Types Of Landraces Research Articles

COLIBACILLOSIS IN PIGLETS AT TARO VILLAGE, GIANYAR, BALI

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by Escherichia coli bacteria, which attacks piglets and can result in weight loss, stunted growth and, if not treated immediately, will cause death. The aim of this case report is to establish a diagnosis of the death of a 35 day old pig using anamnesis, epidemiological procedures, clinical symptoms, anatomical pathology examination and laboratory examination. The laboratory examinations in question are histopathology, bacteriology and parasitology. The animal case obtained was a young pig suspected of being infected with E. coli, which came from a farm in Taro Village, Tegallalang, Gianyar, Bali. The case pig is a Landrace type, 35 days old weighing ± 7 kg, male. Symptoms observed in the cases were that the piglets looked thin, weak, anorexic, and had yellowish diarrhea. The pig population is 100, during one maintenance period there were approximately 7 pigs who were sick and 2 pigs who died. Based on anamnesis, clinical symptoms, epidemiology, changes in anatomical pathology and histopathological lesions, isolation and identification of colonies on NA media, EMBA, gram staining, primary test, secondary test (biochemical test), and sugar test, E. Coli bacteria were successfully isolated. So a diagnosis was obtained that the pig case was infected with colibacillosis. The results of a stool examination in the parasitology laboratory did not reveal any infection with worm eggs or protozoa. Based on anamnesis, clinical symptoms, epidemiology, anatomical pathological changes, histopathological lesions, and bacterial tests. Conclusion in pig cases diagnosed with colibacillosis by Escherichia coli. It is necessary to carry out good sanitation and management to prevent the occurrence of colibacillosis.

Reproductive outputs of two sandalwood landraces with different genetic base and clonality levels in Gunung Sewu, Indonesia

Based on the genetic base and clonality level, sandalwood (Santalum album) formed two types of landraces along with the Gunung Sewu Global Geopark Network in the southern part of Java islands, Indonesia. These two types are represented by Bejiharjo (which has a low genetic base and high clonality) and Bleberan (which has a high genetic base and low clonality) landraces. This study aimed to observe the quality of sandalwood seeds collected from the two landraces to determine the qualified seeds. We collected and tested all produced seeds of fruiting parent trees from August 2019 to March 2020. The physical and physiological quality tests included counting the number of seeds, measuring the seed size, and testing the viability of seeds. The Bleberan landrace produced 9161 seeds with 22.06% of seed viability. Meanwhile, the Bejiharjo produced only 158 seeds, of which all failed to germinate. Lower genetic base and higher clonality increased the inbred progenies, led to inbreeding depression, and decreased seed production and viability. Therefore, the qualified seed from the Bleberan landraces is worth considering to provide future genetic materials.

Assessment of Morphological, Genetical and Diversity Studies in Landraces of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Landraces displayed a wide range of genetic diversity in rice farming system. Landraces or local types have been used as the sources for the characters such as resistance to pest, disease, abiotic stresses and genetic sources for some physicochemical characters. Various types of landraces of rice are available in the major rice growing regions of Karnataka and hence, their characterization and establishment in uniformity is essential, to consider them as variety and can be protected under PPV and FR act. Investigation was undertaken to assess genetic variability and diversity in fifty one landraces of rice. Methods: The materials comprised of fifty one landraces of rice collected from Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar and the experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with two replications, following spacing of 20 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants at College of Agriculture, Shivamogga, during the Kharif 2018. Result: The present experiment will be useful for the farmers and researchers to identify the valuable germplasm for utilization in rice yield improvement and seek protection under Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act and also for protection of rice landrace like Gulvadisanna and Kayame registration made under PPV and FRA.

