Land Of Egypt Research Articles

Little egret (Egretta garzetta) as a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination from three different localities in Egypt.

This work aimed at using Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta), for the first time in Egypt, as a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination from three different Egyptian land use types (Qillin within Kafr El-Sheikh (S1, agricultural), Toukh within Qalyubia (S2, semi-rural area), and Abu Rawash within Giza (S3, urban)). Concentrations of aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in liver and kidney samples of twenty-six adult Little Egrets collected from the three localities during winter 2018. Moreover, the study calculated the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) to highlight the health of the surrounding environment using birds' internal organs as a mirror. Results revealed that, throughout the three sampling sites, the total metal concentrations in liver samples exceeded that of the kidney, indicating that the liver is the target organ of metal accumulation. The Little Egret's liver was found to be the best-recommended organ to use in future biomonitoring of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Ni, whereas Al, Co, Cr, Ba, Pb, and Cd can be monitored in the kidney. Cu and Pb were higher in the Little Egret's tissues collected from the agricultural site (S1), whereas Ba, Ni, and Fe were higher in the semi-rural site (S2), followed finally by Cd in the urbanized site (S3). The concentrations of trace elements reported in Little Egrets were within the known background level for water birds. However, alarming concentrations were found for Ni levels in liver (from Qillin and Toukh), as well as Pb and Cr levels in kidney samples (from the three localities). MPI of the eleven studied metals in both liver and kidney of the studied species decreased in the order Qillin (24.36) > Abu Rawash (17.98) > Toukh (3.90). In the three investigated localities, the overall calculated MPI values were higher than one, indicating that the ecosystem is polluted. The study suggested using Little Egrets as a bioindicator of metal contamination.

Gender and Asset Ownership in the Old and New Lands of Egypt

ABSTRACT The Middle East and North Africa region has the lowest level of women’s land ownership in the world, yet little research has explored the barriers and opportunities women face in land ownership in the region. This paper identifies patterns, opportunities, and constraints of ownership of land and other assets (houses, livestock, poultry, and gold) by women and men in the Old and New Lands of Egypt. Based on a survey complemented with qualitative interviews, the study finds that both women and men viewed land and houses as the most economically and socially important assets, but they differed in what assets they considered to be valuable for women. The findings highlight the importance of implementing policies that optimize women’s property ownership, even if they own non-land assets. The study concludes that while legal and economic interventions aid in accomplishing gender-equity goals, consciousness-raising initiatives are as crucial as pro-women policy reforms. HIGHLIGHTS Women are disadvantaged in land ownership in the New and Old Lands in Egypt, though not to the extent the literature has assumed for the MENA region. Patterns of asset ownership and control are similar to other regions: men own and control more land and housing; women own and sometimes control (liquefiable) livestock and gold Men underestimate women’s preferences for owning immovable property (land and housing) even in the New Lands, where 20 percent of land titles are distributed to women. Women who acquire land remained hesitant or unwilling to enable their daughters to inherit land at par with their sons. While pro-women policy reforms should be implemented, consciousness-raising initiatives are equally crucial.

