Land In Turkey Research Articles

A General Assessment on the Valuation of Agricultural Lands in Turkey

Taşınmaz değerleme bir taşınmaza ilişkin nitelik, fayda, çevre, kullanım koşulları gibi faktörlerin dikkate alınarak objektif ve tarafsız bir şekilde değerin tespit edilmesi işlemidir. Taşınmaz değerlemeye arsa ve arazi düzenlemesi, kamulaştırma, toplulaştırma, vergilendirme gibi kamusal uygulamalar ile kredilendirme, sigortacılık, alım-satım gibi bireysel uygulamalarda ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Değerlemeye konu olan taşınmazı bulunduğu konuma göre kentsel ve kırsal olarak nitelendirmek mümkündür. Kırsal alanlarda tarım arazilerinin değerlemesi güncel bir konudur. Sürdürülebilir bir tarım arazisi değerlemesi için dinamik bir piyasanın da oluşması önemlidir. Farklı nedenlerle tarım arazilerinin değeri belirlenmekte ve bu değer malik ve ilgili kurumlar için önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda değerlemenin objektif olması için değeri etkileyen faktörlerin matematiksel olarak ifade edilmesi gerekir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de tarım arazilerinin değerlemesi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaları incelemektir. Bu kapsamda tarım arazilerinin değerlemesi, kapitalizasyon oranının hesaplanması ve meyve bahçelerinin değerlemesi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca tarım arazilerinin değerini etkileyen faktörler incelenerek gruplandırılmıştır.

Spatial variation of agricultural land in Turkey using CORINE data

Detection of the exchange and distribution of agricultural lands allows many projects and plans to be made and interpreted correctly, such as food safety, planning, and environmental risk analysis. From this point of study in the spatial changes and distribution of agricultural land in time across Turkey were examined. CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data was used to identify agricultural land and examine changes over time. As a result of the study, it was observed that agricultural lands increased slightly from 1990 to 2018, but this increase has not always been in the form of preserving existing agricultural lands and adding existing agricultural lands. While some areas have lost their agricultural land characteristics, some areas have become agricultural land. New agricultural areas are usually realized by the transformation of forests and semi-natural areas while the agricultural areas that disappear are provided from heterogeneous agricultural areas. The Central Anatolia region stands out in the distribution of agricultural areas by region. The region with the highest concentration of agricultural land in terms of both proportion and area is the Central Anatolia region. Also, the Central Anatolia region is the region with the most intensive Non-irrigated agriculture. The area where irrigated agriculture is proportionally most made is the southeast Anatolia region. According to province-based, the provinces with more than 40% of the provincial surface area are Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Aksaray in the Central Anatolia region, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa in the Southeastern Anatolia region, Edirne and Tekirdağ in the Marmara region. The provinces of Artvin, Tunceli, Bingöl, and Hakkari are the provinces where the percentage of agricultural land is below 10%.

Transformation of the state-capital relationship over public land in Turkey

This article analyses the state’s contemporary role in capital accumulation in the development of public land. In the literature, it is argued that the state goes beyond a regulatory role and participates in the capital-accumulation process as the owner of land or financial assets derived from land-based revenue, thus transforming from an external to an internal actor. It is argued that, in this way, the state governs urban development and the distribution of the land rent. This article argues that in the privatisation of land before development, the state is involved as the regulator and landowner, as suggested in the literature; however, when the state participates in the development of public land through public-private partnerships led by entrepreneurial state agencies and state-owned companies, it is also involved in production, trade and finance. In the latter case, the state manipulates the distribution, and its revenue consists not only of land rent but also of profit. Based on Marx’s analysis of the total circuit of capital, which does not include the forms of state involvement, the article attempts to elucidate contemporary transformations in the state-capital relationship in the development of public land. It claims that the new government strategies aim to address problems of capital accumulation and state finance through land development. The article is based on an analysis of official data on the practices and revenue of three state agencies engaged in land privatisation and development in Turkey.

