Objects Of Landscape Architecture Research Articles

Growth and productivity of red oak (Q.Rubra L.) forest cultures in the North-West Caucasus

The paper presents the results of the study of red oak (Q. rubra L.) cultures located on the territory of «Kurjip district forestry» of the Republic of Adygea (western part of the North Caucasus). The characteristic of red oak is given as a tree species, less demanding to soil conditions in comparison with other forest-forming species and possessing high decorative properties, due to which it is used for solitary plantings, as hedges along highways, arrays in parks, squares and other objects of landscape architecture. It combines well both in pure plantings and in combination with petiole oak, hornbeam and aspen. Red oak can grow on sandy loam and loamy podzolic soils without stagnant moisture, mainly on the banks of rivers, it grows worse on calcareous soil. The tree species due to well-developed root system is resistant to wind, also characterized by good resistance to damage by entomo- and phyto-pests. The growth and productivity of red oak and related species were analyzed in the work, and the graphs of growth progress by height and diameter of crops were plotted. It was found that in more favorable growing conditions red oak is not inferior to petiole oak in growth and productivity. Keywords: North-West Caucasus, Forest Cultures, Red Oak, Common Oak, Non-Native Species, Growth, Productivity.

Expressions of National Identity in the Landscape Architecture Projects in Kazakhstan

One of the important parameters of the quality of the urban environment is its identity. The concept of identity has a broad context. Identity has mainly been studied in the humanities such as psychology, philology, philosophy, sociology and anthropology. The process of globalization, leading to a blurring of the borders between cultures, is bringing to the fore the problem of national and regional identities in the architecture and landscape of the urban environment. This article examines the actualization of the concept of identity in architecture, urban development and landscape architecture. It focuses on sustainability of national and regional identity manifested through place identity. The main positions of research from other countries with the basis of identity have been analyzed according to the landscape philosophies of the XXI century. Through the analysis of scientific research in the field of cultural science, regional roots, signs and symbols have been identified as a basis for landscape practices in the urban environment of Kazakhstan. The study used complex methods of historical, ethnographic, cultural and architectural landscape studies examining the manifestations of identity in the traditional culture of Kazakhs. It produces a comparative analysis of ideas about identity in Kazakh traditional music, decorative and applied art. It also carries out structural and morphological analysis of project materials on landscape architecture of Kazakhstan. Moreover, a comparative analysis of individual objects of landscape architecture of XX and XXI centuries has been conducted. The paper produces new perspectives on nation-building efforts of Kazakhstan through designed landscapes since independence, elucidating the symbolic language of national identity manifested across major public parks and plazas.

Specialized objects of landscape architecture of the city of Novosibirsk

Today, a modern large city can only be imagined with specialised landscape objects. They belong to the group of public facilities, the functional feature of which is formed, as a rule, under the pressure of the city’s cultural, social and historical environment. The presence of such facilities provides a wide range of recreational activities and contributes to the multifaceted development of the personality of visitors. The article presents a methodology developed by the authors for assessing the attractiveness and integration into the urban gardening system of specialised objects of landscape architecture in Novosibirsk. The proposed method makes it possible to determine the popularity of an entity among the population, its accessibility, its performance of the prevailing function, the possibility of social integration of people with disabilities, and the organisation of the landscape on the territory. Five specialised objects of various functional orientations were identified in the structure of Novosibirsk. Among them, parks of communication with nature and protect flora and fauna prevail in number (Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Dendrological Park, Novosibirsk Zoo named after R.A. Shilo). These objects are also the most popular among the residents of the city. The main factor in attracting visitors to such sites is the cognitive function. The historical and architectural open-air museum needs to be better integrated into the system of urban landscaping due to poor awareness of citizens about this object, the lack of developed transport and pedestrian communications and unhindered access for all categories of citizens. The dendrological park needs a reconstruction of the landscape organisation and functional zoning of the territory; for this object, the problem of popularization among the city’s residents is also relevant in the course of the analysis of specialized landscape objects of Novosibirsk, the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, the Central Park, the Novosibirsk Zoo named after N.N. R.A. Awl. However, none of them fully meets all the necessary criteria. Reconstruction of varying degrees is required for each facility, considering social trends and modern processes.