التمدد العمرانی على الأراضی الزراعیة فی محافظة الغربیة

This study focuses on the evolution of urban encroachment on arable land in Egypt. There are three forms of encroachment on arable land. The first type is the removal of the fertile topsoil of agricultural land for the main purpose of bricks manufacturing. The second type is the setting aside of arable land and letting the land go unproductive for long time periods. The third type is the permanent conversion of arable land to buildings. The total acreage lost to encroachment the January 25, 2011 revolution till November 18, 2018 is about 85 thousands feddans of fertile land. The first type of topsoil removal constitutes 7.7 percent of the total lost acreage. While setting aside of arable land constitutes 35.5 percent and the conversion of arable land to buildings constitutes 57.8 percent of total land lost to encroachment. Rapid population growth is the main driver for accelerating encroachment on arable land in Egypt. This is especially evident in the governorates that are not endowed with desert backyard. Gharbeya governorate is a good example of densely populated regions with no desert backyard that could be used for urban expansion. The study reveals that population in Gharbeya grew during the period 2006-2017 with an annually rate of 2.1 percent. While arable land and cropping land declined with an annual rate of 1006 feddans and 2992 feddans respectively during the same time period. The continued encroachment on agricultural land is a major threat to Egypt’s food security due to the limited base of arable land in Egypt. In fact per capita share of arable land is declining very rapidly over the years. For example, the ratio of population to arable land increased from 10.4 in 2006 to 15.4 in 2014. The country is attempting to make up for the lost land through reclamation of desert land. Unfortunately, reclamation of desert land is very expensive endeavor and requires major investment in basic infrastructure such as roads, irrigation networks, power grids, and social infrastructure. Therefore it is of utmost importance for the government to pay due attention to the problem of urban encroachment on old arable land and devise policies and legislations that would put a brake on this phenomena.

Greek mercenaries in Sais Egypt

This article is dedicated to examination of the history of emergence of Greek mercenaries during the riling time of XXVI Sais Dynasty. The author reviews the status and role of Greek mercenaries in the armed forced of Sais rulers, organization of their service and living conditions. Considering the fact that the use of Greek mercenaries in Egypt army was a part of the traditional policy of Sais rulers and carried mass character, the author refers to the problem  of social origin of the phenomenon of mercenarism in the Greek society of Archaic era. The research applies comparative-historical method that allows viewing the phenomenon of mercenarism in the historical context – based on the comparative data analysis of ancient written tradition. By the time of Sais Dynasty, control over regions that traditionally provided mercenaries to the Egypt army was lost. Under the circumstances, in order to compensate such losses, Egypt conscripted into military service the hailed from the Greek world. Mercenaries became the first Greeks settled on the Egyptian land. The conclusion is made that the Greek colonization, in absence of other ways to enter the formerly closed to the Greeks Egypt, at its initial stage manifested in such distinct form.

Assessment of Water Balance and Traditional Surface Irrigation Practices in the Northern Nile Delta

Water balance analysis helps in managing water supply. Therefore, matching between water supply and demand is very important to overcome water shortage.This study aims at presenting comprehensive analysis to understand the nature of operating system in the traditional surface irrigation systems aiming to establish a comprehensive analysis to sustain the irrigation system, considering the problems of water supply, inequity, water quality deterioration, and poor irrigation and drainage management. Analysis in this study was done in two hubs. Firstly, study the parameters affecting water supply and demand; secondly, assessing water availability, adequacy, equity and distribution of irrigation during 24 hours’ cycle.The study area is located in Kafr El-Dawar irrigation district, El-Beheira governorate in the western part of the Nile Delta.The findings show that the differences in water balance per feddan (feddan is an Egyptian land unit equals 4206 m2) at all tertiary canals (meskas) are small; At the head of the canals, no night irrigation or drainage water reuse events during the irrigation seasons were observed; and the irrigation rotation is irregular. These findings elaborate that the location on the canal and the presence of subsurface drainage are mainly affecting the water balance in the study area.

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY TO ENCROACH ON AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ITS IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY OF EGYPT

The problem of research is the persistence of the phenomenon of encroachment on agricultural land, despite the existence of agricultural legislation that criminalize this, which led to the continuous decline of the average per capita agricultural land in Egypt, in addition to the continued deterioration of the productivity of agricultural land, which will affect the rates of self-reliance in the provision of goods Strategic food to achieve food security in Egypt, as well as impact on net agricultural income, and exacerbate the problem of unemployment in rural areas, if the situation continues. The study aimed at assessing the impact of agricultural land on food security in Egypt and proposing methods to reduce the spread of agricultural land in Egypt to increase agricultural production at the national level, thereby increasing the self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities and reducing the deficit in the trade balance, and to reduce the problem of unemployment among rural people, The research used descriptive analysis to achieve the research objective. The results of the research showed that the total area of agricultural land that was attacked during the period (1983 - 2018) amounted to about 318,5 thousand feddans, and the total loss of quality in agricultural lands due to the decline in productivity about 658,7 thousand acres. The results indicated that the most important reasons for the encroachment on agricultural land in Egypt are the increase in the number of rural households, the decrease in the value of building fines on farmland, the exceptions to the ban on construction on agricultural land, Encouraging their owners to turn them into non-farm activities, allowing the delivery of facilities to the offending buildings on farmland, and the limited phenomenon of renting residential buildings in rural areas. The study recommended increasing the minimum building fines on farmland to be more effective and effective in reducing the encroachment on farmland, not allowing the facilities to be connected to the buildings erected on the farmland, and expanding the reclamation of agricultural lands in light of the current water resources and irrigation development projects, And continue projects to improve and maintain agricultural land to reduce the qualitative deterioration in agricultural land and achieve a higher degree of dependence on domestic production to achieve food security in Egypt,

