Landrace Pigs Research Articles

The absolute mass of the internal organs of the Landras pigs grown in Western Siberia

Several factors determine the development of internal organs. They characterise the intensity of animals’ growth, physique, constitutional strength, resistance to diseases of various genesis and, in general, the adaptive ability of animals. The authors assessed the absolute mass of such parenchymal abdominal organs as the liver, kidneys, and spleen of Landrace pigs. A group of representatively selected pigs, taking into account their origin, sex, age, and live weight, was formed at the early stages of the technological cycle. The total number of animal units was 12. The fattening of the animals took place on a large pig farm in the Altai Territory. The conditions of keeping the animals corresponded to the regular feeding for meat fattening. In addition, a preventive plan for vaccinated animals and systematic veterinary control was provided. Based on the current technical instructions and other regulatory documents, Slaughter was carried out at the end of the technological cycle when the live weight reached 100 kg. The absolute mass of organs without surrounding structures was determined by weighing on a balance with a high accuracy class. The obtained data were evaluated using Microsoft Office Excel and the R programming language in the data analysis environment RStudio version 2022.07.2+576 (RStudio, PBC). The visual assessment showed the absence of pathological and anatomical changes in organs. Based on the ShapiroWilk test, a normal distribution was established in all cases. For the liver, the W-criterion is 0.93, the kidneys - 0.90 and the spleen - 0.98; the significance level is more significant than 0.05. In pigs, the median absolute weight of the liver was 1542.0 g; for the kidneys - 303.0, and the spleen - 164.0 g; The 95% confidence interval for kidneys is 133.0–195.0 g; for the spleen - 120.0–197.0; for the liver - 1310.0–1792.0 g. The article presents the indicators of the variability of the trait under consideration. The authors established interbreed differentiation of pigs by the mass of parenchymal organs.

Net Portal Appearance of Amino Acids in Iberian and Landrace Pigs Fed Different Protein Content in the Diet

Iberian pigs have low rates of muscle protein deposition compared with modern breeds. Differences in net portal appearance (NPA) of amino acids (AA) might partially explain that. NPA of AA was measured in six Iberian and six Landrace gilts (28 kg) fitted with catheters in portal and mesenteric (para-aminohippuric acid infusion) veins, and carotid artery. Blood samples from porta and artery were simultaneously taken at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6-h after feeding two isoenergetic diets (14-14.5 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter) with different crude protein (145 (LCP) and 187 (HCP) g/kg dry matter) content. NPA of essential AA (EAA) and non-essential AA (NEAA) was lower (p < 0.05) in Iberian than Landrace pigs, and in LCP than HCP diet. Fractional absorption (NPA/AA intake) of EAA, NEAA, and total AA was, respectively, 36, 49, and 44% lower in LCP than HCP diet in Iberian pigs; and 8, 2, and 4% greater in Landrace pigs. Fractional absorption of EAA, NEAA, and total AA was 42, 68, and 60% lower in Iberian than Landrace pigs fed LPC diet; and 1, 36, and 26% when fed the HCP diet. NPA of AA may partially explain the low growth rate of Iberian pigs.

Exploratory study on tissue ablation with cryoelectrolysis.

This is an exploratory study on the effect of electrolysis, delivered during the thawing stage of a cryoablation protocol, on tissue ablation. This treatment protocol, that combines freezing and electrolysis, is named "cryoelectrolysis". In cryoelectrolysis the cryoablation probe is also used as the electrolysis delivering electrode. The study was performed on the liver of Landrace pigs and the tissues were examined 24 hours after treatment (two pigs) and 48 hours after treatment (one pig). The cryoelectrolysis device and different cryoelectrolysis ablation configurations tested are described. This exploratory, non-statistical study shows that the addition of electrolysis expands the ablated area in comparison to cryoablation alone and that there is a substantial difference between the histological appearance of tissue treated by cryoablation alone, tissue treated by cryoablation and electrolysis at the anode and tissue treated by cryoablation and electrolysis at the cathode.

