Landscape Pattern Analysis Research Articles

Evaluation of the heterogeneity in the intensity of human interference on urbanized coastal ecosystems: Shenzhen (China) as a case study

Quantitative measurement of the heterogeneity in the intensity of human interference is key to accurately assessing the impact of human activity. The same human activities in different landscape configurations should have different impacts. This study constructed a weighted analysis to describe and measure heterogeneity under the Hemeroby index model framework, based on gradient structures analysis of coastal landscape patterns and dynamic changes in landscape patterns. Shenzhen’s coastal landscape in 2015 was selected as a case study for this method. The results showed heterogeneity in the intensity of human interference that meaning more information with clearer details. The intensity of human interference was generally stronger in the west than in the east. High-intensity human (0.95) were continuously distributed in the west, while in the east these were scattered in towns, ports, coastal beach resorts, etc. The highest intensity human activities were clustered in the 6 km band, and from here these decreased inland but increased to the coastline. The lowest intensity human activities were clustered in the east of the 2 km band.

Gradient analysis of landscape pattern in the core area of the "Zhengzhou and Kaifeng Integration" at the landscape level.

The analysis of landscape pattern change is an effective way to understand urbanization. Research area is the core area of urbanization, which is between Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city in China. Geographic information system (GIS) and landscape metrics method are used to quantify the gradient landscape pattern changes in the study area. The results show an obvious gradient change of landscape pattern from 2005 to 2015. The landscape pattern in the eastern and western of the study area experienced larger changes than the middle area. The western end mainly changed in terms of the patch number, patch shape and anthropogenic influence, but the patch types in the east changed more rapidly than those in the west. Landscape pattern change is influenced by policy and location, and human influence is the main driving force. Unlike previous study areas, in which urbanization expanded from the center of a city to its surroundings, our study area spread from two ends (Zhengzhou and Kaifeng cities) to the center of the study area. This study could be used as a typical case for the gradient analysis of landscape pattern changes during urbanization.

Remote sensing monitoring and analysis of landscape pattern in Bayanbulak Heritage Site for nearly 30 years

Remote sensing monitoring and analysis of landscape pattern in Bayanbulak Heritage Site for nearly 30 years

Research on ecological restoration of rural landscape based on environmental value-added

Reasonable planning of green space can effectively play the urban ecosystem service function and promote the sustainable development of rural areas. Taking LiuTian village in Shaanxi Province as an example, based on the analysis of rural landscape pattern, this paper explores the landscape comprehensive evaluation and planning ideas based on environmental value-added. The research results provide reference for the landscape construction and planning of the same type of villages in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, and have good application prospects.

临沂市生态用地景观格局分析与评价

临沂市生态用地景观格局分析与评价

景观生态学在大气污染研究中的应用

快速城市化和工业化进程造成了一系列大气污染问题，亟需在宏观尺度上解析大气污染时空分布规律。景观生态学关注格局与过程耦合，景观"源汇"理论可对应解析大气污染物的源与汇效应，将景观生态学的理论与方法引入大气污染研究中已成为解决当前区域发展与大气污染权衡的有效途径。从景观生态学视角辨识了景观与大气污染物的源汇关系，系统梳理了景观格局与大气污染的定量关系，指出当前景观格局指标仍需进一步完善以表征大气污染时空分布特征，而高质量大气污染物时空数据的缺乏是限制景观格局与大气污染过程耦合分析的重要因素，拓展应用景观"源汇"理论，定量解析景观格局对大气污染的源汇效应，同时进一步研发遥感反演技术，实现大气污染物分布格局的精细刻画，将为区域景观规划提供重要支撑。强化大气污染研究中的景观生态学分析途径，将有助于深化景观生态学格局与过程耦合研究体系，也将为景观可持续管理提供有力的科学支撑。;Rapid urbanization and industrialization process have caused a series of atmospheric pollution problems, and it's necessary to explore the spatio-temporal distributions of atmospheric pollution at macro scale. Landscape ecology focuses on landscape pattern and process coupling. The source-sink theory of landscape ecology can be applied to analyze the source and sink effects of atmospheric pollutants. Introducing the theory and method of landscape ecology to air pollution research has become an effective way to solve the problem on the tradeoff between current development and atmospheric pollution. From the perspective of landscape ecology, the relationships between landscape and source and sink of atmospheric pollutants were identified. The quantitative effects of landscape pattern on atmospheric pollution were also reviewed. We found that the current landscape pattern index should be improved to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollution, and the lack of high-quality spatio-temporal air pollutants data limited coupling analysis of landscape pattern and the atmospheric pollution process. Expanding the application of landscape source-sink theory, quantitatively analyzing source and sink effects of atmospheric pollutants, and developing remote sensing techniques to characterize atmospheric pollutants distribution pattern would provide important support for regional landscape planning. Strengthening the approach of landscape ecology analysis in air pollution research will extend the landscape ecology system on pattern and process coupling and will provide scientific supports for sustainable management of landscape.