Applying Multivariate Analysis to Assess Phenotypic Diversity in Rice Cultivars Grown at Fogera and Pawe, Northwest Ethiopia

Field experiment was conducted to assess genetic variation and traits relationship in rice cultivars from Ethiopia based on quantitative traits. Sixty rice cultivars comprising improved varieties and collected accessions were evaluated at Fogera and Pawe research stations. The experiment was arranged using alpha lattice design of three replications. Correlation studies revealed panicle length, plant height, filled grains per panicle, spikiletes fertility rate, biomass yield, harvest index and thousand seeds weight having a significant positive association with grain yield both at Pawe and Fogera. However, days to heading and days to maturity exhibited a significant negative association with grain yield at Fogera but positive association at Pawe. Principal component analysis showed that the first four components explained a cumulative variance of 81.07, 74.95%, and 80.63% at Fogera, Pawe and combined data, respectively. Days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, filled grains per panicle and grain yield were the most discriminate traits for explaining the total variation. Cluster analysis classified sixty rice cultivars into four different groups. The first and second clusters comprised the largest number of cultivars. About 48% of improved cultivars containing the desired traits adapted predominantly to upland production system belonged to Cluster I, having the lowest intra-cluster distance. Clusters II and IV included both upland and lowland cultivars and the highest intra-cluster distance in both confirmed their heterogeneous composition while Cluster III contained exclusively of upland cultivars comprising improved and landrace types. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters II and IV, followed by clusters III and IV but the lowest between clusters I and II. Thus, future crossing program between cultivars of different cluster groups could possibly result in better heterosis in our rice breeding program. Keywords: Genetic variation, rice, cluster, principal component, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-15-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2021

Folk classification and traditional uses of Cyperus esculentus, a neglected and underutilized species in Benin

Abstract. Adjahossou VN, Gbemavo DSJC, Abidja S, Laly J, Gbaguidi AA, Anagonou AD. 2021. Folk classification and traditional uses of Cyperus esculentus, a neglected and underutilized species in Benin. Biodiversitas 22: 2972-2979. The sweet pea or tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) has very high potential to be developed but is considered a neglected and underutilized plant in Benin. The current study aims to investigate the indigenous knowledge related to local diversity, production and uses of various landrace types of tigernut grown in its production areas in Benin. Using Participatory Research Appraisal (PRA) method, we surveyed 113 tigernut farmers in different regions of production in Atacora Department, Benin. Univariate statistics were performed to describe and compare tigernut farmers' responses on botanical and agronomic criteria. We found that the tigernut farmers in the studied area distinguished three landraces of C. esculentus. Two landrace types produced yellow-skinned tubers and the other produced black-skinned tubers. Economic value, agro-morphological traits and organoleptic quality were the criteria considered by the farmers when choosing the type of landrace to cultivate. According to the farmers, the attacks of the tubers by earthworms and termites constituted the main constraints of the production of tigernut. Local people used the species mainly for food, while small proportion was for medicine (e.g., for aphrodisiac) and soil fertilization purposes. This study implies that C. esculentus in Benin deserves better attention to be conserved and developed.

Genetic variations of root development traits under different concentrations and forms of nitrogen in Bangladeshi rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions

ABSTRACT Genetic variations in the root traits of rice remain unexplored in relation to varietal groups and diverse ecosystems. Therefore, we evaluated 257 Bangladeshi accessions, which included landraces and improved varieties belonging to four ecotypes (Aus, Aman, Boro and Jhum), to understand genetic variations in the total root length (TRL), maximum root length and root number under different concentrations of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in hydroponic culture. There were large variations in all traits across all nitrogen levels. Active elongation of individual roots of the landrace type across all nitrogen conditions suggested a higher potential for the uptake of nutrients by extending roots distribution in any nitrogen environment, while the active development of primary root primordia in the improved type in the presence of nitrate suggested a higher potential for the uptake of nitrate from the soil surface by extending roots distribution around soil surface. Cluster analysis classified the examined accessions into two groups according to their TRL: cluster I with a longer TRL and cluster II with a shorter TRL across all nitrogen conditions. Each of these groups was further divided into two sub-clusters: sub-cluster Ia, in which the longer TRL resulted from active development of primary root primordia, sub-cluster Ib, in which the longer TRL resulted from active elongation of individual roots, sub-cluster IIa, in which the shorter TRL resulted from severe reduction of the elongation of individual roots, and sub-cluster IIb, in which the shorter TRL resulted from a moderate reduction in the elongation of individual roots. Further investigation revealed a difference in the composition of these four sub-clusters among the four ecotypes, indicating that Aman was the most diverse ecotype, followed by Aus. The root traits of these promising accessions could be exploited in the future to understand genetic and physiological mechanism(s) of adaptation to diverse ecosystems.

