Security Landscape Research Articles

Literature Review on Improving IoT Security Using Machine and Deep Learning Technique

This literature review paper discusses the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its implications on various domains, highlighting the challenges and security concerns associated with its expansive scope. This review work emphasizes the need for comprehensive security solutions to address the complexities of IoT infrastructure, particularly in the context of emerging threats. Thispaper also underscores the importance of integrating security, energy efficiency, software applications, and data analytics in IoT systems. It outlines the evolving landscape of IoT security, including the vulnerabilities and potential consequences of inadequate security measures. Additionally, authors address the intersection of security and privacy concerns within Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML), discussing various strategies such as homomorphic encryption, differential privacy, trusted execution, and secure multiparty computing. It acknowledges the computational demands of these approaches and the ongoing search for globally harmonized solutions. Finally, authors concludes by highlighting the challenges and strategies in countering adversarial attacks in DL and ML, emphasizing the effectiveness of adversarial training and the multifaceted nature of defense mechanisms.

Introduction Turkey and Africa: Motivations, Challenges and Future Prospects

Turkey's presence in Africa has experienced significant growth over the last two decades. In recent years, Turkey's expanding African outreach has transformed media narratives and generated a surge of scholarly studies on Turkey's involvement in Africa. Turkey's renewed focus on the continent and its commitment to establishing an equal partnership with African nations came after years of neglect. Previously, Turkey's relationship with African countries followed a cycle of ups and downs. The interest in Africa was largely driven by short-term foreign policy considerations, such as breaking Turkey's international isolation and securing diplomatic support from African nations. Understanding how Turkey's carefully crafted discourses resonate with African countries in the face of competition from other external actors is a challenging task. Despite the existence of a rich and extensive literature on how external players engage with Africa, Turkey's role and the long-term impact of its involvement have often been overlooked. This special issue aims to contribute to the existing literature by exploring different dimensions of Turkey's multifaceted Africa policy, including its engagement in the security landscape, the African arms market, humanitarian efforts, and public diplomacy initiatives.

South Korean Nuclear Aspiration and its Impact on Regional Security

This paper explores the complex and multifaceted challenges surrounding South Korea's nuclear weapons programme. It is recognised that as a key player in the regional and global security landscape, South Korea's decisions on this issue will have far-reaching implications for the future of international security and stability. Drawing on the Nuclear Revolution Theory, the paper examines the potential benefits and drawbacks of possessing nuclear weapons, as well as the historical context and regional security considerations that have shaped South Korea's past interest in a nuclear weapons programme. The study also analyses the current geopolitical landscape, including the danger posed by North Korea's nuclear weapons programme and US policy on nuclear proliferation. The viability of the nuclear weapons programme and its implications for South Korea are assessed through qualitative reasoning. The South Korean potentials for nuclear proliferation, its negative impact on global non-proliferation efforts, its deterrence value against North Korea and regional security benefits are examined. Alternatives to pursuing a nuclear weapons programme, such as strengthening conventional military capabilities and diplomatic efforts to denuclearise the Korean peninsula are also discussed.

Feeding the Future: Achieving Food Security in Malaysia Through Trade Mechanism

Malaysia’s food imports have almost doubled in 10 years, from RM35 billion to RM63 billion in 2021. In total, 26 food items have a self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) of 100% or above, according to the Supply and Utilization Accounts of Selected Agricultural Commodities, Malaysia, from the Department of Statistics (DOSM), but 24 other products still fall short of this mark. Moreover, Malaysia showed progress in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) in 2021, moving up from the 48th rank (67.9 points) in 2020 to the 41st place (69.9 points) in 2022. Malaysia still has problems with food security, despite these encouraging signs. By employing a desktop research technique and secondary data from papers and publications, this concept paper seeks to investigate the landscape and trajectory of food security in Malaysia from 2017 to 2022. Further analysis is carried out on food security by focusing on the use of trade mechanisms in the four pillars of affordability, availability, quality and safety, sustainability, and adaptation. The analysis found that Malaysia faces several challenges in achieving food security, including increasing dependence on food imports, declining agricultural productivity, and income inequality. However, Malaysia has also made important strides toward enhancing food security, including diversifying its import sources, enhancing accessibility through price regulation, and intensifying its use of agricultural technologies.