The effect of feeding fattener pigs with hybrid rye on selected growth and carcass traits and on meat quality characteristics

Abstract Modern hybrid varieties of rye can be successfully used for feeding pigs. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of different levels (20%, 40% and 60%) of hybrid rye in diet on the growth, slaughter value, chemical composition, physical and sensory traits and the fatty acids profile in pork meat. The experiment was performed with 100 Polish Landrace pigs that were randomly allocated into 4 groups: control, without rye, and experimental with hybrid rye addition. After slaughter lean meat content estimation, carcass traits, quality characteristics and the fatty acids profile of the longissimus lumborum muscle were determined. No significant influence on the growth performance, carcass traits and the majority of physical traits, basic composition, cholesterol content and sensory features of the longissimus lumborum muscle was found. The type and levels of cereals significantly change the FA profile. More favorable values for PUFA and the ratio of n-6/n-3 acids were obtained in pigs fed with hybrid rye than with a mix of wheat with barley. In conclusion, feeding pigs with hybrid rye at the level of 20–60% in the diet results in positive effects in the fatty acids profile, without compromising daily gain, feed intake, carcass traits, physicochemical and sensory attributes of pork meat.

Dietary replacement of processed cassava peel-leaf blends for maize: Impact on growth performance and blood parameters of growing pigs

This study investigated the effect of dietary inclusion of differently processed cassava peel-leaf blend (CPLB) on performance and blood parameters of growing pigs. CPLB (Cassava peel: Cassava leaf; 5:1) was included in pigs diet in a feeding trial for 8wks. The CPLB replaced maize at 50%. Twenty four male crossbred (Large white x Landrace) pigs of mean weight range (20-22 kg) were assigned on a weight equalization basis to four dietary treatments having six replicates with one pig per replicate. A standard corn soya-based diet (control), Unfermented CPLB (UCPLB), water fermented CPLB (WCPLB) and microbial fermented CPLB (MCPLB) using Aspergillus tamarii as inoculum was formulated. Growth response was measured weekly, haematology and biochemical analysis were carried out at the end of 8th week. There was no significant (P&gt;0,05) effect on growth performance and haematology parameters at the end of 8 weeks. Serum creatinine and thiocyanate were significantly (P&lt;0,05) affected by dietary inclusion of processed CPLB at 8th week. Pigs fed diet containing UCPLB had reduced (P&lt;0,05) serum creatinine (0,58 mg/dl). Serum thiocyanate was reduced (P&lt;0.05) for pigs fed diets containing WCPLB (1,16 g/ml) and those fed diet containing MCPLB (1,10 g/ml). In conclusion, CPLB based diet irrespective of processing method did not significantly affect growth performance, haematological parameters and without negative effect on biochemical parameters.

Association between the MUC4 g.243A&gt;G Polymorphism and Production Performance of Landrace and Yorkshire Pigs in Vietnam

Porcine mucin 4 (MUC4) is a candidate gene for controlling the adhesion of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 receptor. Polymorphisms of the MUC4 gene have been used as markers to identify the susceptibility of neonatal diarrhea in piglets for breeding selection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of MUC4 g.243A&gt;G polymorphisms on the production traits of Landrace and Yorkshire pigs in Vietnam. A total of 1,057 Landrace and 1,361 Yorkshire piglets were used to estimate the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the polymorphisms. Body weights at birth, at weaning, at initial fattening (IBW), and at the end of fattening period (FBW), backfat thickness (BFT), and depth of the longissimus dorsi muscle (DLD) were measured and lean meat percentage was estimated. Frequency of the susceptibility allele A to ETEC was higher than the resistance allele G for both breeds based on genotyping piglet tails collected at birth. The AA, AG, and GG genotypes were present in Yorkshire while GG was not found in Landrace. The production traits were not affected (P &gt;0.05) by MUC4 polymorphisms except BFT and DLD (P &lt;0.05). There were interactions between gender and MUC4 genotype (P &lt;0.05) for IBW, FBW, average daily gain, and DLD. These traits of GG males were significantly higher than those of GG females (P &lt;0.05). The results suggest that selecting pigs carrying the GG genotype of MUC4, known as providing resistance to ETEC, do not negatively affect productive performance in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs.