ЦЕЛИ, ЗАДАЧИ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ГЕОДЕЗИЧЕСКИХ ИЗЫСКАНИЙ В БОТАНИЧЕСКИХ САДАХ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТОПОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ СЪЕМКИ НИЖНЕГО ПАРКА НИКИТСКОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА)

The availability of planning documentation is a necessary condition for the creation and reconstruction of botanical gardens expositions, the normal operation of the territory, including the repair of road surfaces, garden stairs, and accounting for botanical collections. However, in reality, many objects of landscape architecture do not have actual plans for various reasons, and the existing planning documentation does not reflect the situation with the relief, roads, structures and plant elements. Since 2022, in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, the laboratory of landscape architecture and ethnobotanical research has begun systematic work on engineering and geodetic surveys, which makes it possible to develop the basis for design and working documentation in the local coordinate system. The work is carried out using the Topcon GM 52 total station, which allows you to obtain data on angles, distances, and excesses of certain geometric parameters. Based on the results of engineering and geodetic surveys, projects are being carried out and project proposals are being developed for the creation and reconstruction of expositions, the placement of retail outlets, and the strengthening of landslide slopes.

Парки г. Саранска как рекреационные объекты

The present study is devoted to the issue of creating a favorable urban environment in urbanized territories, as this is an important component of urban culture to ensure comfortable living and recreation conditions for citizens. It follows from history that green park areas in cities have long been of interest for the creation of natural objects of landscape architecture for recreational purposes. The authors of the article, relying on research in the field of landscape architecture, recreation, the creation of garden and park territories, Russian and foreign authors, cite key concepts related to the def-inition of the park and on their basis, formulate their own definition as an object of landscape architecture developed and artistically decorated for outdoor recreation, where the cultural and mass activities that meet the recreational needs of the city population are carried out. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the fact that park areas are the center of attraction for the recreation of citizens and play an important role in the life of both large megacities and small provincial cities. The city's park zones form the basis of its ecological framework, reducing the level of noise, dust and gas pollution of the air, and their landscaping adds variety to the landscape archi-tecture of the urban space. The authors gave a comparative description and assess-ment of the parks of Saransk, as a result of which their features and functional fea-tures were revealed, and a SWOT analysis revealed various aspects of the organiza-tion and further use of the studied recreational areas. The assessment of the identified factors of external and internal environment allowed to determine a set of measures that should be the basis for the development strategy of practical activities of urban parks as recreational facilities. Further development of urban park areas involves the effective use of available resources and their inclusion in tourism products.

АPPLICATION OF ELEMENTS OF MONUMENTAL ART, MODERN SCULPTURE AND SMALL ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN THE FORMATION OF GARDEN AND PARK LANDSCAPE AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The article examines the issue of identifying the artistic image of the landscape environment, which is achieved by using the techniques of architectural composition with the use of small architectural forms, modern sculpture and elements of monumental art. The means of landscape composition are highlighted, as the art of placing various elements on the park territory to create a comfortable environment according to functional, ecological and aesthetic requirements. On the example of the implementation of project work on the improvement of the recreational area near the office center in Kyiv, recommendations are provided for the design of small architectural forms and the integration of elements of modern art into the canvas of landscape design. The functional features of landscaping elements are determined. Rational use of various types of small architectural forms and open structures in the urban environment, taking into account the economic components of the modern construction process. The importance of using and highlighting the philosophical and cultural significance of elements of material art in the urban design of the urban environment is considered. The publication highlights the creative search and ways of solving architectural problems when designing the reconstruction of a small square near the office center at Saperno-Slobidskii Proezd, 30. The implementation of this design work was completed in the fall of 2021. The authors of the sculptural compositions are the famous Ukrainian artists Yehor and Nikita Zigura. Architectural solutions, Yevhen Yanovitskyi. An analysis of design solutions is provided with an emphasis on general compositional techniques and architectural solutions that can be used in the design of open landscape spaces.
 The purpose of the publication is to reveal the topic of creating small architectural forms, objects of landscape architecture with the integration of park sculpture and elements of monumental art to recreational urban areas, and to provide recommendations for designing park architecture as an element of landscape design based on knowledge and skills in architectural composition and experience real design. The publication also reveals the main architectural and planning parameters and requirements for the design of territory improvement and landscape design and highlights the creative idea of the authors of the project of reconstruction of the improvement of the recreational landscape area in the public environment, translates intuitive artistic solutions into the professional language of architectural composition.

