Common Bean Landraces Research Articles

Genetic Characterization and Mapping of Anthracnose Resistance of Common Bean Landrace Cultivar Corinthiano

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic resistance in the Andean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Corinthiano to races 8, 65, 89, and 2047 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara through inheritance and allelism tests and to map the source of resistance. Corinthiano was crossed with cultivars Michelite, Michigan Dark Red Kidney (MDRK), Cornell 49‐242, Mexico 222, PI 207262, TO, TU, AB 136, G 2333, Jalo Listras Pretas (JLP), Jalo Vermelho (JV), BAT 93, Ouro Negro, AND 277, Pitanga, SEL 1308, H1 line, and Crioulo 159 to generate F2 populations. Inheritance tests conducted in F2 population and F2:3 families from the cross Corinthiano (resistant [R]) × Cornell 49‐242 (susceptible [S]) inoculated with race 2047 showed segregation that fit ratios of 3R:1S and 1RR:2Rr:1rr, respectively, indicating the action of a dominant resistance gene in Corinthiano. Allelism tests demonstrated that the gene in Corinthiano is independent from those previously characterized genes: Co‐1, Co‐14, Co‐2, Co‐3, Co‐33, Co‐34, Co‐35, Co‐4, Co‐5, Co‐52, Co‐42, Co‐6, Co‐11, Co‐12, Co‐13, Co‐14, and Co‐16 that are present in the genotypes tested. The symbol Co‐15 was assigned to this newly discovered anthracnose resistance gene in Corinthiano. Molecular analyses revealed that the sequence‐tagged site (STS) marker g2685 is linked in coupling phase at 5.6 cM from the Co‐15 locus. This marker was also polymorphic in the mapping population BAT 93/Jalo EEP 558, which confirmed the location of this marker and the Co‐15 gene on Pv04. Corinthiano has shown to be an important source of resistance to anthracnose, possessing a new gene that should be valuable in breeding for anthracnose resistance in common bean.

Breeding Common Bean for Resistance to Common Blight: A Review

ABSTRACTCommon blight [caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli Smith (Dye)] is a major bacterial disease causing >40% seed yield and quality losses in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Use of resistant cultivars is crucial for its effective, economical, and environment friendly integrated management and control. Common blight resistant germplasm are found in the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools of the common bean. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the pathogenic variation, germplasm screening methods, identification of resistant germplasm, genetics of resistance, identifying and mapping molecular markers linked with resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), introgressing resistance from the secondary and tertiary gene pools, transferring resistance from the Middle American common bean landraces to Andean cultivars and germplasm lines, and pyramiding or combining resistance from diverse germplasm sources into common bean. Backcross, pedigree, gamete, and recurrent selection methods or their modifications singularly or in combination have been used to introgress and pyramid resistance. Also, molecular markers with or without direct disease screening have been used for breeding for resistance. However, Andean and Middle American common bean cultivars with high levels of combined resistance to less‐aggressive and aggressive bacterial strains in all aerial plant parts are not available. We will review progress achieved in breeding for resistance, briefly describe problems faced, and discuss strategies for integrated genetic improvement for common blight resistance for cultivar development.

Comparison among recognized and non-recognized Phaseolus vulgaris L. landraces as traditional agro-food products of the Campania region (Italy)

Efforts to safeguard and promote the on-farm maintenance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces should take seed quality into high consideration. Seed quality, in addition to suitable agronomic performances, is a good criterion to identify the most interesting materials among those traditionally cultivated. Ten landraces, still cultivated in the Campania region (southern Italy), were investigated. Five of these landraces, recognized as regional traditional agro-food products, are included in the list of the Italian typical products. Landraces belonging to both Mesoamerican and Andean common bean gene pools were present in the ten studied materials. The harvests of two subsequent growing seasons were analysed in order to compare the physico-chemical, culinary and nutritional seed quality of, recognised or not, landraces. Eighteen agronomic and nutritional traits were scored. When individually considered, none of the scored traits was able to discriminate the two groups of landraces. Conversely, submitting all traits to cluster analysis, two sub-clusters corresponding to recognised or not traditional products were obtained. Two landraces, one for each group, remained isolated. On the bases of these results, it can be inferred that the landraces recognized as traditional agro-food products have different culinary and nutritional characteristics in respect to the non-recognized ones.

Caracterización morfológica y molecular de las variedades locales de frijol común cultivado en el altiplano mexicano semi-árido.