The Landscape of Accessible Chromatin and Developmental Transcriptome Maps Reveal a Genetic Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Development in Pigs

The epigenetic regulation mechanism of porcine skeletal muscle development relies on the openness of chromatin and is also precisely regulated by transcriptional machinery. However, fewer studies have exploited the temporal changes in gene expression and the landscape of accessible chromatin to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling muscle development. To address this, skeletal muscle biopsy samples were taken from Landrace pigs at days 0 (D0), 60 (D60), 120 (D120), and 180 (D180) after birth and were then analyzed using RNA-seq and ATAC-seq. The RNA-seq analysis identified 8554 effective differential genes, among which ACBD7, TMEM220, and ATP1A2 were identified as key genes related to the development of porcine skeletal muscle. Some potential cis-regulatory elements identified by ATAC-seq analysis contain binding sites for many transcription factors, including SP1 and EGR1, which are also the predicted transcription factors regulating the expression of ACBD7 genes. Moreover, the omics analyses revealed regulatory regions that become ectopically active after birth during porcine skeletal muscle development after birth and identified 151,245, 53,435, 30,494, and 40,911 peaks. The enriched functional elements are related to the cell cycle, muscle development, and lipid metabolism. In summary, comprehensive high-resolution gene expression maps were developed for the transcriptome and accessible chromatin during postnatal skeletal muscle development in pigs.

Prediction of subcutaneous drug absorption - Characterization of subcutaneous interstitial fluids as a basis for developing biorelevant in vitro models

Unlike orally administered drugs, the absorption profile of subcutaneously injectable drugs in humans is difficult to predict from preclinical studies. Since the subcutaneous interstitial fluid (ISF) is the first fluid interacting with the administered formulation before the respective drug is absorbed, it could critically affect bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences of ISF of different species. For this purpose, ISF was isolated from subcutaneous tissues of five preclinical animal species, i.e., mice, rats, minipig, landrace pig, non-human primates, and humans, using a centrifugation method, and characterized with respect to its major constituents and physicochemical properties. The results show trends between animal species, with ISF from non-human primates differing significantly from that of the other preclinical species for most parameters analyzed and showing similarities to ISF of human origin. Although from a statistical point of view it will be necessary to further increase the existing data sets, the presented data provide valuable information for the development of biorelevant in vitro models to predict the in vivo performance of subcutaneously administered formulations, as they provide fundamental information for the design of biorelevant ISF media for both preclinical species and humans.

Giving of concentrate based on fermented chicken livestock waste and its effect on carcase characteristics and microbial profile of landrace pork meat (LD muscle)

This study was to determine the effect of concentrates based on fermented chicken farm waste (CCFW) on carcass characteristics and microbial profiles in crossbreed landrace pigs.The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and four replications (3 x 4). The treatments were, A: using 0% CCFW + 24% CP-152 concentrate, B: 12% CCFW + 12% CP_152 concentrate and C: 24% CCFW + 0% CP-152 concentrate. The study used 12 finisher phase pigs with an average body weight of 63.42 ± 2.39 kg. The research parameters were carcass characteristics (SW, CW, %CC, LCC, REA), and microbial profiles in meat (TPC, Coliform, and E.coli) of landrace pigs.The results of the study were that in treatment groups A and B, almost the same results were obtained for all carcass characteristic parameters (P&gt;0.05). By giving 24% CCFW (C) the carcass characteristic values ​​were significantly lower than the control (P&lt;0.05). The use of commercial concentrates of 12%-24% CCFW did not change the microbial profile of pork landrace pig (P&gt;0.05).

The impact of Box-Cox transformation on phenotypic and genomic characteristics of litter size variability in Landrace pigs

The genetic background of variability remains of interest especially in traits of high economic importance, e.g. litter size in pigs. It has been indicated that the data transformation can affect the variability phenotype. This study aims to evaluate the phenotypic and genomic background of variability of litter size obtained from data before and after the Box-Cox transformation. In total, 67 500 records on the total number born (TNB) in Landrace pig population were used. Since the data presented skewness, the decision was made to perform Box-Cox transformation on TNB and obtain bcTNB. Next, the phenotypic variability was estimated as log-transformed variance of residuals (LnVar) for both TNB (LnVar_TNB) and bcTNB (LnVar_bcTNB). The variability traits were further used in the genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed on 10 688 sows genotyped with Axiom porcine 660 K or imputed to 660 K SNP-chip. The substantial difference in skewness was observed after data transformation, represented as a change from −0.46 to −0.02. Heritability for TNB was 0.118 vs 0.125 for bcTNB. The heritability for LnVar_TNB was 0.0025 vs 0.0037 for LnVar_bcTNB. The change in the genetic variance was confirmed when genetic coefficients on SD level were compared: 2% for LnVar_TNB vs 4% for LnVar_bcTNB. In bivariate analysis, the genetic correlation between the additive genetic effects of the mean TNB and its variability changed from 0.38 to 0.63. The observed positive genetic correlations indicated that selection focused on increasing the litter size will simultaneously cause an increase in litter size variability. Based on GWAS, 14 SNPs were detected for LnVar_TNB and eight for LnVar_bcTNB, with two of them indicating the most promising candidate genes. First candidate gene located on Sus scrofa chromosome (SSC) 3 is STAG3, which plays an essential role in gametogenesis. Second gene located on SSC 10 is ESRRG, which affects placenta development. The additional post-GWAS analysis indicated even more candidate genes for LnVar_TNB and LnVar_bcTNB. The most promising candidate gene was located on SSC 13 – MFN1, which is involved in embryonic development. The results of this study indicated a substantial change in variance components for variability when the Box-Cox transformation was applied to data presenting skewness. Moreover, the data transformation changed the phenotype substantially enough that only part of SNP overlapped between two variability traits. Our investigation shows that it is essential to perform Box-Cox transformation for skewed data in order to properly describe phenotypic and genomic properties of litter size variability in Landrace pigs.