Transformation of Green Areas in Central Squares after Revitalization: Evidence from Cittaslow Towns in Northeast Poland

In recent years, unfavorable changes in the development of city squares can be observed in Poland due to poorly conducted revitalization. These changes include, among others, the elimination of greenery or its significant reduction and the introduction of impervious surfaces to the places formerly designated by forms of greenery. This article highlights the need to redesign the central squares in small towns as part of their revitalization, including three levels of approach: functional, ecological, and aesthetic. The research aimed to analyze the degree of changes in the development of green areas in central squares due to the implementation of revitalization projects. Central squares in four selected towns of Cittaslow from the Warmia and Mazury region (northeastern Poland) were selected as the research area. The methods of comparative analysis were used, considering the comparison of functions, space, and composition, as well as the “research by design” method, which was adopted. A comparative analysis of changes in the arrangement of squares and analysis of changes in greenery structure was performed. The results showed that, in two examples, the changes related to removing greenery from the squares were not on a large scale due to the compensation with new forms. However, the vegetation was removed in two squares without introducing new forms or compensating for the greenery to a minimum extent. This allowed us to answer whether the structure and various forms submitted in the greenery projects in the squares, so-called landscape architecture objects, correspond to the current ecological design requirements. From the perspective of landscape architecture and ecological design, it was positive to introduce a diversified vegetation structure and supplement it with medium and tall forms, as evidenced by the development of the square in Biskupiec. However, the results also showed a negative aspect of the revitalization conducted by removing the greenery and replacing it with an impermeable surface, for example, in the square in Bartoszyce. The final stage was to propose general guidelines for revitalizing squares and design proposals considering introducing plant forms in the squares in the four analyzed towns.

Visual Landscape Analysis of the Territory of the Squares of the City of Orel and Assessment of the Dynamics of Urban Ecosystems According to the State of Woody Vegetation

The authors analyzed the territory of the squares in Orel to determine the influence of the types of spatial structures on the features of the functioning of the landscape objects, forecast the stability of the studied landscape and assess the dynamics of urban ecosystems according to the state of woody vegetation. In order to develop a scientifically-based design of sustainable urban ecosystems and to reconstruct urban objects of landscape architecture, a method for analyzing the territory of squares on the selected contours of the types of spatial structures (TSS) is proposed, which allows to identify positive and negative factors that affect the development of design solutions. It is found that for the majority of squares whose age of plantings is close to the limit in urban conditions, the closed type of spatial structure is typical. As a result of the analysis of the placement and the ratio of the types of spatial structures for a comprehensive assessment of territories, it was found that the closed type of spatial structure caused a decrease not only in the attractiveness, but also in the sanitary and hygienic role of landscape architecture objects. The most favorable conditions for the sustainable functioning of tree stands in urban squares are semi-open and open spaces.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПОВЕРХНЕВОГО СТОКУ

The paper deals with the calculation of large-scale spillways, which are used in objects of landscape architecture.

Ecological characteristics of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) plantings of the city of Orel

Today, the leading factors of deterioration of woody plants in natural and artificial ecosystems are pests and pathogens. Monitoring and control of populations of known pest species and pathogens is an urgent task of modern ornamental plant raising. The purpose of the work was to characterize the state of Aesculus hippocastanum L. plantings at the objects of landscape architecture of the city of Orel for damage by the chestnut miner Cameraria ohridella Deshka et Dimic. Plantings of A. hippocastanum L. were examined at four landscaping sites of the Sovetsky district of the city of Orel. The plantings were assessed visually, according to the condition of the crown and the damage to the leaves of the horse chestnut with a periodicity of 17 days. As a result of the study, it was shown that most of the damaged woody plants were found in the City Park of Culture and Recreation, to a lesser extent - on Victory Boulevard, where preventive stem injections were carried out. As the main measures to combat the chestnut mining moth in urban conditions, systematic pruning of species, stem injections, replacement of species with resistant species and varieties are recommended: A. carnea, A. glabra, A. indica.

Significance and role of geodesy in construction and design of landscape architecture objects

The article provides information on the role of geodetic methods in the implementation of the project and the construction of landscape architecture objects.

Analysis of the influence of types of spatial structures of public gardens of the Orel city on the architectural and ecological sustainability of urbanized landscapes

Introduction. A public garden or park improvement project should arise from a scientifically grounded study of the territory and proceed from the further development of this object. The aim of the study is to analyze the territory of public gardens in the city of Orel to determine the influence of types of spatial structures on the features of the functioning of a landscape object, to predict the stability of the studied landscape and to assess the dynamics of urban ecosystems based on the state of tree vegetation. Tasks: to analyze the placement and ratio of types of spatial structures on the objects under study; to make an aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic assessment of the landscape; to monitor the state of woody vegetation at the facilities.
 