不同恢复措施对南滇池湿地冬季水禽多样性的影响

恢复受损湿地生态功能是国家湿地公园建设中的重要内容，修复措施的选用会对恢复效果产生重要影响。滇池是国内重要候鸟越冬区，受长期围垦以及城市扩张的影响，湖滨区域破坏严重，近年来湿地公园建设为滇池湖滨带恢复带来了契机，但各种恢复措施的效果仍有待明确。2017年冬季以昆明南滇池国家湿地公园及临近湿地为研究区域，设置了人工重建湿地、人工恢复湿地、自然恢复湿地以及自然湖泊湿地4个对照样区，基于冬季水禽多样性进行了湿地恢复效果评价，并从景观生态学角度对结果进行了分析。结果表明：自然湖泊湿地具有最高物种丰富度，其次为自然恢复湿地、人工恢复湿地和人工重建湿地。以Simpson多样性指数评价，自然恢复湿地的水禽多样性最高（0.60±0.03），其次为自然湖泊湿地（0.46±0.04）和人工恢复湿地（0.34±0.04），人工重建湿地水禽多样性最低（0.17±0.03），由此可见自然恢复措施效果优于人工恢复和人工重建。从景观格局上分析，水禽多样性与道路面积（r=-0.735，P<0.01）、景观形状指数（r=-0.461，P<0.01）和景观分离度指数（r=-0.661，P<0.01）负相关，这也表明人为干扰程度、景观形状以及破碎化程度均会对水禽造成重要影响。建议在国家湿地公园规划和建设中，降低非湿地类景观尤其是道路对整体湿地景观的分割作用，提高湿地斑块的连接性和完整性以满足水禽的空间需求，对于湖泊型的湿地公园应加强对湖滨带沼泽生境的营造，以满足涉禽的生存需求，从而增加区域的鸟类多样性。;Restoring the ecological functions of damaged wetlands is an important part of the construction of the National Wetland Park, and restoration measures will have an important impact on the restoration effect. Dianchi Lake is an important wintering area for migratory birds in China. Due to long-term reclamation and urban expansion, the lakeside area has been severely damaged. In recent years, construction of wetland parks has brought opportunities for the restoration of Dianchi Lakeside, but the effects of various restoration measures still need to be clarified. In the winter of 2017, Kunming Southern Dianchi Lake National Wetland Park and adjacent wetlands were used as the study area, and four control sample areas were set up:constructed wetlands, enhanced wetlands, natural restored wetlands, and natural lake wetlands. Based on winter waterfowl diversity, the effect of wetland restoration was evaluated from the perspective of landscape ecology. The results showed that the natural lake wetlands had the highest species richness, followed by natural restored wetlands, enhanced wetlands, and constructed wetlands. Based on the Simpson diversity index, the waterfowl diversity of naturally restored wetlands was the highest (0.60±0.03), followed by natural lake wetlands (0.46±0.04) and enhanced wetlands (0.34±0.04), while the waterfowl diversity of constructed wetlands was the lowest (0.17±0.03), which showed that the effect of natural restoration was better than enhancement and reconstruction. From the perspective of landscape pattern analysis, waterfowl diversity was negative correlated with road area (r=-0.735, P<0.01), landscape shape index (r=-0.461, P<0.01) and landscape splitting index (r=-0.661, P<0.01). It also indicated that the degree of human disturbance, the shape of the landscape and the degree of fragmentation all had important impacts on waterfowl diversity. It is recommended that in the planning and construction of the National Wetland Park, the division of non-wetland landscapes, especially roads, on the overall wetland landscape should be reduced, and the connectivity and integrity of wetland patches should be improved to meet the spatial needs of waterfowl. Lake-type wetland parks should strengthen the creation of marsh in the lakeside area to meet the needs of waders, thereby increasing local bird diversity.

