Strip Of Land Research Articles

Translator's Note: Translating Eli Eliahu's Difficult Efficiency

WORLDLIT.ORG 7 Ilike simple writing, straightforward and uncomplicated, and I try to write like that,” Eli Eliahu said, upon receiving Israel’s Matanel Prize in 2013. His work is characterized by this lack of pretension, and it lingers as much on the unsaid as it does on what is spoken aloud. In his poems, not is as present as what is; part of the challenge of translating his work is to catch the rhythm of the no, as it recurs in his poems, and convey it as seamlessly and easily as he is able to do in Modern Hebrew. Eliahu grew up in Ramat Gan, a suburb of Tel Aviv, but his roots are further east than Israel’s central coast, the narrow strip of land where he was born, went to university , and still resides. Eliahu is from an Iraqi Jewish family—his father was born in Baghdad—and the Mizrahi experience in Israel informs many of his poems. “Mizrahi” is a broad but important term in Israeli culture; literally translated as “Eastern,” it refers to Jews who immigrated to Israel mostly from Arab lands (and many Mizrahi families previously spoke Arabic as their primary language) but also includes Jews from Iran, India, Turkey, Central Asia, and other places. Israeli culture has traditionally been dominated by Ashkenazi Jews, and a sense of second-class status became fundamental to Mizrahi identity. Eliahu told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, “When you are a member of an Mizrahi family and you look at the peak of Hebrew poetry and see only people from Europe—who belong to another culture, who speak a little differently, who came from a different home from you—you feel a bit like you do at the cinema, seeing only blond people with blue eyes.” As a second-generation Mizrahi writer, Eliahu writes from a space of both success and loss: his own success in becoming Israeli; his parents’ loss of access to their culture, the spaces of their childhood, the sounds of their world; and the distance between his experience and theirs. There is a confidence in the straightforwardness of his language, a belief that he does not need to say more than necessary. This efficiency can be difficult to translate. Modern Hebrew is already a compressed language, combining into single words what might take three or four words to say in English . Additionally, Hebrew is based on a series of shoreshim (roots), so that multiple words branch off from the same core, maintaining a relationship to each other even as they shift into different meanings. Translating Eliahu requires honoring the efficiency of his language, and maintaining the directness of his speech, while allowing these resonances to be heard. He writes as if you’ve encountered him at one of Tel Aviv’s many cafés, speaking to you over a cup of strong coffee, before you both have to get on with your days, go home to your families, take stock of your pleasures and your failures. Like many Israeli writers, Eliahu does not exist only in the world of poetry. He works as a journalist and editor, but he recognizes a difference between the language of the everyday and that of poetry. “When you read an article or news brief, once you have read the words, they fall away and die, like carcasses on the roadside,” he has said. “But in poetry, the fourth line stands connected to the first, and all the words likewise stand connected to each other.” This sense of the beauty and solidity of poetry, which Eliahu has inherited from influences as disparate as the Hebrew Bible, Walt Whitman, and Wisława Szymborska, now comes to us distilled into the language of one of Israel’s most plainspoken poets. Kevin Haworth is the author of four books, including the essay collection Famous Drownings in Literary History. The director of the low-residency MFA program at Carlow University in Pittsburgh, he is at work on Rutu Modan: War, Love and Secrets, a study of Israel’s leading graphic novelist. Editorial note: Turn to page 59 to read two of Kevin’s translated Eliahu poems. translator’s note Translating Eli Eliahu’s Difficult...