The New (Dis)Order: The Evolving UAE-Israel Security Alliance

The normalization of relations between the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Israel under the Abraham Accords is part of a long-standing security cooperation between the two regimes to monopolize regional power. Indeed, with the rapidly changing political and security landscape in the Arab world, the Abraham Accords have become central to understanding alliance formation in the region. The Accords have significantly enhanced the already existing security and military relations between Israel and the UAE, with heavy Emirati investment in advanced Israeli weapons systems and security technologies, military and intelligence sharing, as well as ­economic partnerships in strategic sectors. While the alliance is often portrayed as a defensive security arrangement aimed at countering the “Iranian threat,” a closer examination reveals that it is much more than that. Sponsored by the United States, the alliance entrenches Israeli settler colonialism and Arab authoritarianism as mutually inclusive pillars for the region, with the ultimate objective of reproducing US hegemony in the face of changing global dynamics.

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO INCREASE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS IN NATIONAL AND NATO PROCESSES

The management of the interrelated processes of planning, budgeting, production, and supply chain logistics, as well as human resources and information sharing, is of paramount importance in the ecosystem of Türkiye's defense industrial system. Any disruption in this system could impede the timely provision of the necessary armaments for the readiness of the Turkish Armed Forces and Security Forces. Given the shifting global security landscape and its strategic geopolitical position, it is imperative that Türkiye possess a robust defense industry that can make technological leaps and advancements. This can be achieved through a collaborative effort that places a greater emphasis on research and development (R&D/Ar-Ge), swiftly addressing identified issues, enhancing the defense industrial ecosystem, and fostering organizations that possess critical technologies and a capacity for learning through a comprehensive approach. In this context, the acquisition and dissemination of information is of great import, and companies engaged in defense industry activities can effectively contribute and enhance interaction with national and NATO processes through the utilization of empirical and descriptive methods, as well as by adhering to certain recommendations for optimal results.

SECURITY THINKING: THE UKRAINIAN CONTEXT

In an increasingly interconnected world, the security landscape has become exponentially more complex. Organizations and individuals face a myriad of threats, from sophisticated attacks to ever-evolving vulnerabilities. In order to successfully navigate this treacherous terrain, it is critical to develop a safety-focused mindset. Taking this proactive approach can pave the way for resilience to complexity, where strong defenses and adaptive strategies work in tandem to protect our security ecosystem. Security Thinking is a proactive approach to analyzing and addressing potential risks and vulnerabilities in order to enhance security measures. It involves a mindset that prioritizes prevention, preparedness, and adaptability to protect against various threats and challenges. Security Thinking encourages individuals and organizations to consider security implications at every level, from technology and processes to human behavior, promoting a resilient and secure environment. It is a continuous and dynamic process that seeks to stay ahead of emerging threats and evolve in response to changing security landscapes. At the same time, there is another definition. Security Mindset is an individual's or organization's way of thinking that places a strong emphasis on security and risk management. It involves being proactive in identifying potential threats, vulnerabilities, and weaknesses in systems, processes, and behaviors. Developing a security mindset is not an end point, but a continuous journey. Using intellectual rigor and an innovative spirit, you can significantly influence the formation of a security ecosystem. The principles of resilience to complexity and a holistic approach to security, guided by a security-centric mindset, are becoming a dynamic force in protecting the security ecosystem. By integrating physical security, modernized legislation, social engineering, data privacy protection and psychological security, we can build a fortress against a wide range of threats. However, the unprecedented challenges associated with Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine have significantly complicated the architecture of modern security, creating a need for the development of a new paradigm of security thinking and practical tools for its application.