Weighted single-step GWAS and gene network analysis reveal new candidate genes for semen traits in pigs

BackgroundIn recent years, there has been increased interest in the study of the molecular processes that affect semen traits. In this study, our aim was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions associated with four semen traits (motility, progressive motility, number of sperm cells per ejaculate and total morphological defects) in two commercial pig lines (L1: Large White type and L2: Landrace type). Since the number of animals with both phenotypes and genotypes was relatively small in our dataset, we conducted a weighted single-step genome-wide association study, which also allows unequal variances for single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, our aim was also to identify candidate genes within QTL regions that explained the highest proportions of genetic variance. Subsequently, we performed gene network analyses to investigate the biological processes shared by genes that were identified for the same semen traits across lines.ResultsWe identified QTL regions that explained up to 10.8% of the genetic variance of the semen traits on 12 chromosomes in L1 and 11 chromosomes in L2. Sixteen QTL regions in L1 and six QTL regions in L2 were associated with two or more traits within the population. Candidate genes SCN8A, PTGS2, PLA2G4A, DNAI2, IQCG and LOC102167830 were identified in L1 and NME5, AZIN2, SPATA7, METTL3 and HPGDS in L2. No regions overlapped between these two lines. However, the gene network analysis for progressive motility revealed two genes in L1 (PLA2G4A and PTGS2) and one gene in L2 (HPGDS) that were involved in two biological processes i.e. eicosanoid biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism. PTGS2 and HPGDS were also involved in the cyclooxygenase pathway.ConclusionsWe identified several QTL regions associated with semen traits in two pig lines, which confirms the assumption of a complex genetic determinism for these traits. A large part of the genetic variance of the semen traits under study was explained by different genes in the two evaluated lines. Nevertheless, the gene network analysis revealed candidate genes that are involved in shared biological pathways that occur in mammalian testes, in both lines.

Genome-wide divergence, haplotype distribution and population demographic histories for Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense as revealed by genome-anchored SNPs

Use of 10,129 singleton SNPs of known genomic location in tetraploid cotton provided unique opportunities to characterize genome-wide diversity among 440 Gossypium hirsutum and 219 G. barbadense cultivars and landrace accessions of widespread origin. Using the SNPs distributed genome-wide, we examined genetic diversity, haplotype distribution and linkage disequilibrium patterns in the G. hirsutum and G. barbadense genomes to clarify population demographic history. Diversity and identity-by-state analyses have revealed little sharing of alleles between the two cultivated allotetraploid genomes, with a few exceptions that indicated sporadic gene flow. We found a high number of new alleles, representing increased nucleotide diversity, on chromosomes 1 and 2 in cultivated G. hirsutum as compared with low nucleotide diversity on these chromosomes in landrace G. hirsutum. In contrast, G. barbadense chromosomes showed negative Tajima’s D on several chromosomes for both cultivated and landrace types, which indicate that speciation of G. barbadense itself, might have occurred with relatively narrow genetic diversity. The presence of conserved linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks and haplotypes between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense provides strong evidence for comparable patterns of evolution in their domestication processes. Our study illustrates the potential use of population genetic techniques to identify genomic regions for domestication.

Automatic estimation of wheat grain morphometry from computed tomography data.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain size and morphology are playing an increasingly important role as agronomic traits. Whole spikes from two disparate strains, the commercial type Capelle and the landrace Indian Shot Wheat, were imaged using a commercial computed tomography system. Volumetric information was obtained using a standard back-propagation approach. To extract individual grains within the spikes, we used an image processing pipeline that included adaptive thresholding, morphological filtering, persistence aspects and volumetric reconstruction. This is a fully automated, data-driven pipeline. Subsequently, we extracted several morphometric measures from the individual grains. Taking the location and morphology of the grains into account, we show distinct differences between the commercial and landrace types. For example, average volume is significantly greater for the commercial type (P=0.0024), as is the crease depth (P=1.61×10-5). This pilot study shows that the fully automated approach described can retain developmental information and reveal new morphology information at an individual grain level.