Terror of the French Revolution in the Land of Egypt, 1798–1801

Historians have written quite a lot about the fact that, starting in 1798 with his Egyptian campaign, Napoleon Bonaparte took everything necessary with him to acquaint the Egyptians with the advanced achievements of the European civilization. However, historiography quite rarely mentions that Napoleon brought another “gift” to the Middle East in the form of revolutionary terror. Out of all the achievements of revolutionary France, it was terror that was most actively used there. Having realised that neither praises of Prophet Muhammad nor anti-Mamluk discourse provided the French with sympathies of the Muslims of Egypt, Bonaparte used la terreur , which did not stop for a day during the entire period of occupation. The policy of intimidation of the population by the occupants was systematic, although it was combined with various ostentatious gestures of the commander-in-chief designed to win the sympathy of the Muslim elite. There was a kind of division of responsibilities: Bonaparte tried to charm the influential sheikhs of the al-Azhar mosque, invited them to dinners, conversed with them about Islam, and gave them gifts; at the same time, the police made up by local Christians and Maghreb mercenaries day after day terrorised the inhabitants of Cairo and its environs, arbitrarily killing innocent people to intimidate everyone else. With the departure of Bonaparte from Egypt, when Kleber took charge of the Oriental army, terror did not stop, but only changed its character from permanent to situational. Following Kleber’s death, his successor, General Menou once again gave terror a permanent nature. It was the policy of terror that allowed a tiny minority of thirty thousand people to hold power over several million people in a country almost twice the size of France for three years.

Impacts of saline water stress on livestock production: A review

Limited freshwater resources and climatic change are major challenge face animal production industry, especially in the arid and semiarid regions. Climate changes are reflected in global warming and rainfall reduction, which in turn may increase the salinity of both soil and water. Within the reclamation strategy, groundwater will be the main source of used water in cultivated desert lands in Egypt. However, the groundwater has high salinity and the cost of desalination is expensive. This review gives an overview of the impact of using saline water as an alternative source of fresh water to avoid water scarcity effect on the performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of farm animals. The ability of animals to tolerate saline water depends on the animal species, salinity level and the type of salt minerals in water. Some studies indicated that the animals' performance improved in low levels of salinity, but the performance decreased when the salinity levels was increased. In conclusion, this study implies that the saline water containing high concentrations of minerals mainly sodium chloride can largely affect the livestock productive aspects.