Dynamic prediction of urban landscape pattern based on remote sensing image fusion

In order to overcome the problems of large prediction error and slow prediction speed in dynamic prediction method of urban landscape, a new dynamic prediction method of urban landscape pattern based on remote sensing image fusion is proposed. The high-resolution remote sensing image is preprocessed by atmospheric correction and radiometric correction to obtain the fusion result of high-resolution remote sensing image. The urban landscape information is extracted from the fusion results, and the corresponding urban landscape pattern analysis model is built. The landscape pattern index is set up in the model, and the dynamic prediction of urban landscape pattern is completed by combining the characteristics of index change with the driving force and image factors of urban pattern change. The experimental results show that the average prediction error is 1.56, and the operation delay is reduced by 2 s-3 s.

Spatiotemporal analysis of landscape patterns and its effect on soil loss in the Rmel river basin, Tunisia

Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are generally associated with environment pollution and the degradation of natural resources. Detecting LULC changes is essential to assess the impact on ecosystem services. The current research studies the impact of the LULC change on the soil loss and sediment export in a period of 43 years from 1972 to 2015. Landsat imageries were classified into five classes using a supervised classification method and the maximum likelihood Algorithm. Then, the sediment retention service for avoiding reservoir sedimentation was assessed using the InVEST SDR (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs sediment delivery ratio) model. The results showed that the changes are very important in this study period (1972–2015). Forests were reduced by 18.72% and croplands were increased by approximately 54%. The InVEST SDR model simulation results reveal an increase in the sediment export and soil loss, respectively, from 1.68 to 5.57 t/ha/year and from 15.22 to 43.61 t/ha/year from the year 1972 to 2015. These results highlight the need for targeted policies on integrated land and water resource management. Then, it is important to improve the common understanding of land use and land cover dynamics to the different stakeholders. All these can help in projecting future changes in the LULC and to investigate more appropriate policy interventions for achieving better land and water management.

Edge effect of streets in old residential areas in Chengdu, China

Purpose Taking the streets of an old residential area in Chengdu, China, as an example, this study aims to analyse street as a transitional space that combines adjacent heterogeneous spaces. Design/methodology/approach The study framework of this paper consists of two parts. The first part focusses on the methods of landscape pattern analysis. The street spatial attributes are analysed, including the geometric and data characteristics of the city space. The second part involves a study of the stated preferences. The social attributes of space and the preferences of respondents regarding landscape properties are studied. Findings The study reports that the streets in the old residential area have characteristics of a fringe zone. The mechanisms of their edge effect improve the comprehensive quality of the urban space, stimulate a value-added effect and promote the overall development of the district economy. Originality/value The use of the spatial synergy of the edge effect can help us identify problems more accurately, enable streets to become suitable as public spaces, safeguard the rights of local residents to develop and eliminate the factors of instability.

Interaction Analysis of Urban Blue-Green Space and Built-Up Area Based on Coupling Model—A Case Study of Wuhan Central City

Urban “blue-green” space is the basic element of urban natural ecological space. The rapid urbanization process has a significant impact on the pattern of urban blue-green space and seriously threatens the urban ecological environment. It is of great significance for urban ecological protection and sustainable development to study the change in characteristics of blue and green space during urban expansion. In this paper, a comprehensive method of remote sensing image, landscape pattern analysis, sector analysis, and coupling analysis is applied to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and coordinated development level of the blue-green space and built-up area in central Wuhan from 1987 to 2018. The results showed that the land use and landscape pattern in the central city of Wuhan underwent a drastic change process, and the dominant change was the occupation of blue-green space by urban built-up areas, which led to the increase of landscape fragmentation and the decrease of heterogeneity. Urban green space is gradually marginalized and concentrated in local areas. The blue space has an obvious blocking effect on the expansion of the built-up area, and its spatial pattern tends to be stable gradually. In addition, the coupling degree between urban blue-green space and urban built area presents an inverted U-shape, and the coordinated development level among the three has entered a stage of moderate imbalance. It is urgent to strengthen the protection of blue-green space, curb the disorderly expansion of cities, and improve the quality of urban development.