Caracterización morfológica y molecular de las variedades locales de frijol común cultivado enel altiplano mexicano semi-árido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar el frijol común de parcelasagrícolas cultivadas con variedades criollas de frijol común de la región semiárida del altiplano mexicanoutilizando datos morfológicos y de Polimorfismos en la Longitud de los Fragmentos Amplificados (AFLPs). Las características morfológicas fueron discriminantes y mostraron la agrupación de las 150 accesiones en función del origen geográfico y el color de la testa de la semilla. La combinación deiniciadores AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) mostraron un rango polimórfico entre 0,292(EM-ACT AGG +) y 0,375 (M + E-ACA-AGA). La frecuencia y distribución de los fragmentos polimórficos permitió la detección de un mayor número de fragmentos raros en las accesiones 121 y 111 (Flor deMayo y frijol común Negro, respectivamente). El análisis de las relaciones genéticas, varianza molecular(AMOVA), y el índice de diversidad de Powell confirmaron amplia base genética del germoplasma defrijol común del altiplano semi-árido mexicano. El análisis de coordenadas principales y de agrupacióndemostraron fuerte relación genética entre las variedades colectadas con base a la similitud en el nombre de la variedad, el origen y el color de la testa de la semilla, lo que demuestra la influencia de las diferentes prácticas de cultivo en las dos regiones y la adaptación de P. vulgaris a las condiciones agroclimáticas dela región semiárida del altiplano mexicano.

Morphological and genetic diversity among and within common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces from the Campania region (Southern Italy)

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is arguably the most important food legume and a fundamental source of proteins especially for rural societies. In several countries, this species is characterized by a number of locally adapted landraces and many of them are at risk of extinction. In Italy, common bean cultivation has always been a typical element of rural economies especially in the Southern regions. We carried out an investigation of the morphological and genetic diversity in 25 common bean populations cultivated in the Campania region (Southern Italy). We analyzed 26 qualitative and 11 quantitative traits following the IPGRI descriptors. Furthermore, 10 SSRs were employed to examine genetic polymorphism, differentiation and population structure. Molecular and morphological data distinguished all the landraces under investigation. A considerable phenotypic diversity among landraces was observed for many characters, including some related to agronomical performance. At molecular level, all the SSRs were polymorphic, with an average of 8.5 alleles per locus. Moreover, the vast majority of the landraces (92%) displayed intra-varietal differences. Our work indicated the presence of a wide-ranging variation among and within cultivated common bean landraces. Moreover, it provided evidence that the implementation of measures for their on-farm conservation, management and promotion should be useful also to preserve genetic variability.

Genetic diversity and population structure of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) landraces from China revealed by a new set of EST-SSR markers

A new set of EST-SSR markers were developed and employed to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of Phaseolus vulgaris in China. A total of 2452 microsatellites were identified in 2144 unigenes assembled from P. vulgaris ESTs, indicating that merely 6.9% of the 30,952 unigene sequences contained SSRs. Seventeen of 153 randomly designed EST-SSR primer pairs successfully amplified polymorphic products in 31 landraces from six major production provinces of China, with the mean number of alleles per locus of 2.700 and polymorphism information content of 0.378. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.100 to 0.954 and 0.081 to 0.558, respectively. Using these markers, both an unrooted neighbor-joining tree and principal coordinates analysis showed that almost all of the landraces were separated according with their regional distribution. Moreover, population structure analysis revealed that all genotypes formed into three distinct clusters (k = 3), suggesting that geographic and climatic factors could provide diverse degrees of selection pressure. Accordingly, germplasm collection and cross breeding among different regions are suggested to accelerate the process of diverse germplasm creation and broaden germplasm resources of Chinese common bean.

Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean from Brazil

ABSTRACTBrazil is arguably the world's largest bean producing country and the crop is an important cultural and nutritional component of food in this part of South America. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is cultivated in almost all Brazilian states by small and large producers in diverse production systems and holds great economic and social standing. The goal of this study was to evaluate a collection of 362 common bean landraces and cultivars from Brazil to determine the genetic diversity found in different regions of the country. We performed principal component and population structure analyses so as to understand the subgroups and races found in Brazil. The optimum number of subgroups in the Brazilian germplasm was found to be K = 5 and at this level, the Mesoamerican genepool was subdivided into four subgroups, which remained separate from the Andean subgroup (A1). The M2 and M3 subgroups presented high diversity and high levels of allele mixing between genepools. Subgroup and genepool identities were confirmed by morphological traits such as seed size and phaseolin protein types. Allele switching between the genepools was common for growth habits and phaseolin. The association of the subgroups with commercial classes of Brazilian beans (Carioca, Preto, Rosinha, and Roxinho Mesoamerican types or Jalo and Roxo Andean types) is discussed as is the potential for specific subraces among the germplasm in Brazil.