Abbâsîler Dönemine Kadar Mısır’da Kıptîler ve Müslümanlarla İlişkileri

İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde Müslümanlar farklı coğrafyalara hâkim olmuşlar ve buralarda farklı etnik ve dini kimlik sahibi topluluklarla ilişkiye girmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda fetih öncesinde Bizans için, fetihten sonra ise Müslümanlar için büyük önem ifade eden Mısır, Hz. Ömer döneminde hâkimiyet altına alınmıştır. Fetih sırasında Mısır topraklarında genel olarak Kıptî yerli halk ve Bizans destekli Rumlar yaşamaktaydı. Kıptîler kendilerine özgü yaşam şekilleriyle yöneticilerinden farklı özelliklere sahiplerdi ve Mısır’da ikinci sınıf insan muamelesi görmekteydi. Bu çalışmada Mısır diyarının yerli halkı olan Kıptîler’in İslâm öncesindeki yaşantıları ve fetihle birlikte yeni idarecilerle olan ilişkileri Emevîler dönemini de içine alacak şekilde konu edilmiştir. İlk fethedilen bölgelerden olan Mısır’da görevli valiler ilk dönemlerden itibaren halka daha önce yaşadıkları olumsuzlukların aksine hoşgörüyle yaklaşmışlar, inanç özgürlüğü başta olmak üzere huzur içerisinde bir hayat yaşama imkânı sunmuşlardır. Kıptî Hıristiyan halkın önemli bir kısmı fetihten sonraki birkaç yüzyıl içinde İslâm’ı tercih etmiş, bir kısmı ise cizye vergisini düzenli olarak ödemişlerdir. Ancak özellikle bazı Emevî idarecilerinin vergilerle ilgili bir kısım uygulamaları yerli halkın öfkesine ve ayaklanmaların yaşanmasına sebep olmuştur. Buna rağmen genel olarak baktığımızda fethinden Abbâsîler dönemine kadar olan yaklaşık yüz on yıllık bir sürede Kıptîler Müslüman idareci ve yöneticilerle huzur içerisinde yaşamışlardır. Müslümanların Mısır’daki Hıristiyan halkla olan ilişkileri ilk dönemde Müslüman idarecilerin Gayr-ı Müslim tebaaya olan yaklaşımı hakkında da bilgiler vermesi yönüyle önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Kıptîlerin Mısır’ın fethinden sonra özellikle Emeviler döneminde Müslüman idarecilerle olan ilişkilerinin hangi düzeyde olduğunun ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.

Joseph Green, producent polskich filmów jidyszowych

Włodek Roman, Joseph Green, producent polskich filmów jidyszowych [Joseph Green, producer of Polish Yiddish-language films]. „Images” vol. XXVI, no 35. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 77–101. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.35.04.
 Joseph Green (1900–1996), born Josef Chaim Grinberg in Łódź, was one of the most important producers of films in Yiddish. At the beginning of the sound era in the United States, he worked on dubbing in Yiddish for Jewish films, including Joseph in the Land of Egypt. He received a copy of the film as a royalty, which he then used with great success. The money helped him produce four Jewish films in Poland between 1936 and 1938: Yiddle with His Fiddle, The Jester, Little Mother and A Letter to Mother. Green left Poland in the spring of 1939. When the world of Shtetls – evoked by him – disappeared as a result of the Second World War, he ceased making films.

LION AS AN EPITHET OF HORUS OF BEHDETY AT EDFU

This paper examines one of the epithets throughout the texts of Edfu where adominating Horus of Behdety interacts with the forces of chaos as a lion bytrampling, retreating, smiting and devouring. The textual sources containlexical expressions of this epithet and provide the visual metaphors asdramatic scenes of the god's domination. Also they show Horus as theupholder of the legitimacy of the kingship and the defeater lion over anytransgressors. Furthermore he played a beneficent role toward the two landsof Egypt, his sacred mound, his chapel, his divine character and Osiris withIsis.

Coptic Medicine And Monastic Health Care System In The Early Centuries Of Coptic Christianity

Ancient Egyptians had influenced Greeks, Romans and Copts in medical and surgical skills. When the land of Egypt embraced Christian faith, early Copts had been affected by ancient Egyptian medicine with its remedies and prescriptions. Thus, Coptic medicine was considered as a continuation of medicine and healthcare of ancient Egyptians. This study discusses some Coptic medical sources such as parchments, papyri, ostraca, and graffiti which came to us and preserved now in different museums of the world. This part of Coptic literature shows different medical practices, remedies and prescriptions from the 5th to the 11th century such as Cairo medical papyrus which shows eye, ear, teeth and some women diseases in Coptic period. This papyrus shows how Coptic medical practices were a continuation of ancient Egyptian medicine. The research also focuses on some Coptic saints as healers in Coptic era. These saints were physicians treated their patients without a reward following by this the word of the god such as, saint Cosmas and Damian who were represented in a 7th Century wall painting holding some medical tools. From the early 4th century, the monastic healthcare system was clearly represented and defined in early Coptic monasteries. In Coenobitic monasticism, healthcare was delivered through two main types; inpatient and outpatient health care systems. These two main monastic healthcare systems and the monastic medical personnel in early monasteries are also discussed in the present study. Additionally, the study explores the using of magic as a protective method, and to heal some difficult diseases which were hard to be cured by rational medicine. The Descriptive analytic method has been used in this study, which was useful in discussing different aspects related to Coptic medicine and its deep roots in Ancient Egyptian civilization.