Translator's Note: Translating Eli Eliahu's Difficult Efficiency

WORLDLIT.ORG 7 Ilike simple writing, straightforward and uncomplicated, and I try to write like that,” Eli Eliahu said, upon receiving Israel’s Matanel Prize in 2013. His work is characterized by this lack of pretension, and it lingers as much on the unsaid as it does on what is spoken aloud. In his poems, not is as present as what is; part of the challenge of translating his work is to catch the rhythm of the no, as it recurs in his poems, and convey it as seamlessly and easily as he is able to do in Modern Hebrew. Eliahu grew up in Ramat Gan, a suburb of Tel Aviv, but his roots are further east than Israel’s central coast, the narrow strip of land where he was born, went to university , and still resides. Eliahu is from an Iraqi Jewish family—his father was born in Baghdad—and the Mizrahi experience in Israel informs many of his poems. “Mizrahi” is a broad but important term in Israeli culture; literally translated as “Eastern,” it refers to Jews who immigrated to Israel mostly from Arab lands (and many Mizrahi families previously spoke Arabic as their primary language) but also includes Jews from Iran, India, Turkey, Central Asia, and other places. Israeli culture has traditionally been dominated by Ashkenazi Jews, and a sense of second-class status became fundamental to Mizrahi identity. Eliahu told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, “When you are a member of an Mizrahi family and you look at the peak of Hebrew poetry and see only people from Europe—who belong to another culture, who speak a little differently, who came from a different home from you—you feel a bit like you do at the cinema, seeing only blond people with blue eyes.” As a second-generation Mizrahi writer, Eliahu writes from a space of both success and loss: his own success in becoming Israeli; his parents’ loss of access to their culture, the spaces of their childhood, the sounds of their world; and the distance between his experience and theirs. There is a confidence in the straightforwardness of his language, a belief that he does not need to say more than necessary. This efficiency can be difficult to translate. Modern Hebrew is already a compressed language, combining into single words what might take three or four words to say in English . Additionally, Hebrew is based on a series of shoreshim (roots), so that multiple words branch off from the same core, maintaining a relationship to each other even as they shift into different meanings. Translating Eliahu requires honoring the efficiency of his language, and maintaining the directness of his speech, while allowing these resonances to be heard. He writes as if you’ve encountered him at one of Tel Aviv’s many cafés, speaking to you over a cup of strong coffee, before you both have to get on with your days, go home to your families, take stock of your pleasures and your failures. Like many Israeli writers, Eliahu does not exist only in the world of poetry. He works as a journalist and editor, but he recognizes a difference between the language of the everyday and that of poetry. “When you read an article or news brief, once you have read the words, they fall away and die, like carcasses on the roadside,” he has said. “But in poetry, the fourth line stands connected to the first, and all the words likewise stand connected to each other.” This sense of the beauty and solidity of poetry, which Eliahu has inherited from influences as disparate as the Hebrew Bible, Walt Whitman, and Wisława Szymborska, now comes to us distilled into the language of one of Israel’s most plainspoken poets. Kevin Haworth is the author of four books, including the essay collection Famous Drownings in Literary History. The director of the low-residency MFA program at Carlow University in Pittsburgh, he is at work on Rutu Modan: War, Love and Secrets, a study of Israel’s leading graphic novelist. Editorial note: Turn to page 59 to read two of Kevin’s translated Eliahu poems. translator’s note Translating Eli Eliahu’s Difficult...

Contribution of Indo-Bangladesh Trade through Tripura in Fighting Poverty and Unemployment

North east region of India has a long international border of 5182 km but it is connected with the mainland India through a narrow strip of land of width of 22 km. Owing to this, the problem of poverty and unemployment is particularly more prominent in NER than the rest of the country. Thus, there was a felt need to study how the international borders contribute to cope up with problems of poverty and unemployment. The study has been done in the context of Tripura, a NER state which is surrounded by Bangladesh in 3 sides and shares geographical and cultural proximity with Bangladesh. The study stands on available primary and secondary data and aims to find out contribution of trade with Bangladesh in fighting poverty and unemployment in rural Tripura. It has been found in the study that, in one hand the geographical position of the region checks the scope to earn opportunities from the mainland of the country, on the other, the long international border catalyses international trade, both formal and informal, and provides employment opportunities to the rural people.

The Batture Effect

On a narrow strip of land between the Mississippi River and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ flood control levees in New Orleans, a squatters’ community called the Batture exhibits an unusual inversion of conventional assumptions regarding hazard awareness and development security. For a New Orleanian to willingly take up residence on the “wrong side” of the levee is to break the most fundamental rule of the city’s spatial economy and collective psychology. This article proposes the existence of a Batture Effect , a mode of insurgent citizenship whereby hidden environmental threats are made visible and small-scale architectural, urban, and psychological adaptation measures are tested. As an adaptive design strategy, organic in its development over time and responsive to the immediate needs of residents, the occupation of the Batture demonstrates a homesteader’s approach to land appropriation. In calling into question land-use and ownership, the urban planning process and its associated spatial agency, and the role of the individual in disaster preparedness, this guerilla urbanism suggests relevant lessons to the practice of landscape architecture and urban planning.