Race Structure in the Mexican Collection of Common Bean Landraces

ABSTRACTMexico is a large bean‐producing country, the second most important in the Western Hemisphere, and the center of origin for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as well as many wild relatives or cultigens. Given this long tradition with the crop, Mexican farmers have created a rich resource of native landraces over many millennia, and this germplasm is of value today for modern breeding and gene discovery. The objective of this research was to evaluate the core collection of the national Mexican germplasm repository (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias [INIFAP]) and to determine the diversity and population structure within the germplasm set based on fluorescent microsatellite marker genotyping. The results showed a good separation of races Durango, Jalisco, and Mesoamerica, which were the majority of the landraces, versus a small group of Andean landraces that were all well supported both by population structure analysis and coherent results with principal component analysis and a molecular analysis of variance. Genepool separation has been observed in many previous studies of diversity in common bean but this study was among the first with microsatellites to find separation of the Durango and Jalisco races. The utility of the INIFAP core collection for association mapping studies of traits important to Mexican agriculture is discussed.

Preliminary evaluation of F1 generation derived from two common bean landraces (Phaseolus vulgaris) from Nicaragua

AbstractGermplasm improvement is a conceivable solution for increasing food production in developing countries. The objectives of the present study were to incorporate the genetic diversity of two Nicaraguan common bean landraces into a segregating population and to evaluate its potential as breeding material. Adapted landraces PV0006 and PV0023 were selected as parents for single crosses based on molecular and phenotypic characteristics. The results indicate that we succeeded in reshuffling most of the genetic diversity of both parents into a segregating population. The level of allele recombinations suggests that theoretically between 128 and 1024 different pure lines could be obtained. We found putative associations between alleles and yield‐determinant components. Computer simulations demonstrated that the pedigree method and the marker selection of the most segregating individuals in the F1 generation could improve the genetic gains for yield. These findings expose the potential of this segregating population and the feasibility of local landraces for bean improvement.

The Sierra Norte of Madrid: an agrobiodiversity refuge for common bean landraces

At the mountain area close to the city of Madrid, common beans were one of the main food crops present in everyday diet until 1960. This paper describes the morphological diversity, for forty-six phenological and morphological traits, found in forty-three traditional varieties of common beans collected in this area and seven commercial varieties used as reference. That comparison suggests that common bean breeding programs have led to later varieties with a higher production of straight pods. Quantitative traits showed also similar values when compared to the Iberian common bean collection, except for the phenological and seed size characters. The phenological differences could suggest an ecological adaptation of the studied landraces to the regional environmental conditions. The different seed size averages of both collections might correspond to the scarce presence of smaller seed-type common beans in Madrid collection. All the accessions collected in the Sierra Norte of Madrid belong to any of the groups included in the Spanish core collection. Madrilenian collection is also composed by indeterminate growth habit varieties, while the presence of bush accessions is relatively uncommon. Most of the Madrilenian landraces have a remarkable fitness for green-pod consumption (42 %) and their seeds are mainly white (30 %), ovate-shape (49 %) and medium-large (40 %). The study of seed storage protein allowed to classify the landraces according to their domesticated gene pools. Most of them (72 %), with T and C phaseolin type, seem to belong to Andean germplasm, while the remaining (28 %), with S and B phaseolin type, to Mesoamerican one. The remarkable morphological diversity of common beans found in this small area is a symptom of a broad genetic base despite genetic erosion, what indicates a widespread crop in the past. Therefore, it is advisable to design agro-environmental policies to promote the production and commercialization of common bean landraces in Sierra Norte of Madrid.