EVALUATING PARTIES PROGRAMS AND THEIR LEADERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE A FIELD STUDY ON CAIRO GOVERNORATE

This current study drives at examining the attitudes of leaderships of the main political parties in Egypt and their attitudes towards environmental justice and its indicators, the natural, social, economic, and legislative. The researcher uses several tools including: Questionnaire Form – Scale of Attitudes (by researcher)-Personal Interviews – Observation – Statistical Treatment. The study counts on the scientific method through the descriptive study, relying also The intellectual thinking of study has been the Justice Theory for John Rowalz, The Ecological System Theory, The Update, The following up Theory, and the Conflict. Despite that those theories reflect difference, they are dedicated to several claims concerning the present study. The sample is selected semi-purposely consisting of (200) items, that leaders of political parties. The study comes to several results including that the visions of leaders of the selected parties are united in tackling with some environmental issues such as supporting the poor, combating expensiveness and higher prices. The state should provide work opportunities and conserve Egyptian lands, fighting pollution, distributing services equally for all categories,elevating the educational level, encourage scientific research, activate the ascending taxing law on income and industrial pollution, determining the least and most limit of salaries for all classes, achieving equality in front of law, and concerning with fair distribution of wealth. The study recommends the idea of conferences for political parties that can be developed to an international conference discussing environmental justice and its indicators, the natural, social, economic, and legislative periodically. That all actors will be invited to attend and participate including rights institutions, scientific research centers. The study suggests taking some experiments as examples such as the social housing in Tunis in Abou Reqiba regime, education experiment in Abdel Naser regime, improving health services in Jordan and some Gulf states. The study also recommends the importance of establishing a plan for future by the party that through which the most important problems associated to environmental justice can be discussed and resolved.

THE URBAN SPRAWL ON AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN GHARBIA GOVORNORATE

This study focuses on the evolution of urban encroachment on arable land in Egypt. There are three forms of encroachment on arable land. The first type is the removal of the fertile topsoil of agricultural land for the main purpose of bricks manufacturing. The second type is the setting aside of arable land and letting the land go unproductive for long time periods. The third type is the permanent conversion of arable land to buildings. The total acreage lost to encroachment from January 25, 2011 revolution till November 18, 2018 is about 85 thousands feddans of fertile land. The first type of topsoil removal constitutes 7.7 percent of the total lost acreage .While setting aside of arable land constitutes 35.5 percent and the conversion of arable land to buildings constitutes 57.8 percent of total land lost to encroachment . Rapid population growth is the main driver for accelerating encroachment on arable land in Egypt. This is especially evident in the governorates that are not endowed with desert backyard. Gharbeya governorate is a good example of densely populated regions with no desert backyard that could be used for urban expansion. The study reveals that population in Gharbeya grew during the period 2006-2017 with an annually rate of 2.1 percent. While cultivated area and cropped area declined with an annual rate of 1006 feddans and 2992 feddans respectively during the same time period. The continued encroachment on agricultural land is a major threat to Egypt’s food security due to the limited base of arable land in Egypt. In fact per capita share of arable land is declining very rapidly over the years. For example, the ratio of population to arable land increased from 10.4 in 2006 to 15.4 in 2017. The country is attempting to make up for the lost land through reclamation of desert land. Unfortunately, reclamation of desert land is very expensive endeavor and requires major investment in basic infrastructure such as roads, irrigation networks, power grids, and social infrastructure. Therefore it is of utmost importance for the government to pay due attention to the problem of urban encroachment on old arable land and devise policies and legislations that would put a brake on this phenomena .