Improving plantain (Musa spp. AAB) yields on smallholder farms in West and Central Africa

Plantain is an important staple in West and Central Africa, where it is predominantly grown by smallholder farmers. On-farm data are rare but yields are considered to be low. We collated actual yields in the region, reviewed regional plantain research published from 1976 to 2013, then estimated what yields would be attainable on smallholder farms if the proven, best-fit innovations were adopted. Mean actual yields reported ranged from 2.9 to 8.9 Mg ha−1 with a mean of 5.7 Mg ha−1 for False horn plantain and 4.5 to 10.2 Mg ha−1 with a mean of 7.8 Mg ha−1 for French plantain. Experiments found dealt with: cultural practices, particularly intercropping; abiotic factors such as fertiliser, mulch application and irrigation; biotic factors, predominantly sucker sanitation methods, but including three controlled yield loss studies on nematodes and black sigatoka; landrace comparisons and the introduction of improved cultivars, predominantly those exhibiting black sigatoka-tolerance. We conclude that intercropping should be retained according to farmer preference as there was no evidence of yield reductions for plantain. Boiling water treatment of suckers should be universally recommended. Inputs, whether mulch or K fertiliser up to 300 kg ha−1, should be applied as both reduced plant losses and increased bunch mass. With the highest yielding local landrace type, on-farm yields could be increased from 7.8 Mg ha−1 to 35.5 Mg ha−1 with purchased inputs or to 23.7 Mg ha−1 without purchased inputs.

Genetic differentiation of watermelon landrace types in Mali revealed by microsatellite (SSR) markers

This study describes the genetic differentiation of a collection of 134 watermelon landrace accessions from Mali, representing red fleshed dessert and white fleshed seed and cooking type watermelons from five regions, plus three commercial dessert type cultivars with red flesh. The material was represented by in total 397 plants and was analysed using 24 microsatellite primer sets, which differentiated 129 alleles across all loci. Analyses of molecular variance ascribed 51 % of the variation among the landrace accessions, and 14 % of the variation could be ascribed to the regions. Partitioning the accessions into use groups (dessert, cooking, seed processing) explained 25 % of the variation. When categorising the accessions further into 10 landrace types, differentiated on the basis of use groups, local accession name, flesh colour and seed phenotype, these landrace types explained 26 % of the variation. Analysis with the software Structure revealed that the accessions with confidence could be separated into two major genetic groups, related to flesh colour (red and white) of the watermelon fruits. The same analysis further indicated that the material may be differentiated into eight genetic sub-groups. One group included again the red fleshed dessert types with local and commercial origin, while the remaining seven genetic sub-groups comprised the white fleshed landrace types used for seed processing and cooking, as well as white fleshed types of one dessert type. Some of the seed and cooking types were to a large extent different and assigned to one genetic sub-group each. A Mantel test, based on geographical and genetic distance matrices showed a positive correlation, indicating that seed exchange has not overcome local adaptation.

Traditional uses and cultivation of indigenous watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) in Mali

Traditional knowledge associated with uses and cultivation of indigenous watermelon landraces was surveyed in five regions of Mali. Production of local types of watermelon plays an important role for many households. Farmers in charge of the production were mostly men, while women were in charge of seed extraction and processing. In total, ten types of landraces were differentiated, of which seven were seed types. The frequency of the types differed in the five regions, reflecting different agroecological conditions and traditions. Red, sweet flesh types used for dessert dominated in the more humid areas of West and Central Mali and were used as a cash crop. White flesh types, mainly grown for their seeds, were more important towards the desert region in the North. Here, a wild type was also used for human consumption. The seed was processed into sauces, snacks, and porridge, contributing fat and protein to the diet. Seed for sowing was sourced on-farm. In West and Central Mali, watermelons were intercropped with cereals. In the North, watermelon was cultivated as a sole crop in the sandy soils. Some of the landraces possess high heat and drought tolerance, a trait of interest to enhance food security in arid and desert areas.