El futuro de la Junta Interamericana de Defensa y su Relación con la Integración yResiliencia del Hemisferio Occidental

XXI Century speeded up the changes in the defense and security landscape, mainly by the interference of new technologies and the diversification of actors that influence the field of action in multiple domains. These changes must be studied and analyzed continuously to keep defense and security structures and alliances up to date and capable of facing all alternative actions, with a readiness that makes them always one step ahead of the opposing strategy. This article aims to identify, throughout a prospective analysis, the challenges and threats that are being addressed and will be faced by the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB) in the future's complex multidimensional, multi-domain, and transnational threats landscape. Additionally, the paper seeks for international cooperation opportunities that could provide IADB tools and new procedures to improve its capabilities, studying another regional and complex alliance such as the European Union, by a defense and security approach. The actions proposed not only will reinforce the own IADB but strengthen the Organization of American States (OAS) to reach a pioneering role as an international alliance committed to people’s equity and the defense of democracy, in a real non-polarized, and multilaterals world.

DECEPTION BASED TECHNIQUES AGAINST RANSOMWARES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Ransomware is the most prevalent emerging business risk nowadays. It seriously affects business continuity and operations. According to Deloitte Cyber Security Landscape 2022, up to 4000 ransomware attacks occur daily, while the average number of days an organization takes to identify a breach is 191. Sophisticated cyber-attacks such as ransomware typically must go through multiple consecutive phases (initial foothold, network propagation, and action on objectives) before accomplishing its final objective. This study analyzed decoy-based solutions as an approach (detection, prevention, or mitigation) to overcome ransomware. A systematic literature review was conducted, in which the result has shown that deception-based techniques have given effective and significant performance against ransomware with minimal resources. It is also identified that contrary to general belief, deception techniques mainly involved in passive approaches (i.e., prevention, detection) possess other active capabilities such as ransomware traceback and obstruction (thwarting), file decryption, and decryption key recovery. Based on the literature review, several evaluation methods are also analyzed to measure the effectiveness of these deception-based techniques during the implementation process.

동아시아 지역안보제도의 변화 연구

This thesis seeks to understand the causes of changes in the regional security landscape currently occurring in the Indo-Pacific region and analyze the impact of these changes on existing security systems in East Asia region. The US Indo-Pacific strategy which has been pursued in response to the rise of China and its challenges to US influence in the Indo-Pacific region, has precipitated the fundamental changes in the San Francisco System established in the Asia-Pacific region after World War II. The US-centered bilateral alliance network, which has been the backbone of the San Francisco system, continues to be maintained, but the US-led alliance system is reorganized in a way that allies are given new roles to respond to China’s multi-faced challenges. In addition, multilateral institutions, which has played a complementary role, seem to play a key role in the Indo-Pacific strategy along with bilateral alliance networks. Along with this, active cooperation and coordination with the off-shore security system symbolized by cooperation with NATO is also a significant departure from the existing San Francisco system. The emergence of a new security system in the Indo-Pacific region is bound to have a significant impact on the foreign strategies of major countries in the region, including Korea. Although this is a challenge for Korea’s foreign strategy the flourishing of minilateral cooperations also means that a space has been opened for Korea to play a meaningful role in minilateral cooperation in this region. The existing ASEAN-centered multilateral institutions which led regional cooperation in the East Asian region, is facing significant challenges. It was under pressure to find its place in the competition with newly emerging mini/multilateral cooperations and to improve ASEAN’s effectiveness and relevance itself.

Cyber Security in the Age of the Internet of Things, Constraints, and Solutions

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a paradigm shift in the way we interact with technology and the world around us. As the number of IoT devices continues to proliferate across various domains, ranging from smart homes to industrial settings, the vulnerabilities associated with this interconnected ecosystem become increasingly pronounced. This research aims to dissect the multifaceted challenges that arise in securing the vast network of interconnected devices, recognizing that the traditional approaches to cybersecurity may not suffice in this evolving environment. The objectives of the study are to comprehensively analyze these constraints, ranging from insecure IoT device configurations to potential data breaches and privacy concerns. The method adapted for this study is the V Model is a software development and testing methodology that emphasizes a structured approach to the development process. When applied to Cybersecurity and the Internet of Things (IoT) the V Model can be effectively utilized to address the unique complexities associated with securing interconnected devices. The adoption of a “security-by-design” philosophy emerges as a crucial aspect of mitigating IoT-related risks. Incorporating security measures from the inception of device development helps establish a robust foundation. The research anticipates contributing valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on cybersecurity, offering actionable recommendations for stakeholders navigating the intricate landscape of IoT security.