Cloning of STC-1 and analysis of its differential expression in Hezuo pig

The purpose of this study was to examine STC-1's structure, function, and differential expression in large and miniature pigs. We cloned the Hezuo pig’s coding sequence, compared its homology, and used bioinformatics to assess the structure. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression in ten tissues of Hezuo pig and Landrace pig. The results showed that Hezuo pig was most closely related to Capra hircus and most distantly related to Danio rerio. The protein STC-1 has a signal peptide and its secondary structure is dominated by the alpha helix. The mRNA expression in the spleen, duodenum, jejunum, and stomach of Hezuo pigs was higher than that of Landrace pigs. And except for heart and duodenum, expression of the protein in Hezuo pig was higher than in another. In conclusion, STC-1 is highly conserved among different breeds of pigs, and the expression and distribution of its mRNA and protein are different in large and miniature pigs. This work can lay the foundation for future study into the mechanism of action of STC-1 in Hezuo pigs and the enhancement of breeding in miniature pigs.

3D-electroanatomical mapping of the left atrium and catheter-based pulmonary vein isolation in pigs: A practical guide.

To propose a standardized workflow for 3D-electroanatomical mapping guided pulmonary vein isolation in pigs. Danish female landrace pigs were anaesthetized. Ultrasound-guided puncture of both femoral veins was performed and arterial access for blood pressure measurement established. Fluoroscopy- and intracardiac ultrasound-guided passage of the patent foramen ovale or transseptal puncture was performed. Then, 3D-electroanatomical mapping of the left atrium was conducted using a high-density mapping catheter. After mapping all pulmonary veins, an irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter was used to perform ostial ablation to achieve electrical pulmonary vein isolation. Entrance- and exit-block were confirmed and re-assessed after a 20-min waiting period. Lastly, animals were sacrificed to perform left atrial anatomical gross examination. We present data from 11 consecutive pigs undergoing pulmonary vein isolation. Passage of the fossa ovalis or transseptal puncture was uneventful and successful in all animals. Within the inferior pulmonary trunk 2-4 individual veins as well as 1-2 additional left and right pulmonary veins could be cannulated. Electrical isolation by point-by-point ablation of all targeted veins was successful. However, pitfalls including phrenic nerve capture during ablation, ventricular arrhythmias during antral isolation close to the mitral valve annulus and difficulties in accessing right pulmonary veins were encountered. Fluoroscopy- and intracardiac ultrasound-guided transseptal puncture, high-density electroanatomical mapping of all pulmonary veins and complete electrical pulmonary vein isolation can be achieved reproducibly and safely in pigs when using current technologies and a step-by-step approach.

Androgen-Dependent Expression of CUX2 mRNA in the Pig Liver Is Associated with That of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters.

We previously identified androgen-dependent sex differences in the mRNA expression of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), including CYPs, sulfotransferases and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases, and drug transporters in the pig liver and kidney. To elucidate the mechanism for such sex differences in pigs, we herein focused on the key regulators cut-like homeobox 2 (Cux2), B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (Stat5b), which are reported to be responsible for the sex-biased gene expression of Cyps in the mouse liver. We used real-time RT-PCR to examine androgen-dependent sex differences in the mRNA levels of these regulators in the liver and kidney basically using Meishan and Landrace pigs. Significant sex differences (male > female) in the level of CUX2 mRNA were detected in the liver of both breeds, and levels were significantly decreased in males by castration and increased in castrated males and intact females by administering testosterone propionate. No such clear androgen-dependent sex differences in hepatic BCL6 or STAT5B mRNA expression were observed in either breed. In the kidney, androgen-dependent gene expression of these regulators was not observed. In the liver, CUX2 mRNA expression closely correlated with that of DMEs and drug transporters, which were previously shown to have androgen-dependent expression. Together, these findings demonstrate that hepatic CUX2 mRNA is expressed in an androgen-dependent manner, and strongly suggest that CUX2 plays a key role in the androgen-dependent gene expression of hepatic DMEs and drug transporters.