Cartographie De La Dynamique Du Trait De Cote A Grand-Lahou : Utilisation De L’outil « Digital Shoreline Analysis System (Dsas)»

Like many coasts, coastal erosion is evident on all the Ivorian coast and is characterized by the destruction of physical assets (infrastructure, habitat and sightseeing). Especially in Grand-Lahou, it threatens a fishing village located on a strip of land 200 meters separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Tadjo lagoon and facing the mouth of the Bandama River. To contribute to the choice of sustainable coastal development in Grand-Lahou, this study aims to characterize the dynamics of the coastline by performing coastal erosion map locally for the best appreciation of the erosion phenomenon. To do this, the GIS which consisted of compilation of coastlines data from Landsat images from 1998, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2011 and 2014 in the study area. The dynamic of the coastline in this zone was done through the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAW). The variations observed between 1998 and 2014 show a coastline fattening at an average rate of 2.09 m / year in the west of the river mouth before Lahou-Kpanda village and erosion with a speed of 0.84 m / year on rest of the shore after Lahou Kpanda village.

Barrier coverage in energy harvesting sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be used effectively to form barriers that monitor strips of land for applications such as homeland security and critical infrastructure protection. When WSNs are used as barriers, they are typically deployed for extended period of time, so it is of great importance that the network has a long lifetime. Sensors are highly constrained in their energy usage, even when deploying the current energy-harvesting technology. It is necessary that the harvested energy be used effectively. The lifetime problem for WSNs with no energy harvesting has been studied extensively. In this paper, we study lifetime issues of the k-barrier coverage problem for energy harvesting WSNs. First we develop an algorithm that finds a repeating sleep/wakeup schedule that can provide the perpetual operation of the maximum number of barriers in an energy harvesting WSN. Then in the case that perpetual operation can not be achieved, we give an exact solution to the problem of achieving maximum lifetime for the application of k-barrier coverage in energy harvesting WSNs.

The resilience of the Karoo townscapes of South Africa: conserving what the Group Areas Act, 1950, spared.

Apartheid South Africa was obsessed with separating citizens on a racial basis yet, despite passing various segregationist laws, in many urban areas members of different ethnic groups continued to live as neighbours. This was countered by the passing of the Group Areas Act, which restricted the occupation of land to specific racial groups and saw the forceful relocation of citizens and the demolition of building stock, none more glaringly than District Six in Cape Town, 1966. However, in imposing apartheid planning principles on an established small town, the townsfolk and the historic fabric felt the brunt, with physical and emotional voids and scars that still show today. The towns of the South African interior were established during the 19c, largely by the dominant faith community. Settler farmers would converge, especially at high festivals when they would encamp, hence the ubiquitous provision of church and square. Typically this space became architecturally defined by townhouses, which affording parishioners would build for their accommodation over those festivals or on retirement. The properties were serviced by water furrows to become self-sufficient entities and furthered the agricultural basis of most such towns. Following the Dutch tradition, the townhouses were unified as a walled development in the shadow of the towering church, yet fronted by narrow verandas along tree-lined streets, and adapted in construction and design to withstand the extremes of climate. As whites vacated these townhouses e.g. to move into larger, detached houses, people of other racial groups would move in. From the late-1960s onwards came the apartheid decree for the reordering of towns to minimise social contact between different races. The centres were zoned as part of the white group areas and blacks were legislated for in townships located outside town; effectively, the Act applied to coloureds, an ethnic group composed primarily of persons of mixed race. Different ethnic groups were to be separated by buffer strips of open land at least 30m wide, assisted by geography and infrastructure. In Richmond, somewhat unusually, the mission church with the square was razed and removed from the white town, while significant building stock of coloureds was destroyed to create an appropriate buffer. Interestingly, the voids created by demolitions or the vestiges of floors and stairs often do not register any particular association with today’s students until historical photographs are found. It is then that the influence of politics comes alive. However, understanding the forces of political vandalism and seeking confirmation from older residents is one thing; restitution and rebuilding in the ‘manner of today’ while conserving what the Group Areas Act has spared, is the design challenge. An exploratory approach to the research will question the extent to which the resilience of the townscapes in the semi-desert Karoo interior of South Africa, informed the proposals for conservation, as put forward by senior students of architecture at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, in 2013.