DESIGN OF THE NETWORK SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR SMART CAMPUS IN THE PHILIPPINES

This paper aims to study the existing network security framework of Philippine Smart Campuses and propose a more robust network security framework based on situational awareness which addresses emerging security challenges. By investigating and analyzing the current state of smart campus construction in the Philippines, the paper reveals the current problems and vulnerabilities in network security. As educational institutions increasingly adopt smart technologies, the need for a robust cybersecurity framework to protect sensitive data and ensure smooth campus operations becomes crucial. Consequently, a comprehensive network security framework is urgently needed to safeguard vital data and maintain the secure operation of smart campuses in the Philippines.
 It designs a comprehensive and effective network security framework by integrating relevant domestic and international research findings and experiences. The SA framework encompasses multiple security layers, including access control, authentication mechanisms, intrusion detection systems, and incident response. Results demonstrate the significant impact of the proposed cybersecurity framework on enhancing the security of Philippine Smart Campuses. The findings of this study contribute valuable guidance to the development of network security for Philippine smart campuses. By addressing the current network security landscape, identifying challenges, conducting a literature review, and designing the framework, this research presents a more robust network security framework and verifies its effectiveness through implementation. The framework leverages various security technologies and methods such as situational awareness, and zero-trust technology to enhance the security and reliability of smart campus networks. Moreover, it provides substantial support for securing smart campuses in the Philippines, ensuring the integrity of school data, and facilitating sustainable growth.

What does security look like? Exploring interpretive photography as method

AbstractIR’s visual turn has emphasised visual analysis over visual method, centring images of war and crisis. Meanwhile security studies centres great power politics and moments of rupture. Together, they reinforce a dominant image of security as spectacular. This article unites two ethnographic projects focused on everyday security: one examining everyday security landscapes in China, and one examining health security at the UK border. Both found a gap between the dominant image of security and what we saw, and explored this gap through photography. Building on the everyday and visual turns, the article introduces interpretive photography as method to make two contributions. The first is methodological: it introduces interpretive photography as a distinct critical qualitative method that operates on five modes: enabling the seeing-capturing-making-sharing of visual artefacts, it also disrupts dominant visions and contributes to the construction of international relations. The second contribution is empirical: a deeper, richer account of what security looks like. While the discipline associates security with emergency politics or a state of exception, Nyman’s photographs show the exception-made-everyday, while Ferhani’s photos reject the exception by showing banal routines. In this way, photography engages the visuality of security, and can change how we see security.

Threat Hunting Architecture Using a Machine Learning Approach for Critical Infrastructures Protection

The number and the diversity in nature of daily cyber-attacks have increased in the last few years, and trends show that both will grow exponentially in the near future. Critical Infrastructures (CI) operators are not excluded from these issues; therefore, CIs’ Security Departments must have their own group of IT specialists to prevent and respond to cyber-attacks. To introduce more challenges in the existing cyber security landscape, many attacks are unknown until they spawn, even a long time after their initial actions, posing increasing difficulties on their detection and remediation. To be reactive against those cyber-attacks, usually defined as zero-day attacks, organizations must have Threat Hunters at their security departments that must be aware of unusual behaviors and Modus Operandi. Threat Hunters must face vast amounts of data (mainly benign and repetitive, and following predictable patterns) in short periods to detect any anomaly, with the associated cognitive overwhelming. The application of Artificial Intelligence, specifically Machine Learning (ML) techniques, can remarkably impact the real-time analysis of those data. Not only that, but providing the specialists with useful visualizations can significantly increase the Threat Hunters’ understanding of the issues that they are facing. Both of these can help to discriminate between harmless data and malicious data, alleviating analysts from the above-mentioned overload and providing means to enhance their Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA). This work aims to design a system architecture that helps Threat Hunters, using a Machine Learning approach and applying state-of-the-art visualization techniques in order to protect Critical Infrastructures based on a distributed, scalable and online configurable framework of interconnected modular components.