 Materials and methods. For the development of scientifically based design of sustainable urban ecosystems and the reconstruction of urban objects of landscape architecture, a method is proposed for studying the territory of squares along the selected contours of types of spatial structures (TPS), which allows us to identify positive and negative factors affecting the development of design solutions. When analyzing the TPS of the investigated squares, satellite images of objects were used.
 
 Results. As studies of the type of spatial structure have shown, in most of the investigated squares, indoor TPS prevails; on average, this type of spatial structure is established on 41.8 % of the square of squares. The location of open and semi-open TPS is haphazard and random. The lowest aesthetic score was established for the closed TPS-21.9 points, which is due to the difficulty of identifying species points in such spaces, poor visibility, inhibition of the growth of not only trees, but also the ground vegetation cover, which in most cases is represented by a sparse grass stand with poor species diversity. When conducting a sanitary and hygienic assessment of various TPSs, it was found that a closed TPS also corresponds to the worst grade (2.5 class), which is associated with a decrease in the suitability for performing sanitary and hygienic functions in weakened and damaged plants.
 
 Conclusions. For the majority of public gardens in the city of Orel with a plant age close to the maximum in urban conditions, a closed type of spatial structure is characteristic. The closed type of spatial structure led to a decrease not only in attractiveness, but also in the performed sanitary and hygienic role of landscape architecture objects.

On the Issue of Conservation and Protection Status of Old-aged Trees at Landscape Architecture Objects

At the moment, there is no definition of an “old-aged tree” and evaluation criteria for assigning a tree to protection as an element of Cultural Heritage Objects. In Federal Law No. 73-FZ “On Objects of Cultural Heritage (Historical and Cultural monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”, the concept of “old-aged tree” is absent. The subject to protection is the entire ensemble, where trees are part of appearance and a structural component of the historical monument itself. As a result, the restoration of plantations is reduced, not to restoring the ensemble, but to preserving old-aged trees. The significance of individual trees for conservation and protection obligations becomes a priority task in the modern era and the preservation of artistic appearance of the historical park is moved to the background. Preserving only old-aged trees, which is often considered as the main goal of the conservation and protection status, will eventually lead to the degradation of the entire ensemble as a whole.

О методах визуально-ландшафтной оценки территорий при создании объектов ландшафтной архитектуры

The issues of developing the method of visual and landscape assessment of territories to create objects of landscape architecture are considered. It is shown that creation of landscape architecture objects in urbanized environment follows a complex of pre-project studies including works on perception of a number of spatial factors influencing directly the design decisions. Of great importance in this regard is the study of a system of spaces of various types, as particularly valuable elements of the landscape architecture environment and its components. The components of such an environment are space as the main landscape resource with facilities for recreation and tourism. A search has been made for a method of visual and landscape assessment of the territory of a landscape facility, including the need to address methodological issues to identify the relationship between large-scale open spaces and local objects and the details of the landscape architecture facility (i.e., from the general to the private); to determine the typological characteristics of the studied spaces, to assess the perception of the analyzed type of space in terms of its architectural and landscape, functional and planning importance and aesthetic expressiveness; to determine the conditions for perception and conditions for evaluation of local objects and their individual components (structures, parts, small architectural forms, greenery), to understand the route networks that unite the spatial structure of the studied object with its functional purpose.

Исследование почвопокровных растений в целях их использования на объектах ландшафтной архитектуры

This article presents the results of work on the selection of groundcover plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) that are promising and very promising for use on landscape architecture objects. The work was carried out during 2018 on the basis of the collection Fund of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the Main Botanical garden (MBG RAS), on two experimental sites located on the main territory of the MBG RAS, in the collection-exhibition «Shadow garden» and on the exhibition area «Decorative perennials». A total of 225 plants were selected during the study. During the growing season, field surveys of experimental samples were systematically performed and phenological observations were made. Field studies included biometric measurements of the height of the Bush and peduncle, the diameter of the Bush, the diameter/length of the flower/inflorescence, as well as refinement of the color of the flowers/inflorescences (using a special color scale of the English Royal society of flower growers (RHS color Chart)). The result of this work is a list that includes 40 names. These are very promising and promising species that we recommend for use in urban gardening.