The Strategy of Utilize Unused Lands for Production Purposes in Turkey

The aim of this study is to discuss the feasibility of the strategy to utilize unused lands for production purposes in Turkey and the effects of the land resources in Turkey on the implementation of the strategy. An unused (unproductive) land is a land that reduces the quality in terms of components that define a land, causes adverse conditions to affect the land use, and is not utilized for agricultural purposes within a crop rotation period of time. Published in the Official Gazette No. 30224 of 10/28/2017 and put into effect, the Year 2018 Program reads: "The utilization of unused agricultural lands for production purposes shall create models for the effective operation of agricultural farms". In addition, the sub-paragraph 11 on Policies and Measures, which are set out under the title of 5th Growth and Employment Strategy as a part of the 2019-2021 Medium Term Program in accordance with the Presidential Decree No. 108 of 9/20/2018, reads: "Organizational and legal infrastructure shall be established to utilize unused agricultural lands for production purposes." From this perspective, there is a need to reform the unplanned land use and the forms of property and use as it is one of the agricultural infrastructure problems in Turkey. The importance of introducing a system to give a true picture about the market of agricultural lands and making sure it is influenced less by other industries is self-evident. The land resources that Turkey currently has, challenges concerning those lands and agricultural structure make it difficult to execute the strategy. There are some major social, economic, legal and technical barriers to the achievement of the goals. This study offers recommendations on how to remove those barriers based on the figures of a study commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and analyzes the unused agricultural lands in Turkey and the possibilities to utilize them for production purposes. Agricultural lands are utilized for non-agricultural purposes, and the studies over how to utilize unused agricultural lands with conditions that reduce the quality of lands in terms of components that define a land point to a contradiction between what is intended and what is actual. Without making any land use plans, it is impossible for any effort of developing a land use strategy to be efficient.

LOVE OF HUMAN BEING IN THE DIVAN OF AZIZ MAHMUD HUDAI

Aziz Mahmud Hudai is one of Sufi poets who grew in the Anadolu land in Turkey in the 16th century. He was born in 1541 in ġereflikoçhisar town to the south of Ankara. Aziz Mahmud Hudai founded of the branch of the method of going from outside to the hermitage. He died in Istanbul in 1628 about 87 years old. He wrote about 30 books in Arabic and Turkish to educate Muslims and guiding them according to Sunni’s doctrine. In addition to be a Sufi, He is also considered a Divan Poet. His grave is in a graveyard in Istanbul. The poetic work of Aziz Mahmud Hudai is known by the Collection of Divine Poetry. It consists of 255 hymns and several poems written in stanzas and quatrains. It is an important work that all Turkish and Islamic worlds respect. The diction of the Divan or the collection is simple, fluent, and sometimes didactic. The subjects that the collection of poems or Divan deals with are the Sufi’s causes and focuses generally on aspects like acknowledging God and Monism. Tasawwuf is a branch of the basic Islamic Sciences in the Islamic tradition. Sufism, which emphasizes the moral education and upbringing like chastisement and purification, pays a great deal of importance on the love of human being. Causes like the origin of mankind comes from Prophet Adam and the fact that every human being has the ability to be a Muslim and that this human being if the most precious among all the creatures created by God, these causes, or subjects represent the basis of the Human love in Sufism. Aziz Mahmud Hudai spent his life in tasawwuf and led a group of people whom he founded himself. In this context, we find in his Divan or collection of poems, how to deal with the human love in different and creative perspectives. This study introduces information about the life of Aziz Mahmud Hudai and his religious and Sufi personality in addition to his literary works. After introducing a detailed analysis of the Divan of Aziz Mahmud Hudai, the research paper focuses on the main subject of the paper which love of human being. The last section of this study deals with human love in the Divan of Aziz Mahmud Hudai which represents the end of the study

A Study on Land Market in Turkey After The New Land Law

The small, shared, fragmented and dispersed structure of agricultural lands in Turkey negatively affects farms’ effective and efficient management. Developed countries and developing countries have been involved in many legal and institutional structural formations, including new techniques and theories since their establishment, but they have experienced difficulties in controlling the market of agricultural lands administratively. To solve these problems, which happened in Turkey in agriculture and to create a sustainable land market was enacted in the year 2005 5403 No. Soil Conservation and Land Use Law is essential. In this study, the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers who buy and sell agricultural land in the province of Karaman in the 2018-2019 production period and their views on the land market and the structural developments after the new land law are examined. As a result of the analysis, a meaningful relationship was found between the personal interest of the farms in agricultural activities, their educational status, their non-agricultural income, and their status as the seller or buyer of the land. While 27.52% of the farmers stated that the land size affects the price, 23.85% of them stated that efficiency was the second most crucial factor on the price. It was determined that 45.83% of the sellers sold their land for their debts, and 66.67% of the lands sold were paid in advance.