Surface temperature variations and their relationships with land cover in the Pearl River Delta.

The characteristics of land use/land cover (LULC) types may affect the thermal environment of urban zones. In this study, the urban zones of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were examined to explore the spatiotemporal variations in land surface temperature (LST) from 2001 to 2017, as well as the relationships between LST and various influencing factors. Landscape pattern analysis was undertaken to explore the correlation between patch metrics and LST with resolutions from 100m to 1km. The results showed that (1) the high-temperature zones were mainly distributed on built-up land; the area of LST hot spots increased from 16% (2001) to 23% (2017). (2) The mean LST of each LULC type was calculated, indicating that the temperature of forestland was more than 5°C lower than that of built-up land. (3) The landscape patterns of different land use types exhibited various effects on LST in terms of magnitude and importance. Considering the significance of the landscape indexes, it is necessary to avoid a large-scale layout of a single built-up land type when planning an urban environment. It is thus recommended that multiple contiguous forestlands be planned to mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects. Furthermore, the landscape patterns and structure of different LULC types have various effects on LST and need to be explored in fine detail. This study helped reveal the impact of different LULC types on LST and provides urban planners in the PRD with optional schemes for mitigating the impacts of urbanization on the UHI.

Relationship Between Source-Sink Landscape Pattern and Antibiotics in Surface Water in Peri-urban Watershed

Quantitively identifying the effect of land use patterns on antibiotics in surface water has significance in maintaining water quality and protecting residents' health in urban and rural regions. In this study, a typical peri-urban watershed, located in the Yangtze River Delta, was selected as the study area. Based on surface water sampling, laboratory analysis, and source-sink landscape model (SSLM) analysis, the component and distribution characteristics of antibiotics in surface water in different sub-watersheds were analyzed. The effects of source and sink landscape patterns on antibiotic concentrations in surface water were identified. The results of this study showed substantial differences in types and concentrations of antibiotics in surface water in different sub-watersheds. The total concentrations of antibiotics in surface water ranged from 1.12 ng·L-1 to 53.74 ng·L-1. From upstream to downstream, the area of "source" landscape increased, and the area of "sink" landscape decreased based on landscape pattern analysis. The results of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed that sub-watersheds with similar "source-sink" landscape patterns were detected as having similar antibiotics types and concentrations in surface water. Land use composition, distance, elevation, and slope degree had substantial impacts on antibiotic concentrations in surface water. The results of this study also found that location-weighted landscape index (LWLI) was positive correlated with antibiotics concentrations in surface water based on correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. The sub-watersheds with high LWLI values usually had relatively higher antibiotic concentrations in surface water. This study indicated that optimization of "source" and "sink" landscapes at the watershed scale can decrease antibiotic contamination in surface water. Furthermore, SSLM is an effective tool in landscape optimization at the watershed scale.

Rural Residential Land Transition in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region: Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Policy Implications

Rural residential land transition (RRLT) dominates rural land use transition. Therefore, analysing the laws of transition and differentiation of land use is not only the basis for the differential management of rural residential areas but key to the sustainable use of rural land. This study constructs a conceptual model of RRLT using multi-period remote sensing monitoring data based on a comprehensive index method, ArcGIS, and FRAGSTATS landscape pattern analysis, among others. It also analyses the characteristics of the transition extent, transition trend, transition morphology, and transition intensity of rural residential land in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from 1980 to 2018. The results show that, from a vertical comparison of long time series, the transition extent is characterised by a process of ‘slow growth—expanding start—fast expansion—slowing down’; the transition trend is characterised by an increase in the amount of cultivated land occupied by rural residential land, followed by a large number of rural residential land is reclaimed as cultivated land; the transition morphology is characterised by an increase in mean patch size and degree of irregularity, as well as aggregation; and the transition intensity is characterised by fluctuations in the process of ‘small-scale reduction—small-scale growth—substantial growth—small-scale growth and reduction’. A horizontal comparison of counties in the BTH region reveals a long-lasting and active growth trend in transition extent and transition intensity in the Beijing-Tianjin region, and a gradually slowing trend in the areas around the region. The transition morphology features of the northwest Hebei region are more prominent, and show that the scale of rural settlements is small, the plaques fragmented and irregular, and the layout more scattered. The BTH region should formulate a differentiated transition direction for rural residential areas based on the different functional areas, and play into the agglomeration, scale, and synergy effects of urban agglomerations. It should also coordinate and improve the human–land relationship in rural areas, and construct an orderly and densely distributed pattern of urban and rural spatial development with a reasonable layout and complementary functions.

