlement of Sippe, and I suppose the Squares corresponding to it.

自然公園における森林の風致的取り扱いについて

In recently according to increase of demand for sightseeing, the number of visitors to the natural parks are increasing year after year.In natural park the forest is a important factor in landscape.At the Chubu-sangaku national park we investigated the forest constitution and what kind of forest are better from the view-point of landscape.In this area, forestation and cut down a forest are not take and the forest put in natural state, so stand growing to over-thick and beauty effect of forest is not bring out.Crown density of forest in this area is more than 50% in general and some time over 100%.Result of this investigation the worthy forest from the view-point of landscape is as follows.(1) The crown density of 28-47% is better as a forest constitution in national parks.(2) In light demanding tree like the white birch and the black alder the crown density is better under 30% in young stand, and 40-50% in old growth stand.(3) In case of the old age of katsura-trees and the elm-tree, although the crown density are 60% or more than that, the forest show light and magnificent apearance as a result of highness of trees.

A Geographical Investigation of the water-Supply of Saku-Basin, Sinano Province, Japan

The problems dealt . with in this paper cover water-supply in generally, namely irrigation water, . drinking water, household water (other than for drinking), etc. The geomorphological division of Saku-Basin consists of three regions, Northern, Central, and Southern. Each region shows its own, special characters, as will be described later. There is no question that geomorphological relief influences in many cases the network of waterways, but other natural factors connected, such as precipitation and.geological conditions, must he cited as two great factors. Owing to these main factors, the network of waterways in the Northern Region (Asama Mountain Foot Region) is comparatively sparse; so is the quantity of canalwatergenerally. On the other hand, the Southern Region (Fan of the Tikuma River) has abundant water, which fact affects human activities in this region in many ways. From the viewpoint of cultural landscape influenced by the distribution of iririgation canals, the Northern Region may be divided into three classes of two types. The Southern Region consists almost wholly of paddy-fields on account of flatness of land surface and the abundance of irrigation water. Compared with the Southern Region, the Central Region, which shows a clustered distributicn of mulberry fields, forms an uriirrigated area owing to the special features of the land. This is the most characteristic feature in this whole region. The special irrigation in winter time, which is performed also in the Southern Region, is divided into three kinds; the “Huyugake” (winter irrigation), “Harugake” (spring irrigation, beginning in March), and “Gomigake” (irrigation with sewage water in winter). These various forms of irrigation show the regional characteristics. These conditions impress us forcibly with the profound connection between man's activities and water. By his activities with water as his chief instrument, cultural landscape is altering the surface features of the earth in. innumerable ways. In these respects we find the regional characters in the north and south, and in the east and. west clearly marked. A) Characteristic of north and south. 1. Northern Region (Asama Mountain Foot Region)…………………N a. Clustered form of paddy-field region. ………………………n1, n2 b. De'ndritical form of paddy-field region. …………………………n3 2. Southern Region (Tikuma River Fan Region). ……………………S 3. Central Region.………………………………………………………C a. Unirrigated Region……Clustered mulberry field region.………C2 b. Paddy-field Region.…………………………………………………c3 B) Characteristic of East and West. Considered from the viewpoint of landscape of the East and West, we cannot recognize any remarkable variation in the Northern Region, althoughh there are some in the Southern Region. 1. Southern Region.………………………………………………………S a. East side region of the Tikuma River……Non-carp-breeding region, “Non-Harugake” region.…………………………………s1