Heterogeneous impact of agricultural support policies: evidence from Turkey.

Agricultural support policies, which increase production to excessive levels, have been heavily criticized for their distortional effects on farmers’ decisions. High input consumption, which harms the environment, and the distribution of supports, which causes income inequality among farmers, are also the other factors that economists criticize these support policies. However, in recent years, the use and dependence on production and land have been increasing globally due to fears of food insecurity in several countries. In this article, the impact of a support policy on cotton farmers’ land in Turkey is evaluated using a detailed farm-level micro dataset. We use the dynamic panel model to consider the production dynamics, unobservable individual heterogeneity, and the endogeneity of the support variable. Our results show that considering the support variable as endogenous significantly increased its impact on farmers’ land. A farmer’s past land allocation decisions also affected their current lands holdings. However, the results varied considerably between regions and between different land sizes. Therefore, the findings show the importance of heterogeneity in the impact of support policies. We conclude that due to the heterogeneous impact of support policies, it might not be possible to discuss the effect of support policies using an average estimate applicable for all farmers. Therefore, a different support policy considering regional characteristics or farm size is necessary to obtain the desired policy outcomes.

Monitoring of small-scale deformation at sea-filled Ordu-Giresun Airport, Turkey from multi-temporal SAR data

Today, many countries cannot meet the land demands brought about by rapid urbanization. Especially for coastal cities, this problem is even greater when the topography does not allow it, and filling projects are produced in order to eliminate the problem. Artificial areas built on the sea with filling have a sensitive and geologically active structure. This situation may cause negative effects, especially where the density of the population is high. Management of operational safety is very important in terms of public safety in buildings built on this type of filling. The airport surface should be monitored at regional scales in order to establish this security continuously. In this study, the surface deformation that occurred at Ordu-Giresun Airport, which was founded on the sea-filled area in 2011 and has been operating since 2015, was determined. The airport is the first one that was built on sea-filled land in Turkey and Europe. For the analysis, Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images spans between 2015 and 2020 are used with Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique. The results showed that maximum deformation determined at the breakwater and nearby taxiway. The half of the runway also indicated high rates of deformation, whereas the apron and the terminal indicated almost stable behavior.

Comparation of The Transfer of Land Rights to The Description Deed of Inheritance Rights

Marriages are carried out by mixed ethics, so it is very difficult to know whether there are ethnics of Chinese, foreign-Eastern or indigenous groups in a cpopulation. This study aims to determine the legal certainty of a certificate of inheritance for Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent. The research method used is normative juridical. The results of the research and the conclusions show that the notary is the only official authorized to make an authentic deed, namely a certificate of inheritance rights for Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent in accordance with Article 15 of the UUJNP. Comparison of Arrangements for Transfer of Land Rights to Deeds of Inheritance Rights of Chinese Descendants In ASEAN countries, namely Malaysia, that the distribution is contained in Article 6 of the Distribution Act 1958 jo. (Amendment) Act 1997 One of Article 6 (1), then in Turkey Article 35 of the Land Registry Law No 2644 / 1934my which gives foreigners the right to acquire land in Turkey and is subject to legal provisions governing restrictions and prohibitions.

Juniperus L. for Restoration of Degraded Forest Lands in Turkey

Degraded forests are among of the most important environmental and commercial problems around the world. Turkey has 22.74 million hectares of forest area, out of which 9.656 million ha (42%) are unproductive. To transform these unproductive forests into productive ones, forest restoration including rehabilitation is one of the best actions. In this sense, juniper species play an important role for degraded lands because they are drought-tolerant and withstand aridity and poor soils better than most timber species grown in Turkey. Therefore, this review presents the ecological considerations for the restoration of degraded forest lands in Turkey under the conditions of climate change. Within this framework, it focuses on the production of planting stock of juniper species, the significance of site-species matching, and post-planting site maintenance for successful rehabilitation.