The Area of the Strait Reading Theories and Strategies for a Metropolitan Dimension

Extending across a peninsular strip going from Gioia Tauro to Melito Porto Salvo on the Calabrian side, and from Milazzo to Giardini Naxos on the Sicilian side, the Strait of Sicily sees theAspromonte massif and the Peloritani mountain range as two facing stage sets of land sketching in the gulf a water piazza of a landscaping room. Described in the proposal by Giuseppe and Alberto Samonà, Ludovico Quaroni, Antonio Quistelli, Sergio Musmeci, Paolo D’Orsi Villani and Leonardo Urbani, it outlines, in the county seats of Reggio Calabria and Messina, the prevalence of a Euclidean space, identifiable in the exact metrics given by the recurrence of the measuring step of the blocks drawn in the reconstruction plans. The geographical dimension and the human nature of the district identify into the longitudinal extension the characterizing element of a territory and with it the main issue of its own logistics coverage. In this scenario the water piazza of the Strait is cut through on a daily basis by the network linking the two sides, like strings of commuter traffic between two strips of land whose distance has always been too small to make out their separate destinies yet too broad to facilitate their joining. It follows the need to reflect upon the infrastructure of the entire surrounding area which, while proposing a study on the themes of accessibility and crossing, also outlines a strategy running on harbours and airports as gateways to the entire area to scale with nature and the size of its traffic.

Assembling the Iron Age Levant: The Archaeology of Communities, Polities, and Imperial Peripheries

Archaeological research on the Iron Age (1200–500 BC) Levant, a narrow strip of land bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Desert, has been balkanized into smaller culture historical zones structured by modern national borders and disciplinary schools. One consequence of this division has been an inability to articulate broader research themes that span the wider region. This article reviews scholarly debates over the past two decades and identifies shared research interests in issues such as ethnogenesis, the development of territorial polities, economic intensification, and divergent responses to imperial interventions. The broader contributions that Iron Age Levantine archaeology offers global archaeological inquiry become apparent when the evidence from different corners of the region is assembled.

Roads, routes and rams: does sexual segregation contribute to anthropogenic risk in a desert-dwelling ungulate?

Context Little is known about the consequences of sexual segregation (differential use of resources by the sexes outside of the mating season) for the conservation of large mammals. Roadways (i.e. the strip of land over which a road or route passes) are ubiquitous around the world, and are a major cause of wildlife mortality, as well as habitat loss and fragmentation. Many populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) occur at low densities and in a metapopulation structure. Roadways could affect movements of males and females differentially, an outcome that has not been considered previously. Aims We investigated the propensity of the sexes to cross a paved two-lane road and a single-lane, maintained dirt route and predicted that adult males, because of their life-history characteristics, would cross those roadways more often than females. Methods We investigated movements of male and female bighorn sheep from 1986 to 1990. We used a fixed-wing aircraft with an H-antenna on each wing strut to locate individuals each week from October 1986 to December 1990. We estimated the degree of overlap among 50% core areas of use by males and females with the utilisation distribution overlap index (UDOI). Key results We relocated male and female bighorn sheep on 948 occasions during sexual aggregation and on 1951 occasions during sexual segregation. More males than females were likely to cross both types of roadways during segregation, and the dirt route during aggregation. Propensity of males and females to cross roadways was strongly influenced by time of year (i.e. whether the period of sexual aggregation or sexual segregation). The lowest overlap in 50% core areas was between females and males during periods of segregation (UDOI = 0.1447). Conclusions More males than females crossed Kelbaker Road and the unnamed dirt route during segregation, as well as the unnamed route during aggregation. Both of those features could affect males more than females, and could result in reductions in the use of habitat or increased mortality of bighorn sheep from vehicle collisions as a result of spatial segregation of the sexes. Implications During environmental review, biologists should consider sexual segregation when assessing potential anthropogenic effects on movements of bighorn sheep. Biologists also should consider sexual segregation and how roadways, even lightly traveled routes, affect movements of male and female ungulates differently before manipulating habitat, translocating animals, or constructing or modifying roadways.