Evolutionary dynamics of cycle length in pearl millet: the role of farmer’s practices and gene flow

In the Sahel of Africa, farmers often modify their cultivation practices to adapt to environmental changes. How these changes shape the agro-biodiversity is a question of primary interest for the conservation of plant genetic resources. We addressed this question in a case study on pearl millet in south western Niger where farmers used to cultivate landraces with different cycle length in order to cope with rain uncertainty. Early and late landraces were previously grown on distant fields. Nowadays, mostly because of human population pressure and soil impoverishment, it happens that the two types of landraces are grown on adjacent fields, opening the question whether gene flow between them may occur. This question was tackled through a comparative study among contrasting situations pertaining to the spatial distribution of early and late landraces. Observations of flowering periods showed that pollen flow between the two landraces is possible and has a preferential direction from early to late populations.

Variation in hordein polypeptide pattern within Ethiopian barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae)

From a large collection of Ethiopian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that was cultivated by the author in a sheltered bird-proof enclosure in Addis Abeba, 229 fully ripe spikes were sampled to represent the range of variation in morphology and distribution in regions and agroecological zones of the country. Hordeins were extracted from kernels and the polypeptide patterns obtained with the use of acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major hordein bands were scored and the data subjected to the TWINSPAN classification procedure, giving 68 landrace groups. The findings document a considerable variation in hordeins in Ethiopian barley. Some hordein patterns were found to be widespread and abundant while others were restricted and less frequent. This variation in hordeins could be used as a supportive criterion for distinguishing groups within the Ethiopian landrace types.

Additive genetic variance for stem strength in field pea (Pisum sativum)

Weak stem strength in field pea (Pisum sativum) is a major restriction to yield, seed quality and ease of harvest. Three aspects of stem strength: load at breaking point, flexion and compressed stem thickness, showed substantial genetic variation among a diverse range of six parents including modern cultivars, landrace accessions, and interspecific progeny. Diallel analysis of parents and F1 progeny was conducted using a simple additive-dominance model, which was adequate for load and compressed stem thickness. There were significant additive genetic effects for load and compressed stem thickness with no evidence of dominance or maternal effects, and also significant additive genetic effects for flexion which was subject to more complex genetic control. Valuable alleles for these stem strength traits were present in commercial cultivars and landrace types of field pea. Efficient and practical breeding for improved stem strength will involve several recurrent selection cycles with moderate selection pressure for compressed stem thickness in early generations, followed by verification of improvements in lodging resistance in subsequent field trials. Compressed stem thickness is relatively easy to measure on individual plants in the field and is closely associated with load.

Anti-TNF Antibody Treatment Has No Positive Effect on Survival in a Model of Pneumococcal Sepsis in Pigs

Gram-positive organisms causing sepsis have gained more significance in the past years. Especially patients with acquired immunodeficiency have been shown to be at risk for gram-positive infections. The mortality in Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia has been shown to be as high as 20%. Tumor necrosis factor- f (TNF- f ) plays a crucial role in the "sepsis cascade." The previously described positive effect of monoclonal TNF antibody (anti-TNF-mAb) in gram-negative sepsis should be controlled in gram-positive pneumococcal sepsis. In a porcine model, pneumococcal sepsis was induced, and the course and outcome of a group treated with anti-TNF-mAb were compared to those of an untreated control. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6 B was isolated from patients with systemic infection. The isolates were prepared, cryopreserved at -80°C, and recultivated in a standardized fashion as needed. Then 10 9 bacteria were injected intravenously. Pigs of the German Landrace type with a weight of 20-30 kg were anesthetized using standardized midazolam and ketamine intravenous anesthesia. After introduction of central venous, arterial, and urinary catheters, bacteria were injected intravenously via the ear vein. In the therapy group, animals were treated with anti-TNF-mAb (5 mg/kg body weight) intravenously immediately prior to pneumococci injection. Survival and survival times were primary endpoints. Biochemical and vital parameters were also compared. In the anti-TNF-mAb group, 4/11 animals died (35%), compared to 6/11 (55%) in the control group. The mean survival times were 11 and 10 h, respectively (n.s.). TNF levels were significantly different. The TNF peak at 90-240 min was not present in the anti-TNF group (340 pg/ml vs. 19 pg/ml, p = .034). Leukocyte counts differed also significantly. After an initial drop in both groups, we observed a leukocytosis of up to 32.8 - 5.0 g/L in the anti-TNF-group, while in the control group leukocyte counts remained below 15.0 g/L (13.3 - 3.0 g/L, p = .007). All other parameters did not differ significantly. Thus, anti-TNF-mAb effectively suppresses the TNF peak following gram-positive septicemia. In the presented setting, these effects did not influence overall survival or survival times.