The impact of substituting waste flour from a broiler farm for commercial concentrate on production performance and edible offal of landrace pig

The impact of substituting waste flour from a broiler farm for commercial concentrate on production performance and edible offal of landrace pig

Increasing sustainability in pork production by using high inclusion levels of co-products DDGS, wheat middling and canola meal doesn't affect pig growth performance and meat quality but reduce boar taint.

the present study is to examine the effect of high inclusion of co-products in pig diets (referred to as an alternative diet) during the finishing stage on pig growth performance, meat quality and boar taint compounds. Growing pigs were fed an alternative diet made with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS, 25%), canola meal (CM, 20%), and wheat middling (WM, 15%) or a control diet based on barley and soybean meal (SBM) to investigate the impact of co-products on pig performance and meat quality. Sixteen female and sixteen entire male Duroc × (Large White × Landrace) pigs (22.6 ± 2.07 kg, body weight ± SE) were equally allocated to the diets. Pigs fed the alternative diet had a lower feed intake; however, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were unaffected by diet. A diet by sex interaction was found for gain:feed whereby males fed the alternative diet had the best feed conversion (P < 0.01). Pork from pigs fed the alternative diet had lower a* and Chroma and protein % (P < 0.05), while other meat quality characteristics were unaffected. The alternative diet reduced backfat skatole levels (P < 0.001). A diet containing a high inclusion levels of co-products can be fed to pigs during the finishing stage without detrimental effects on pig performance or meat quality and with the potential to enhance pork flavour. This finding suggests a solution to increase the sustainable development of pig production.

Superior preservation of capillaries, myofibrils and mitochondria after long-term extracorporeal perfusion of free muscle flaps - A descriptive electron microscopy study.

Extracorporeal perfusion (ECP) is a promising technique for prolonged tissue preservation, but might have side effects. For instance, increased radical oxygen species or capillary endothelial damage. To assess ultra-morphological muscle damage during 36-hour ECP of porcine musculocutaneous flaps, hypothesizing that it would delay the onset of damage compared to static cold storage (SCS). Bilateral flaps were retrieved from three Dutch Landrace pigs. Three flaps were preserved for 36 hours by hypothermic storage 4-6°C (control group) and three flaps by ECP with cooled University of Wisconsin solution. Muscle biopsies were taken at 0 h, 12 h and 36 h and assessed with transmission electron microscopy. Muscle architecture was best preserved by ECP, with a delayed onset and decreased severity of muscle damage. After 36 hours, damage was two-fold lower in ECP-flaps compared to SCS-flaps. Myofibril architecture was best preserved. Mitochondria were greatly preserved with swelling being the most prominent feature. Capillaries were moderately but differently damaged during ECP, with focal endothelial thinning as opposed to luminal obstruction in SCS-preserved flaps. This experiment described favourable cellular preservation of skeletal muscle flaps during ECP compared to SCS. Results showed less severe ultra-morphological damage and a later onset of damage.

Utilizing Variants Identified with Multiple Genome-Wide Association Study Methods Optimizes Genomic Selection for Growth Traits in Pigs

Improving the prediction accuracies of economically important traits in genomic selection (GS) is a main objective for researchers and breeders in the livestock industry. This study aims at utilizing potentially functional SNPs and QTLs identified with various genome-wide association study (GWAS) models in GS of pig growth traits. We used three well-established GWAS methods, including the mixed linear model, Bayesian model and meta-analysis, as well as 60K SNP-chip and whole genome sequence (WGS) data from 1734 Yorkshire and 1123 Landrace pigs to detect SNPs related to four growth traits: average daily gain, backfat thickness, body weight and birth weight. A total of 1485 significant loci and 24 candidate genes which are involved in skeletal muscle development, fatty deposition, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance were identified. Compared with using all SNP-chip data, GS with the pre-selected functional SNPs in the standard genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), and a two-kernel based GBLUP model yielded average gains in accuracy by 4 to 46% (from 0.19 ± 0.07 to 0.56 ± 0.07) and 5 to 27% (from 0.16 ± 0.06 to 0.57 ± 0.05) for the four traits, respectively, suggesting that the prioritization of preselected functional markers in GS models had the potential to improve prediction accuracies for certain traits in livestock breeding.