Spatial Differentiation of Land Use and Landscape Pattern Changes in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Area

Landscape pattern analysis based on geometric features effectively reflects the spatial patterns of land use. Based on the administrative boundaries of prefecture-level cities, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei collaborative development area is divided into three sub-regions, according to ecological–production–living functions. We used remote sensing data of long time series land-use change from late 1980 to 2015, and analyzed landscape pattern changes and spatial differentiation in the past 30 years. The results show that: (1) The main type of land-use change was the flow of cultivated land to urban construction land, and the urbanization process was significant. (2) The urban construction land was the landscape type with the highest degree of fragmentation and maximum land-use change in the region. (3) The patch density in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area increased while the average patch area decreased, and the entire landscape tended towards significant fragmentation. The Shannon diversity and evenness indexes continued to increase, indicating that the overall landscape in this region is heterogeneous and diversified. The ecological and environmental protection measures implemented in this region so far have achieved results, but require more stringent measures to ensure the total diversification of land use in the region.

High-resolution urban land-cover mapping and landscape analysis of the 42 major cities in China using ZY-3 satellite images

Detailed and precise urban land-cover maps are crucial for urban-related studies. However, there are limited ways of mapping high-resolution urban land cover over large areas. In this paper, we propose an operational framework to map urban land cover on the basis of Ziyuan-3 satellite images. Based on this framework, we produced the first high-resolution (2 m) urban land-cover map (Hi-ULCM) covering the 42 major cities of China. The overall accuracy of the Hi-ULCM dataset is 88.55%, of which 14 cities have an overall accuracy of over 90%. Most of the producer’s accuracies and user’s accuracies of the land-cover classes exceed 85%. We further conducted a landscape pattern analysis in the 42 cities based on Hi-ULCM. In terms of the comparison between the 42 cities in China, we found that the difference in the land-cover composition of urban areas is related to the climatic characteristics and urbanization levels, e.g., cities with warm climates generally have higher proportions of green spaces. It is also interesting to find that cities with higher urbanization levels are more habitable, in general. From the landscape viewpoint, the geometric complexity of the landscape increases with the urbanization level. Compared with the existing medium-resolution land-cover/use datasets (at a 30-m resolution), Hi-ULCM represents a significant advance in accurately depicting the detailed land-cover footprint within the urban areas of China, and will be of great use for studies of urban ecosystems.

Energy crops in marginal areas: Scenario-based assessment through ecosystem services, as support to sustainable development

Abstract Starting from the identification of marginal areas, this work presents a possible physical–mathematical approach as a support to landscape planning, based on the pragmatic determination of the predictable environmental effects connected to land use changes (LUC) and related to objective and quantitative ecological indicators for environmental impact assessment. “Fringe areas”, which are more suitable to change in a medium-short time frame, were determined through a spatial multicriteria decision analysis (S-MCDA) process. Three land use changes scenarios were identified and analysed, namely: the current situation, energy crop cultivation in marginal lands, and the possible abandonment of lands such as these. Energy crop cultivation in marginal lands is widely considered to be a useful opportunity for farmers, against the progressive risk of under-utilization or abandonment; nevertheless, the large areas needed can cause important environmental side-effects. In order to assess the possible variations in environmental components in the ex-ante planning phase, scenarios were assessed in terms of habitat and biodiversity ecosystems services (using both monetary and indexes approach), focusing also on possible environmental fragmentation analysis by means of landscape metrics, which are simple measures used to deepen landscape configuration and structure. The S-MCDA process allowed about 10% of the study area with less favourable environmental conditions to be defined, where land use change is desirable in a medium-short time frame. For the energy crops scenario, the ecosystem services (ESs) approach highlights positive repercussions in terms of habitat quality and biodiversity value. Similar trends are highlighted by different ESs assessment methods adopted (monetary and indexes), confirming themselves. Also, landscape pattern analysis confirmed positive habitat connectivity trends: the delineation of fringe areas has preserved, in energy crops scenario, natural and semi-natural classes, reducing the risk of disturbance with respect to the biodiversity and habitat. This condition assumes that adopted S-MCDA method can contribute positively and significantly to the definition of LUC scenarios and land management. In conclusion, marginal lands can become an opportunity to improve socio-economic conditions and to enhance land image, while respecting the environment. LUC scenarios building, and their assessment by means of ecological indicators become a dynamic and structured tool in the land use planning /management process to support decision maker choices and to re-calibrate interventions, with the aim of contributing to sustainable policies of land management (ecological corridors, compensation and / or mitigation measures, etc.), emphasizing land sustainable management benefits (such as climate change adaptation or disaster risk reduction).