TÜRKİYE ZİRAATİNDE NADAS

The target of fallowing applied in our country for many years is collecting water and foodstuff inside the soil and weeding. During the period of Republic - especially 1951-1960 agricultural lands and also fallow lands broadened. Then widening became slower but reached 8, 996.000 ha (hectometer) in 1972. Between the year 1982-1991 it dropped under five million ha (hectometer) by "the Projet of .Narrowing Fallow Lands" and recently almost remained same. 64% of total fallow lands in Turkey is situated in. Interior Anatolian Region, East Anatolian Region fallows it and the third one is the Black Sea Region. Konya had the widest fallow land In 1996 and the next Kayseri. There is no fallow land in Edirne, Trabzon, Rize and Kilis, In Turkey 18.87% of agricultural lands is left for fallowing and the fallow land rate of all provinces in Interior Anatolian Region, except Karaman is over than the average. Today, in this region fallowing is still very important and there are a lot of fallow lands. It is necessary to reduce fallow lands for an increase in agricultural production. For this reason watering is essential but it is difficult to do watering everywhere and everytime, so these fallow lands should be used beneficially.

A model for big spatial rural data infrastructure in Turkey: Sensor-driven and integrative approach

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) enables the effective spatial data flow between providers and users for their prospective land use analyses. The need for an SDI providing soil and land use inventories is crucial in order to optimize sustainable management of agricultural, meadow and forest lands. In an SDI where datasets are static, it is not possible to make quick decisions about land use. Therefore, SDIs must be enhanced with online data flow and the capabilities to store big volumes of data. This necessity brings the concepts of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data (BD) into the discussion.Turkey needs to establish an SDI to monitor and manage its rural lands. Even though Turkish decision-makers and scientists have constructed a solid national SDI standardization, a conceptual model for rural areas has not been developed yet. In accordance with the international agreements, this model should adopt the INSPIRE Directive and Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) standards. In order to manage rural lands in Turkey, there are several legislations which characterize the land use planning, land classification and restrictions. Especially, the Soil Protection and Land Use Law (SPLUL) enforces to use a lot and a variety of land use parameters that should be available in a big rural SDI. Moreover, this model should be enhanced with IoT, which enables to use of smart sensors to collect data for monitoring natural occurrences and other parameters that may help to classify lands.This study focuses on a conceptual model of a Turkish big rural SDI design that combines the sensor usage and attribute datasets for all sorts of rural lands. The article initially reviews Turkish rural reforms, current enterprises to a national SDI and sensor-driven agricultural monitoring. The suggested model integrates rural land use types, such as agricultural lands, meadowlands and forest lands. During the design process, available data sets and current legislation for Turkish rural lands are taken into consideration. This schema is associated with food security databases (organic and good farming practices), non-agricultural land use applications and local/European subsidies in order to monitor the agricultural parcels on which these practices are implemented. To provide a standard visualization of this conceptual schema, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams are used and a supplementary data dictionary is prepared to make clear definitions of the attributes, data types and code lists used in the model.This conceptual model supports the LPIS, ISO 19156 International Standard (Geographic Information: Observations and Measurements) catalogue and INSPIRE data theme specifications due to the fact that Turkey is negotiating the accession to EU; however, it also provides a local understanding that enables to manage rural lands holistically for sustainable development goals. It suggests an expansion for the sensor variety of Turkish agricultural monitoring project (TARBIL) and it specifies a rural theme for Turkish National SDI (TUCBS).

Optimization of biomass to bioenergy supply chain with tri-generation and district heating and cooling network systems

Bismil district of Diyarbakir (Turkey) is a region where agricultural activities are very common. About 60% of the terrain is irrigable. Cotton and corn are mostly grown in these irrigable lands. Given the bioenergy incentive provided by the Republic of Turkey and the extensiveness of agricultural lands in Turkey, energy production from cotton and corn residues in the tri-generation facility through gasification conversion technology seems like a quite profitable investment. In this study, a mixed-integer linear programming model, which optimizes the numbers, locations, and capacities of the tri-generation facility/s, was developed and empirically solved. The model tries to maximize the net present value of the potential investment by comparing the trade-offs between the raw material/end-product transportation costs, facility/s, and pipeline installation costs. Electricity and heating/cooling energy were sold to the government and settlements through the closest interconnected lines and pipelines, respectively. In this study, electricity, the heating/cooling energy and the fertilizer (biochar) sale were considered for the calculation of annual revenue, while transportation of raw materials and heating/cooling energy, losses during heat transfer and electricity transmission, operation and maintenance costs of facilities and pipelines were considered for the calculation of annual expenses. Initial investment cost includes facility, pipeline, and electricity transmission installation costs. The model proposes one facility with an installed power of approximately 35 MW which met cooling energy demand of 3 settlements, both cooling and heat energy demand of 2 settlements. The net present value of the investment is almost 338 million EUR and the repayment period is 1.3 years.