Dietary Complex Probiotic Supplementation Changed the Composition of Intestinal Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Improved the Average Daily Gain of Growing Pigs

At present, probiotics are being extensively evaluated for their efficacy as an alternative to antibiotics, and their safety in livestock production. In this study, 128 (Duroc, Yorkshire and Landrace) pigs with an average initial body weight of 28.38 ± 0.25 kg were allocated to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete-block design. There were eight pens per treatment, with four pigs per pen (two barrows and two gilts). Dietary treatments included: (1) control diet; (2) control diet + 0.05% complex probiotic; (3) control diet + 0.1% complex probiotic; (4) control diet + 0.2% complex probiotic. During the 28-day experimental period, the feeding of 0.1% complex probiotic in the diet increased body weight and average daily gain (p < 0.05). The addition of complex probiotics decreased total cholesterol and glucose concentrations in the blood (p < 0.01). Acetate concentrations in the blood increased from 0.1% complex probiotic in the diet (p < 0.05), while NH3 and H2S emissions in the feces decreased (p < 0.05) from 0.1% or 0.2% complex probiotic in the diet. In conclusion, dietary complex probiotic supplementation changed the composition of intestinal short-chain fatty acids and improved growth performance for growing pigs.

Copper content in parenchymatous organs of landrace pigs

Results of the evaluation of copper levels in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen of Landrace pigs are presented. Studies were performed on clinically healthy six-month-old animals bred in a large pig farm in Altai Krai. Animal housing conditions were standard, typical for meat-fattening feeding was used. The authors performed an elemental analysis of samples of parenchymal organs using atomic absorption spectrometry with flame and electrothermal atomization. The data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel and the R programming language in the RStudio data analysis environment version 2022.07.2+576 (RStudio, PBC). It was found that the distribution in the case of copper accumulation in the kidneys and lungs was different from usual, and the dispersions were not homogeneous. Based on the mean value and median, the authors established an increasing ranked series of the copper content in the organs: spleen &lt; lungs &lt; kidneys &lt; liver, in numerical terms: 1: 1.1: 6.4: 7.5. Median copper values in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen were 6.25; 5.02; 0.88; and 0.83 mg/ kg, respectively. More excellent uniformity is characteristic of copper accumulation in the lungs and spleen. Using the Kraskell-Wallis criterion, we found that the collection of copper varies significantly in the organs under study (H = 80.03, df = 3, p &lt; 0.0001). Pairwise comparison showed significant differences for pairs: “liver - lungs” (p &lt; 0.0001), “kidneys - lungs” (p &lt; 0.0001), “liver - spleen” (p &lt; 0.0001), “kidneys - spleen” (p &lt; 0.0001). Cluster analysis revealed two groups: “lungs - spleen” and “liver - kidneys,” which differ significantly in the level of copper accumulation. The data obtained can be used to calculate the corresponding standard values of the copper content in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen of Landrace pigs under the conditions of Western Siberia.

Comprehensive Analysis of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network for Intramuscular Fat in Pigs.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) is an essential trait closely related to meat quality. The IMF trait is a complex quantitative trait that is regulated by multiple genes. In order to better understand the process of IMF and explore the key factors affecting IMF deposition, we identified differentially expressed mRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) between Songliao Black (SL) pigs and Landrace pigs. We obtained 606 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 55 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), and 30 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) between the SL pig and Landrace pig. Enrichment results from GO and KEGG indicate that DEGs are involved in fatty acid metabolism and some pathways related to glycogen synthesis. We constructed an lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network with 18 DELs, 11 DEMs, and 42 DEGs. Finally, the research suggests that ARID5B, CPT1B, ACSL1, LPIN1, HSP90AA1, IRS1, IRS2, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and PLIN2 may be the key genes affecting IMF deposition. The LncRNAs MSTRG.19948.1, MSTRG.13120.1, MSTRG.20210.1, and MSTRG.10023.1, and the miRNAs ssc-miRNA-429 and ssc-miRNA-7-1, may play a regulatory role in IMF deposition through their respective target genes. Our research provides a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of IMF.