Syria’s Displaced: A Photo Essay

Today, close to 80,000 Syrian families are housed at the Za’atari refugee camp, a barren strip of land twelve kilometers from the Syrian border and seventy kilometers from the Jordanian capital, Amman. In late December 2013 and early January 2014, Nina Berman, along with three other photographers, created a visual display on a security wall along the camp. Documenting the everyday lived experiences in the camp, the display on the security wall is visible to both the subjects of the photographs and to visitors, diplomats, and other actors who decide the fate of the refugees living within.

Tafonomía y tecnología lítica en un ambiente altamente dinámico: El caso de la pinguinera del islote La Pastosa (Pcia. de Río Negro) Patagonia, Argentina [Taphonomy and lithic technology in a highly dynamic environment

Taphonomy and lithic technology in a highly dynamic environment: The case of the penguin colony of La Pastosa Islet (Rio Negro Province), Patagonia, Argentina This paper presents the first results of taphonomic and technological analyses of the lithic assemblage recovered on La Pastosa Islet, on the coast of Rio Negro province, Patagonia, Argentina. This archaeological record is particular because it has been under a high formational dynamic and is located in an area recently occupied by a colony of Magellan penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus ). Two samplings of lithic material were made, for which technological, metric and taphonomic variables were registered. La Pastosa is an 8 hectare islet, which is located 768 m. from the continent, and is only attached to it at low tide by a narrow land strip that runs through a marsh. While the absolute age of this island is unknown, we know that from the late Holocene, around 3000 BP, sea level reached current levels (Favier Dubois 2013), and since that time the islet was visited by hunter-gatherers, who buried their dead in the highest part of the island (Favier Dubois et al. 2007, Favier Dubois et al. 2009). Today, this area has a great biodiversity, such as a reproductive colony of sea lions ( Otaria flavescens ) which has recently formed (Svendsen et al. 2009: 8) as well as a variety of seabirds. Artifact sampling was focused on the area of greatest density of lithic artifacts, currently close to the center of the islet (Figure 1). The context of recovery of these materials can be divided into three categories: A) common transit areas of penguins that give shape to paths free of vegetation; B) burrow entrances C) marginal spaces that correspond to sectors of debris accumulation (twigs and dry grass, feathers, Penguin carcasses) on the margins of the transit area (Figure 2). During sampling, the original position of the artifacts, or face of recovery, and context of discovery were recorded. At the lab, general typological (tool, core, or debitage), raw materials, metrics (volume in mm3), and taphonomic variables were registered. The latter in particular were used to characterize and compare both assemblages. The recording and analysis of artifact modification due to taphonomic processes is a line of research to approach the intensity of the physical transformations in the archaeological context, and to indicate their degree of integrity (Schiffer 1983; Burroni et al. 2002). The variables recorded were as follows, the level of weathering in each tool face (W: W0, W1, W2, W3); the presence of carbonate concretion; and the integrity of the piece (whole or broken). The results show that intensive penguin traffic and burrow activity exposed buried materials in certain sectors (Figure 5.1), which are pushed through paths with no vegetation (Figure 5.2) and redeposited in “fall off” areas with little or no circulation (Figure 5.3). These are mostly small patches of vegetation and organic waste, which have high relative stability. For this reason we believe that in these patches, materials are more likely to accumulate and perhaps re-enter into the substrate. Preliminary evidence obtained for this study area suggests that the lithic record is in continuous formation, in this case because of the action of penguins. Since the establishment of this colony is recent, its impact on the archaeological record is significant.