Rapid urbanisation threatens fertile agricultural land and soil carbon in the Nile delta

Agriculture land in Egypt represents only 3.8% of the total area. The Nile delta provides two thirds of Egypt's agriculture land, but is threatened by urban sprawl. The paper aims to quantify urban expansion over a 45 year period using 6 time points from 1972 to 2017, and its impacts on agricultural potential, soil organic carbon stocks, and implications for water use. The study used multi-temporal satellite data and remote sensing techniques (Maximum Likelihood supervised classification, and NDVI), soil sampling and analysis, data on water irrigation, and agroecological system and ecosystem services model (MicroLEIS, InVEST) to assess the effects of land use change.Urban area increased by a factor of 5, from 452 km2 in 1972 to 2644 km2 in 2017. The greatest losses occurred to the fertile Vertic Torrifluvent soils on the older delta, which lost 1734 km2. Soil organic carbon (0–75 cm depth) lost as a result of soil sealing from urbanisation rose from 25,000 to 141,000 Mg C over the 45 years. As a result of increased pressure on delta land, agriculture expanded into the higher desert areas outside the delta, on marginal land sustained by intensive fertiliser use and irrigation, which in turn puts pressure on water use. Therefore, rapid urban expansion has resulted in a loss of soil carbon and a shift in agriculture from fertile soils to marginal soils, requiring more capital inputs, which is ultimately less sustainable. Modelling suggested that soil management improvement could make better use of fertile soils within the Delta currently affected by high salinity and poor drainage.Future planning should encourage urban expansion on the less fertile soils outside of the delta, while improving suitability of existing agricultural land and minimising land degradation within the delta.

Biblical Geography

Abstract Maps in Dutch printed Bibles made their debut when the Bible was first printed in large folio format in the Low Countries. The first complete Dutch Bible in the folio format that appeared on the market, by Jacob van Liesvelt in 1526, already included a map. This was a map of the Exodus, the Israelites’ journey through the desert from the land of Egypt to the promised land of Canaan. In the course of the second half of the sixteenth century, additional maps appeared in Bibles published in the Low Countries. In the sixteenth century, maps are found in both Catholic and Protestant Bibles.

Evaluation of Root Water Uptake and Urea Fertigation Distribution under Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Shallow groundwater contamination by nitrate is frequent in agricultural lands in Egypt because of the use of urea fertilizers. The urea transformation process in the vadose zone was simulated using a HYDRUS-2D model, Software package for simulations of 2D movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media, for subsurface drip irrigation. The root water and nutrient uptake were assessed for three soil types (sandy loam, loam, and silty loam) with three emitter discharge levels (1.0 L h−1, 1.50 L h−1, and 2.0 L h−1), for a comparison of three fertigation strategies (A) at the beginning, (B) at the end, and (C) at the middle of the irrigation cycle. The extension of the wetted area mainly depends on soil hydraulic conductivity. The high emitter discharge with a short irrigation time is suitable for shallow-rooted crops. The cumulative flux was highest for silty loam soil and the lowest was for the sandy loam soil (1891, and 1824 cm3) for the 2 L h−1 emitter discharge within the 35 days simulation. The cumulative drainage significantly differs among soil types with little effect of emitter discharge. It recorded 1213, 295, 11.9 cm3 for sandy loam, loam, silty loam, respectively. Urea transformation is controlled by hydrolysis and nitrification as well as the adsorption coefficient of ammonium. Nitrate distribution is mainly governed by soil type rather than the emitter discharge where the sandy loam soil is more highly susceptible to nitrate leaching than to silty loam. Nitrate concentration has recorded the minimum possible level when applying the urea fertilizer at the beginning of the irrigation event for sandy loam and loam soil while for the silty loam soil, urea application at the middle of the irrigation event is more effective. Urea application at the end of the irrigation event gives the highest accumulated leached nitrate concentration below the root zone and should be avoided (the worst strategy).