Local Perceptions of Forest Certification in State-Based Forest Enterprises

Forest management certification plays a supportive role in the realization of wood production by evaluating social, economic and ecological objectives. This study analyzed the changes in the perceptions, views and expectations with respect to forest management certification held by those who live on forest land in Turkey, known as forest peasants, according to their education level, age and their engagement in forestry activities. The study was conducted at the Kastamonu Regional Directorate of Forestry located in northwestern Turkey. Data were collected using face-to-face survey with 407 forest peasants who randomly selected. In addition to the descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to analyze whether there were any significant differences among the views depending on the locals’ education level, age and their engagement in forestry activities. The results showed that forest peasants generally knew what certification was. The forest peasants stated that certification has benefits for occupational health and safety. However, they also stated that there had not been any significant increase in forestry worker wages or the price of forest products, that there had not been any noticeable difference in the forest administration’s forestry activities, and that the principles of participatory forest management had not been applied efficiently and effectively following certification.

Effects of afforestation on microbial biomass C and respiration in eroded soils of Turkey

ABSTRACTSoil erosion is a major socioeconomic and environmental problem in Turkey. Almost 86% of the land in Turkey has suffered various degrees of soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in tree species affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in degraded soils. Results from this study showed that organic C (Corg) was highest in the black locust soil at 0–20 cm depth and lowest in the bare land. Microbial biomass C (Cmic) increased in the order black locust > Scotch pine > bare land at two soil depths. One-way ANOVA demonstrated that afforested soils contain significantly higher microbial biomass C than those in the bare land soils. Microbial quotient (Cmic/Corg) of soils are positively influenced by afforestation as the bare land soils exhibited lower microbial quotient than the associated Scotch pine and black locust soils. Microbial communities in black locust soils were energetically more efficient—had a lower metabolic quotient (qCO2)—with a higher Cmic/Corg compared to those in Scotch pine soils. However, the microbial quotient in our study was still below range and cannot reach equilibrium again 15 yr after afforestation. Restoration of degraded lands could be a long-term process from microbial activity in the observed regions.

Bioindicator beetles and plants in desertified and eroded lands in Turkey

The xerophilous vegetation with characteristic insect assemblages is described in the main agricultural regions and native landscapes of Turkey. Long term intensive investigations documented vast biotic degradation of soil and vegetation (commonly referred to as desertification) by overgrazing, construction, recreation etc. Two main types of xeric landscape are under investigation: 1) natural highly specific deserts, semi-deserts, dry mountain slopes and screes; and 2) anthropogenic, newly emerged, floristically impoverished desertified areas. The presence of a multi-species insect assemblage on a xerophilous plant in certain area testifies its indigenous nature, whereas the absence of the specific consortium suggests recent plant invasion. The examples of the first case are the consortia of 3–6 species of Coleoptera, mainly Buprestidae, Chrysomelidae, and Curculionoidea, on some Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedraceae (Ephedra spp.) and Polygonaceae (Calligonum polygonoides L.). Extreme examples of anthropogenic vegetation are overgrazed wormwood steppe and semidesert which lack usually diversified coleopterous consortia, including the most characteristic of this landscape, e.g., tenebrionids, and orthopterans. Rapid disappearance of the xerophilous complexes from the extraordinarily diversified and largely uninventoried Turkish biota makes preservation of the endangered plant and animal assemblages in different climatic zones of Turkey an urgent task.