Italian common bean landraces: diversity and population structure

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is an important species that originated in Mesoamerica. A Mesoamerican and an Andean gene pool are usually distinguished in the domesticated forms. Many bean landraces are still cultivated in Italy and the Department of Applied Biology maintains an ex situ collection of 146 landraces. Although protection schemes are being developed in Italy, most landraces are extinct or at risk of extinction. To facilitate their conservation and use, geographical, morphological, biochemical and molecular (SSR) data were collected and analysed to estimate the diversity and the genetic structure of the collection. Data confirmed that both the Mesoamerican and the Andean gene pools were introduced in Italy and, although a distinction between the two gene pools exists, the Italian landrace diversity is clearly structured in three clusters that are not simply ascribable to the original gene pools. The observed structure appears also to be due to adaptation to the different environmental conditions determined by altitude. This was confirmed by assessing the presence of selective effects for some of the SSR used in this study. Finally, a certain extent of admixture in Italian landrace diversity suggests past (or recurring) hybridisation events among gene pools. The combined use of morphological, biochemical and molecular data clearly distinguished almost all the landraces. The data gathered here can assist landrace in situ protection schemes that are being developed in Italy, be used to register landraces in the European common catalogue of ‘conservation varieties’ for seed commercialisation and contribute to a better use of Italian common bean diversity in breeding for organic and conventional production systems.

Microsatellite markers reveal promising genetic diversity and seed trait associations in common bean landraces (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) from Nicaragua

Nicaragua is located in the Mesoamerican diversity centre for common beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.). Yet, there is insufficient knowledge of the molecular characteristics of most common bean landraces in Nicaragua. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the genetic diversity of common bean landraces and to identify promising sources of genetic variation for breeding purposes. Two cultivars and 40 landraces never studied before were selected from a collection based on the geographic origin, seed coloration and information provided by farmers. Fourteen microsatellite markers distributed in different linkage groups were analysed. The study revealed that there is a high genetic diversity (mean 8.9 alleles per locus). The populations showed structuring into three groups where seed weight had a strong relationship with population clustering. At least 20% of the populations hold promising allelic variation and potential for good market acceptance that could be maximized in breeding programmes. Additionally, four markers revealed a high correlation with seed length, width and weight, suggesting that marker-assisted selection for these yield-determinant traits could be straightforward. Nonetheless, more marker–trait associations should be addressed in order to enforce this practice.

A comparative study among landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus L. based on molecular, physicochemical and sensory analysis for authenticity purposes

The common and runner beans are the two most widely cultivated species because of their highly nutritive value for humans and animals. This study was undertaken to interpret data from physicochemical, sensory and molecular (DNA) analyses toward evaluating, characterizing and separating 5 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and 5 runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) landraces, cultivated under organic growing conditions. Furthermore, an attempt was made to determine patterns and interrelationships among the quality traits and sensory characteristics to get a better insight into the most effective discrimination between common and runner bean landraces, by means of multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Discriminant Analysis).In this study an accurate and effective discrimination of bean cultivars and Phaseolus species was possible using different methodologies. PCA was found to be the most informative either by using exclusively physicochemical data (92% of variability) or in conjunction with sensory data (99.4% of variability). P. vulgaris is characterized by 6 parameters (intensity, juiciness, sweetness, brightness, bitterness and consistency) whereas P. coccineus by odor, tenderness and metallic taste. Molecular analysis (MA) proved to be a fast and informative method only for discrimination of the Phaseolus species whereas (DA) highlighted the most important characteristics per cultivar and species.

Anti-nutrient components and metabolites with health implications in seeds of 10 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Phaseolus lunatus L.) landraces cultivated in southern Italy

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) provide an inexpensive food rich in macronutrients such as protein and starch, important micronutrients such as iron, and also a number of other stored bioactive compounds (phytates, polyphenols, tannins, raffinosaccharides, lectins, protease and α-amylase inhibitors, saponins, etc.) endowed with positive health implications through their antioxidant, anti-tumour or phyto-oestrogenic activity. They also produce negative dietary effects such as interference with micronutrient absorption, protein digestibility or glucose metabolism, or even direct toxic effects (lectins). Analysis of the levels of these compounds in seeds of local and underexploited common bean varieties and landraces may reveal traits of interest for promoting nutrition and preserving health, and in addition allow breeders to use them in genetic improvement programmes to modify the levels of specific compounds in new common bean varieties. In the present work, 10 bean populations belonging to 7 highly appreciated southern Italian landraces were analysed. The seeds of one of them, “Poverello di Rotonda AF”, was found to accumulate remarkable levels of 4 health-promoting components such as quercetin (24.2μg/g), genistein (21.6μg/g), soysapogenin B (433μg/g) and oleanolic acid (11.9μg/g), while “Tabacchino” contained very high amounts of iron (131μg/g) and three health-promoting components: kaempferol (61.0μg/g), oleanolic acid (12.3μg/g) and condensed tannins (2.36mg/g). A level of variation high enough to be exploited for breeding purposes was found for 7 out of 15 biochemical parameters studied.