"Anti-corruption Management Mechanisms and the Construction of a Security landscape in the Financial Sector of the EU Economic System Against the Background of Challenges to European Integration: Implications for Artificial Intelligence Technologies"

"The article is devoted to modern topical theoretical and practical problems of interaction between international anti-corruption and financial and legal norms in the field of preventing the financing of terrorism, corruption and money laundering in the integrated EU financial market. It is shown that the current mechanisms of foreign exchange control and banking supervision of the EU over the financial transactions of entities need to be strengthened by anti-corruption measures. The steps taken in this direction, as well as the current regulatory documents and agreements, are analyzed. International legal norms against financial crime, corruption and terrorist financing should be successfully translated into the norms of national administrative, financial, anti-corruption law within the common space of the EU economic system in order to provide the necessary security landscape. The security challenges and threats associated with the increasing digitalization of financial markets, as well as the possibilities of using artificial intelligence tools to combat corruption, are considered."

Security of Cryptocurrencies: A View on the State-of-the-Art Research and Current Developments.

[Context] The goal of security is to protect digital assets, devices, and services from being disrupted, exploited or stolen by unauthorized users. It is also about having reliable information available at the right time. [Motivation] Since the inception in 2009 of the first cryptocurrency, few studies have been undertaken to analyze and review the state-of-the-art research and current developments with respect to the security of cryptocurrencies. [Purpose] We aim to provide both theoretical and empirical insights into the security landscape, in particular focusing on both technical solutions and human-related facets. [Methodology] We used an integrative review which could help in building science and scholarly research, the basis for conceptual and empirical models. [Results] Successful defense against cyberattacks depends on technical measures on the one hand, as well as on self-education and training with the aim to develop competence, knowledge, skills and social abilities, on the other. [Contribution] Our findings provide a comprehensive review for the major achievements and developments of the recent progress on the security of cryptocurrencies. [Future research] Since there is increasing interest in adoption of the current solutions within the central bank digital currencies, the future research should explore the development and inception of effective measures against social engineering attacks, which still remain the main concern.

The Iraq War 20 years on: towards a new regional architecture

Abstract The consequences of the Iraq War of 2003 continue to reverberate throughout the Middle East and wider world in multiple, if still underacknowledged, ways. Though subsequent regional developments have taken centre stage—notably those surrounding the Arab Uprisings and the subsequent civil wars and interventions in Libya, Syria and Yemen—the effects of the Iraq War remain powerfully present. A watershed event, it has generated major and irreversible changes at the international and regional level. It has empowered certain states and actors, and weakened others— notably Iraq itself—but its impact on both the regional and wider global security landscape cannot be underestimated. Arguing that the events surrounding the Iraq War and its outcome constituted a ‘critical juncture’, or major inflexion point in regional order, this article examines three interdependent features of the changing regional architecture. The first relates to the region's international alignments; the second to its balance of power; and the third to the changing institutional environment, which challenges and redefines the very boundaries of the Middle East.

Open and Closed Software Security Redux

Twenty years ago, we surveyed the landscape of software security for open source systems. While some things remain the same, other things have changed, in both predictable and surprising ways.

Preliminary results of the project Public Security in Brazil : an outlook

The tenth and final work, by Helder Ferreira, Elaine Marcial and Joana Alencar, presents the preliminary results of the “Public security in Brazil: a prospective vision” project. In this study, published in June 2015, the authors introduce the future scenarios project developed through workshops held during the previous year, which involved researchers, managers, and specialists in Brazilian public security. The addendum prepared by the authors reveals how much the public security landscape has changed in Brazil since then.

A Comprehensive Study Of Metaverse Privacy And Security

The concept of the metaverse has been evolving over time, and it does not have a specific launch date. The term "metaverse" was popularized by Neal Stephenson in his science fiction novel "Snow Crash," published in 1992. The term "metaverse" refers to a virtual reality space or a collective virtual shared space where people can interact with a computer-generated environment and with each other in real-time. It is often described as a digital universe that encompasses various interconnected virtual worlds, augmented reality, and virtual reality experiences. Metaverse privacy refers to the protection of personal information and the preservation of individual privacy within the metaverse or virtual reality environments. As the metaverse becomes more prevalent and people engage in immersive digital experiences, it raises concerns about the collection, use, and sharing of personal data, as well as the potential for privacy breaches and surveillance. In this case study we try to resolve why the security landscape will continually change, and new threats and challenges may emerge.