Pattern identification and analysis for the traditional village using low altitude UAV-borne remote sensing: multifeatured geospatial data to support rural landscape investigation, documentation and management

• Low-altitude multispectral UAV imagery provides an effective way for landscape investigation at multiple spatial scales. • High resolution and multispectral data captures multiple features of landscapes to facilitate the refined landscape detection. • Object oriented image analysis with heritage landscape structure regulation to achieve hierarchical targeted landscape classification. • Quantitative analysis to unveil the structure and spatial pattern of the landscapes in the traditional village; Spatial pattern of landscapes is viewed as the fabric and structure of traditional village. Accurate detection and analysis for the landscapes pattern plays key role in understanding the sociocultural milieu and human-natural relations. Current methods perceive their problems. Pedestrian survey is labor and time consuming. Meanwhile, the derived data tend to be subjective, qualitative and monotonous, which can hardly be used for further analysis. Remote sensing technique has been successfully applied in the field of heritage protection for its ability in object detection. But these methods are limited by visiting circle, spatial resolution and data richness. Therefore, the scientific methods of landscape pattern detection, documentation and analysis for the traditional village has long been under discussion. By taking Baojiatun castle village as a case study, the present paper aims to detect and analyze spatial pattern of traditional village by the geospatial data from a low altitude UAV-borne remote sensing. A four-leveled hierarchical landscape recognition scheme and the corresponding landscape category regulation were established. Based on the derived data and the established scheme, a three-level classification model was construct by using Object-Oriented Image Analysis method (OBIA) method and machine learning classifiers (Random Forest classifier and SVM classifier). The model was proven to be accurate and stable by ten-fold cross validation, and five major heritage landscape elements of the village were finally extracted. Furthermore, spatial pattern characteristics and distribution differences of targeted landscapes were unveiled based on distance statistics and clustering analysis. Lastly, further discussion is fostered, which focuses on the usefulness of remote sensing technique in the field of heritage landscape investigation, documentation and management.

Geo-spatial analysis and optimization strategy of park green space landscape pattern of Garden City– A case study of the central district of Mianyang City Sichuan Province

ABSTRACT The optimization of park green space landscape pattern is of great significance to the construction of an ecological civilized city. Through a case study of the national garden city – Mianyang City, Sichuan Province – and with the help of analysis softwares such as ENVI and ArcMap, the public green space landscape pattern in the central urban area has been quantitatively analyzed in terms of Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NVDI) and landscape pattern index, and corresponding optimization strategies have been proposed. It is found out that: 1. NVDI in Fucheng District presents a growing trend from the perspective of spatial distribution characteristics, although the balance of NVDI increased significantly. 2. Urban park green space is highly fragmented under city scale, and the park green space landscape is featured by small patches and medium-sized and large scale coexisting. 3. Spatial distribution of park green space landscape types in Fucheng District is badly imbalanced and landscape structures are unreasonable 4. Calculation and analysis of landscape pattern index show the small patches in Fucheng District are highly spatially heterogeneous and fragmented with a large patch shape index. This paper aims to provide reference for the planning and construction of an urban park green space landscape.

Analysis of landscape pattern on urban land use based on GF-5 hyperspectral data

Analysis of landscape pattern on urban land use based on GF-5 hyperspectral data