МУЧНИСТАЯ РОСА НА ОБЪЕКТАХ ЛАНДШАФТНОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ГОРОДА ВОРОНЕЖА

Powdery mildew is one of the pathologies of deciduous plants. In the affected plant organism, metabolic processes are disrupted. Plants lag behind in growth; lose winter hardiness and resistance to unfavorable factors. The aggressiveness of powdery mildew fungi is the basis for the study of their bioecological characteristics in various forest zones. The relevance of such studies in the conditions of the city of Voronezh is due to the dominance of deciduous plants on the objects of landscape architecture, which are more or less susceptible to powdery mildew. Studies carried out in parks have shown that the complex of pathogens (causative agents of powdery mildew) is 13 species and 2 forms of fungi. At the same time, 3 species and 1 form proved to be rare. 7 species and 1 form of pathogens were classified as common in terms of frequency of occurrence. Massive species that develop annually in parks are 3 species of powdery mildew fungi. Common barberry, English oak, ash-leaved maple and hawthorn showed weak resistance to the disease. Signs of affection were not noted on aspen, black alder, Babylonian willow, common and small-leaved elms, robinia, pear, red oak, fragrant poplar, Vangutta spirea, Buldenezh viburnum, Thunberg barberry. Measures to reduce the spread of powdery mildew in parks are monitoring, selection of planting material, the use of resistant species, agrotechnical planting care, maintaining optimal insolation and aeration regimes in plantations

New data on invasive insects in the republic of Сrimea

In recent years, the emergence of new invaders has been discovered in Crimea – the mealy lantern fly Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Flatidae), the indian wax scale Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccoidea), the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), the stink bug Oxycarenus lavaterae (Fabricius, 1787) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and palm moth Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Timely information on the penetration of new alien species that damage agricultural and ornamental crops into the entomofauna of Crimea, their distribution, biological characteristics that are relevant for specialists in the field of plant protection and landscape architecture. The number of mealy lantern fly has increased over the years of observations, and the list of host plants has also expanded, which has confirmed its polyphagia. In Crimea, a pest has appeared that can cause significant damage to fruit, berry, nut-bearing and ornamental crops. During the years of research, we discovered another alien species – the indian wax scale. As a result of damage to ornamental crops, individual branches dried out and some plants died. We assume that this phytophage was brought to the Crimea with planting material, because it occurs focally on objects of landscape architecture. Since 2018, palm trees have been damaged by the palm moth – one of the invasive pests of these plants on the southern coast of Crimea. Caterpillars damage the vascular system and the plant's growth point. As a result of the damage caused, the plants die. Since the same year, a new alien species, the southern green stink bug, has shown harmfulness on vegetable, berry and flower crops, as well as on weeds, and in 2020, for the first time in the Crimea, in the Nizhnegorsk region, another stink bug, O. lavaterae, was found on a linden. There is little information about this insect. It can form massive clusters on linden and hibiscus bark.

Historical Objects of Landscape Architecture in the Settlements of Kuban

Historical Objects of Landscape Architecture in the Settlements of Kuban

Planning the reorganization of territories with dilapidated housing stock for social infrastructure: case study of Perm, Russia

Multi-storey residential development is rapidly developing in Russian cities, both point-by-point, through the consolidation of existing buildings, and through the organization of new residential neighborhoods due to the integrated development of territories. Complex development of the territory involves the construction of not only residential buildings, but also objects of social and engineering infrastructure: kindergartens, schools, shops, sports facilities, parking lots, landscaping of yard spaces with the use of landscape architecture objects. At the same time, the architectural appearance of the development area is being worked out, and a favorable ecological and aesthetically attractive urban environment is being created [1]. However, the presence of old dilapidated buildings causes a number of problems that require a comprehensive analysis, covering the economic, social, regulatory and legal aspects to solve them. The article deals with the problems of placing social infrastructure objects in different types of urban development. It is proposed to use the territory with a dilapidated housing stock for the development of social infrastructure. Its expediency is justified.

ЯПОНСКИЙ САД - СИНТЕЗ ЭКОЛОГИИ И МИСТИКИ

The article examines a number of causal relationships, historical events and traditional beliefs directly influenced on the Japanese garden structure and layout. The data on the adaptation of the Chinese theory of Feng Shui by the Japanese ethnic group are presented. Based on the survey of 27 landscape architecture objects in Kyoto, created over 1000 years from the Heian period to the end of the Meiji period, the author concludes that one of the most important Japanise garden planning concept is the mountain and water polarity on the North-South axis in gardens.