Avalanche Susceptibility and Risk Analysis of Eastern Anatolian Region Using GIS

Turkey faces various natural disasters due to her geographical location. One of these natural disasters is avalanches. Eastern Anatolia Region which covers 21% of Turkey's land, 163.000 km2 surface area is the region where avalanches are the most common. 193 avalanches out of 220 in a 32-year period between 1970-2012 occurred in this region. As a result, 128 individuals were killed, 48 were injured and a total of 17.892 individuals were affected in different ways. This study aims to provide an avalanche susceptibility and risk analysis in Eastern Anatolia Region. Avalanche Susceptibility Analysis and Risk Analysis were undertaken based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) by following the formulas developed by Mora and Vahrson (1994) and UN Disaster Relief Coordinator (1979) respectively. Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data and official statistics provided by General Directorate of Meteorology and Turkish Statistics Institute were utilized in the study. It was observed that the avalanches occur due to conditions of slope, temperature and precipitation. The impact of this natural disaster will be felt more distinctively in areas with higher population density. Avalanche susceptibility is insignificant and lower in large areas whereas it is high and significant in a small region. Areas with highest susceptibility generally correspond with the frequency of occurrence found in disaster statistics. According to risk values observed to be 11.63 in average, the provinces with the highest risk are Hakkari, Bitlis, Mus, Bingol, Tunceli, Kahramanmaras, Erzurum, Agrı and Van. More detailed avalanche susceptibility identification and planning are called for in the whole region urgently.

Drinking Water Quality of a Rice Land in Turkey by Statistical and GIS Perspectives

This study was carried out to determine the drinking water quality of Ipsala District, known as “Rice Land” in Turkey. Water samples were collected from 23 stations, including all the residential areas in winter 2013. Some physical, chemical, and microbiological water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, chloride, fluoride, and biological oxygen demand) were determined and some multi-statistical methods were applied to detected data. The geographic information system was also used in order to make a visual explanation by presenting distribution maps of investigated parameters, and groundwater samples were assessed according to national and international quality criteria. According to data observed, although the investigated parameter levels in ground water of Ipsala District did not exceed the limit values for drinking, the region has class II-III (Turkish Regulations) groundwater quality in terms of nitrite and nitrate parameters in general.

İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Büyükbaş ve Küçükbaş Hayvan Yetiştiriciliğinin Mevcut Durumu ve Yönelimleri

The Central Anatolia Region is one of the seven geographical regions which are 151 thousand square meters of surface area and it is about 21.0% of Turkey's land area. The population rate of cattle breeds in the Central Anatolia Region is 20.4% exotic cattle breeds, 19.1% crossbred, 11.6% native cattle breeds and total 18.1% in Turkey. The Central Anatolia Region cattle population is consists of 43.9% of exotic breed, 43.5% crossbred and 12.6% the native cattle breeds. The population of exotic cattle breeds (69.5%) in Nigde province is the first place and followed by Eskisehir provinces rate of 65.6% in the Central Anatolia Region. The rate of crossbred cattle population is the highest rate (65.0%) province of Sivas and followed by Çankırı province (62.8%). Ankara and Yozgat province has the highest rate of native cattle breed 28.3% and 25.5%, respectively. The total populations of cattle breeds in Konya and Kırıkkale provinces were found maximum 518.291 cattle and minimum 45.426 cattle, respectively, in the Central Anatolia Region. The population rate of exotic and crossbred cattle breeds has increased 67.0% and 11.8%, respectively, while population rate of native cattle breeds has decreased 30.3% from 2007 to 2011 in the Central Anatolia Region. The 20.1% of sheep, 8.2% of goat and 18.3% rates of total livestock population in Turkey are in the Central Anatolia Region. The population rate of sheep and goat of the Central Anatolia Region is 20.1% and 9.5%, sheep and goat respectively and 18.3% total in Turkey. The 70.9% for Angora goats, 8.2% hair of goats, and 17.7% indigenous of sheep breeds and 66.0% crossbreed to national Sheep and Goat population has risen in the Central Anatolia Region. All of these results are evaluated, Central Anatolia Region, Turkey, the contribution of animal products grown by population of cattle and small ruminants is important and can be considered a center of attraction for investment in animal breeding

Farmers' Perceptions of Smallholding Co-Ownership Problems

This paper provides an overview of some of the land ownership consolidation programmes that have been attempted in a number of countries, and examines in more detail the present situation in Turkey. Much of the rural land in Turkey is fragmented, and the structural problems created by co-ownership of small properties will probably influence the viability of future farming in the country. This paper identifies the attitudes of co-owner farmers to the disposal of their own share to one of their heirs when that share's value is paid at the current market value of the land. Ninety farmers who owned their landholdings were interviewed. Answers to the survey questions were analysed with a logit model, and the maximum likelihood method was employed to estimate the model. The results indicate that a farmer's level of education and acceptance of the trend towards the disposal of an owned shared parcel to a third person are positively related to the likelihood that the farmer will choose to pass on the shared parcel of land to an heir. This is true provided that the share value the farmer is likely to recover is the current market value of the land.