Landraces : A review of definitions and classifications

Summary The first reference to landraces as genetic resources dates from 1890. Some 20 years later the first definitions of a landrace were published. In the period 1909‐1952 several definitions of the term landrace have been presented. No definitions were discovered in articles published in the period 1953‐1974. The reason could be that after the Second World War attention of plant breeders and others was focussed on making instant progress. New definitions have been presented since 1974. Genetically related landraces form a landrace group. Synonyms of the term landrace and landrace group as cited in the literature are also given. The classification of types of landraces given by Mayr in 1934 had been discussed and an amended classification provided, paying attention to contamination caused by seed change. As a landrace has a complex and indefinable nature an all-embracing definition cannot be given. However, I suggest the following: an autochthonous landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system.

Factors affecting the odour characteristics of pigmeat

The recent increase in slaughter weights and a wider range of genotypes in the UK might be increasing the risk of abnormal odours and flavours due to taints. This study investigated the role of skatole in the control of pigmeat odour characteristics and examined differences between genotypes based on the Large White - Landrace type or including some Meishan genes.Twenty-four pigs were slaughtered at each of 100,110, 120 and 130 kg live weight comprising 6 entire male and 6 female progeny from Manor Hybrid (MH) or Manor Meishan (MM) gilts, both crossed with Large White boars. The animals were grouped together in a straw yard at 39 kg live weight and given a diet containing 13.8 MJDE and 11g lysine per kg.

Factors affecting the odour characteristics of pigmeat

The recent increase in slaughter weights and a wider range of genotypes in the UK might be increasing the risk of abnormal odours and flavours due to taints. This study investigated the role of skatole in the control of pigmeat odour characteristics and examined differences between genotypes based on the Large White - Landrace type or including some Meishan genes.Twenty-four pigs were slaughtered at each of 100,110, 120 and 130 kg live weight comprising 6 entire male and 6 female progeny from Manor Hybrid (MH) or Manor Meishan (MM) gilts, both crossed with Large White boars. The animals were grouped together in a straw yard at 39 kg live weight and given a diet containing 13.8 MJDE and 11g lysine per kg.

Some aspects of pest management and host plant resistance in pearl millet in the Sahel

Among several species of insect pests that attack the millet crop, the earhead caterpillar, Raghuva albipunctella de Joannis and Acigona ignefusalis Hmps., are considered the major pests. The constraints against the successful implementation of an integrated pest management programme of these insects are examined. The relative importance and significance of host plant resistance in such a programme is compared against other modalities.The use of insecticides is negated by lack of cash value returns, water supply, trained personnel and poor delivery system. Cultural practices, such as the synchronisation of early planting, destruction of harvest residues and end-of-season ploughing, have the potential for reducing carry-over populations. However, the difficulties in their implementation range from farmer education and efficiency to changes in traditional practices and introduction of new labour intensive practices after harvest. While it appears that natural enemies are taking a gradual toll on R. albipunctella, they appear inefficient in controlling A. ignefusalis. A range of plant characters have been identified: tillering in certain varieties as a form of tolerance to borers; maturity cycles that result in escape (pseudo-resistance) from Raghuva infestation, hairiness in relation to preference for oviposition and head compactness in deterring larval penetration into millet heads. Most of these characters are common in landrace types. The real problem appears to be one of incorporating and utilising the identified resistance into germplasm sources which possess other desirable agronomic characters that the farmer requires. This implies multi-disciplinary effort which is the basis for integrated pest management. In most of Africa, and in the Sahel in particular, this basis is remotely present.