Access to Land Influencing the Urban Development of Egypt

The paper seeks to assess the impact of access to the land of Egypt on urban development in an attempt to identify policies and laws that can be categorized as a catalyst in urban conflict. A systematic review of Data on land tenure environment of Egypt, land access, land governance and tenure security, the actors involved in these processes, their roles, the land tenure related challenges they face and measures that can be taken to address these challenges was collected at country level. In the context of Egypt, Access to land is deemed with obstacles confronting beneficiaries and legal procedures that uncover dispute. By investigating the land tenure environment, conclusions could be drawn on how to improve the systems so that they can be used as development tools that decrease the probability of conflict to happen. Furthermore, by understanding how access to land plays a crucial role in urban development patterns, we can allocate recommendations for more sustainable developments.

Damage quantification of archaeological pottery in Sheikh Hamad “Athribis” Sohag-Egypt

Abstract Many archaeological potteries in Sheikh Hamad (Athribis) Sohag, Egypt suffer from different processes, which led to many deterioration forms. Samples collected from Athribis were submitted to qualitative and quantitative measurements through using different techniques to evaluate their durability states. Significant information derived from these techniques prove that our materials are composed of Si, Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca, Na and Cl as the main elements of Quartz Albite, Microcline, Calcite and Hemetite (main components of Nile clays) and Halite (main salt characterizes Egyptian land). In addition, SEM reveals that the samples are characterizes by cohesion of the granules, non homogeneous texture and different size pores in addition to degradation, dissolution features and cracks. Finally, it can be concluded that most of these artifacts are affected by two main aggressive mechanisms: their burial environment (before excavation) and aired environment (after excavation). These process that finally led to some aggressive deterioration forms.

Temporal detection and prediction of agricultural land consumption by urbanization using remote sensing

The most fertile land in Egypt is under continuous loss by urbanization. In some countries, this could be considered normal, but in Egypt, it is a severe violation of the country’s limited agricultural land. The main objectives of this research are to quantify the agricultural land consumption by urbanization and predict the future pattern of this process in some parts of Alexandria and El-Behiera governorates using the Landsat satellite images of 1987, 2001, 2015, and 2019. Image classification was performed using the Maximum likelihood supervised classification technique. Five land use/cover (LULC) types have been identified, which are agriculture, urban, gardens, the international road, and water. Classification results were further enhanced by employing post-classification and filtering processes which increased classification accuracy and minimized urban land use overestimation. Four LULC maps have been developed for 1987, 2001, 2015 and 2019. A post-classification comparison method was applied to detect the LULC changes among the independently classified images and quantify the loss of agricultural land by urbanization. Prediction of urban encroachment to agricultural land was performed by Land Change Modeler basing on both the past change trend of urbanization and the influencing distance-to-urban factor. The future LULC prediction maps for 2019, 2050, and 2100 have been generated. Prediction validity was applied using actual vs predicted LULC 2019 maps. The results indicated that the agricultural and urban categories are the prevailing LULC types in the investigated area. Over the last three decades significant loss in the agricultural land was observed together with remarkable growth in the urban area. The agricultural land was decreased by 11.03%, while the urban area was increased by 11.84%. The rate of agricultural land consumption by urbanization after 2001 was more remarkable than the rate before 2001. The results also indicated that the agricultural and urban land use categories have the highest possible probability of change. It is predicted that agricultural land will decrease by 11.5% and 24.5% in 2050 and 2100, respectively. Conversely, urban areas will increase by 12% and 25% in 2050 and 2100, respectively. This process will become the main feature of LULC change in the future, which means that the agricultural land could completely vanish within the next two hundred years at the current degree of agricultural land consumption by urbanization. The outcomes of this research could help policy makers to adopt appropriate strategies towards better management of LULC and increase the sustainability of the highly productive agricultural land through preventing violation on such valuable land.