LOCAL LANDRACES OF DRY BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.): A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN GREECE

ISHS XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): International Symposium on Organic Horticulture: Productivity and Sustainability LOCAL LANDRACES OF DRY BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.): A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN GREECE

Genetic diversity of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) landraces grown in Northeast Anatolia of Turkey assessed with simple sequence repeat markers

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker system was used to analyze the genetic diversity of 38 common bean landraces grown in Northern Anatolia Region and their relationship to twelve nationally registered cultivars. A total of 72 DNA fragments across all materials were scored using 30 primers pairs. More than 97% of the amplification products showed polymorphism, indicating high variation at the DNA level among these accessions. Pair-wise genetic similarity ranged from 0.218 to 0.759, with a mean of 0.585. Based on the SSR markers, two major clusters were formed of 50 genotypes investigated. A majority of the commercial cultivars (66.6%) and landrace accessions (84.2%) were clustered into second group, whereas, small portion of commercial cultivars (33.4%) and landrace accessions (15.7%) were clustered in to first group. A Mantel's test showed significant correlation between SSR distance matrix and cophenetic matrices. Considerable variation existed within the genotypes collected from Northeast Anatolia Region and registered cultivars that can be exploited for breeding programs.

HPTLC Profile of Quercetin Content of Common Bean (Uttarakhand) Landraces Growing in Uttarakhand

HPTLC Profile of Quercetin Content of Common Bean (Uttarakhand) Landraces Growing in Uttarakhand

Integrating Phenotypic Evaluations with a Molecular Diversity Assessment of a Brazilian Collection of Common Bean Landraces

ABSTRACTCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important legume crop for direct human consumption in Brazil. Overall patterns of genetic diversity of common bean in the country are not well understood. Hence, this study sought to integrate morphological and agronomic evaluations with prior molecular diversity data from a geo‐referenced collection of Brazilian common bean. Our sample included 279 randomly chosen landrace accessions from the main growing regions of beans in Brazil. Eighteen morphological and three agronomic characters (yield and susceptibility to common bacterial blight and rust diseases) were evaluated in field conditions in Brazil or California. Results show that the sample was diverse morphologically but did not include all the morphological variability described in domesticated common bean outside Brazil. Several accessions showed clear morphological differences in spite of having the same name. The integration of the current morphological and agronomic evaluations with a prior 74‐marker diversity assessment of the same landraces improved the identification of five subpopulations identified on the basis of microsatellite diversity. These subpopulations could be distinguished by their morphology, the type and frequency of the market classes they included, and the frequency of susceptibility to diseases. This information will facilitate the management and use of P. vulgaris genetic diversity in Brazil.

Contribuição dos componentes de rendimento na produtividade de genótipos crioulos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The objective this work was to verify the relative contribution between yield components and yield of the common bean landraces cultivars. The experiment was carried out with twenty six genotypes of beans under field conditions in the 2008/2009 growing season using randomized block design with three repetitions, where evaluated the yields components and yield in the in the following Santa Catarina countries: Anchieta, Joacaba and Lages. The unvaried variance test was used and the cropping places were compared by Tukey test and, Scott-Knott test to grouping genotypes. The correlations were done by path analysis. The genotypes evaluated performed differently according to the environment where the tests were done to all characters, with exception to the mass of 100 grains. The indirect selection by mass of 100 grains to yield component isn't a good alternative to genetic progress. But, the selection to pod number per plant, grain per pod and pod loci number can contribute to yield selection.

Population structure and genetic differentiation among the USDA common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) core collection

Genetic diversity data were collected from a large population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces representing the United States Department of Agriculture core collection. The data were based on microsatellite data from all linkage groups. A procedure was developed to determine if we collected sufficient marker data to adequately estimated pairwise diversity. The diversity data were used to define populations using distance and model-based approaches. Genetic differentiation and genetic isolation by distance data were collected. Diversity was also compared for markers linked and unlinked to domestication loci. Using a model-based approach, the landraces were divided into the traditional Middle American and Andean gene pools. Diversity was greater for the Middle American gene pool. Six Middle American and three Andean subpopulations were defined, and the Middle American subpopulations exhibited strong geographic identity. Unlike other studies, seed size varied considerably with subpopulations, and a number of the subpopulations contained landraces from multiple common bean races. All of the subpopulations were highly differentiated, with the Middle American subpopulations showing the greatest differentiation. Genetic isolation by distance was observed among the Middle American and Andean subpopulations but not among subpopulations within a gene pool. Within each gene pool, diversity was lower for markers linked to domestication loci.