Mapping of Dermacentor reticulatus expansion in Poland in 2012–2014

Rapid expansion of the tick Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius) has been reported in many European countries. In Poland its range was limited to the area on the eastern side of the Vistula River up until the 1990s. However, new foci were recently discovered, while the centre of the country and mountain regions are believed to be free of this tick and are known as “the gap”. A few unconfirmed factors, like unfavourable weather conditions, changes in land cover and absence of competent hosts have previously been reported as possible reasons for the absence of D. reticulatus in this area. Since D. reticulatus plays an important role for the maintenance and the circulation of tick-borne pathogens, we (1) determined its actual range in Poland, (2) monitored its expansion in 2012–2014 and (3) correlated abiotic conditions on its known range. Dragging was conducted in the area between the Vistula River and the western border of Poland in 2012–2014, along the three major Polish rivers and their tributaries. Temperature and humidity on the ground were recorded 4 times a day at a total of 32 sites.D. reticulatus was found in 21 new locations on the western side of the Vistula River and in 22 locations in western Poland. The presence of this tick species was confirmed for the first time in Wielkopolskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie and Łódzkie voivodeships. Existence of ‘the gap’ was confirmed on a strip of land along the northwest–southeast axis (an area of approximately 151000km2), that extends between Zachodniopomorskie and Pomorskie in the North, and the mountain areas with foothills in the South, in Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie and Podkarpackie voivodeships. This gap divides the tick population in Poland into two separated populations – Western and Eastern. The lowest abundance of ticks was found in the newly established foci in central and western Poland.Our study showed the need for the monitoring of the D. reticulatus expansion. Early detection of new foci is crucial for taking proper prevention measures.

The role of the paraglacial environment in the transformation of glacial wartanian relief in Poland

Abstract The article comprises a justification for the need to distinguish the record of the paraglacial environments in the belt of relief formed as a result of the Warta Glaciation in Poland. The zone covers the foreland of the Weichselian Glaciation, occupying a strip of land from several to more than 200 kilometres in width. Simplified, two periods are marked in the history of views on relief genesis of the area. The first, which covers the first half of the 20th century, was dominated by the idea of glacial genesis of the area. The latter period is characterised by the discussion between advocates of the periglacial character of relief of the Wartanian zone and those who defended the thesis of the good preservation of glacial relief of the area. Taking the paraglacial environment into account in analysing relief transformations introduces a new quality and may result in a more complete and precise evaluation of post-Wartanian morphogenesis. It is also consistent with tendencies in worldwide literature and results from the principle of uniformitarianism.

The role of the paraglacial environment in the transformation of glacial wartanian relief in Poland

The article comprises a justification for the need to distinguish the record of the paraglacial environments in the belt of relief formed as a result of the Warta Glaciation in Poland. The zone covers the foreland of the Weichselian Glaciation, occupying a strip of land from several to more than 200 kilometres in width. Simplified, two periods are marked in the history of views on relief genesis of the area. The first, which covers the first half of the 20th century, was dominated by the idea of glacial genesis of the area. The latter period is characterised by the discussion between advocates of the periglacial character of relief of the Wartanian zone and those who defended the thesis of the good preservation of glacial relief of the area. Taking the paraglacial environment into account in analysing relief transformations introduces a new quality and may result in a more complete and precise evaluation of post-Wartanian morphogenesis. It is also consistent with tendencies in worldwide literature and results from the principle of uniformitarianism.

Suk-Young Kim. DMZ Crossing: Performing Emotional Citizenship along the Korean Border.

The demilitarized zone (DMZ) that has separated the two Koreas since the end of the Korean War (1950–1953) is a 2-mile wide, 155-mile long strip of land that stands as a “monument to stalemate” (pp. 6–7). Although environmentalists have proposed turning the zone into a nature preserve for its biodiversity, as Suk-Young Kim points out, doing so could also preserve the very border over which a deadly civil war was fought, along with its attendant war traumas that continue into the present in the form of separated families and lost homes. Such multiple, conflicting attributions of the DMZ's meaning, both as defining and defying state citizenship, are the subject of this innovative study, which uses a variety of mediums, from stage plays, feature films, and documentary films, to museums and tourist sites, that in various ways perform “emotional citizenship” (Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho and George Marcus) along one of the most heavily militarized borders in the world. Instead of recapitulating the security emphasis of most studies on inter-border relations, DMZ Crossing: Performing Emotional Citizenship along the Korean Border deftly makes use of the author's expertise in performance studies to examine the border as a kind of “social dramaturgy” (Tracy C. Davis) that enacts the “performance of state authority and legitimacy” (p. 4) even while becoming an intimate affective space (p. 99). The book thus highlights the border's symbolic and emotional rather than purely material implications. In doing so, it critiques the continuation of the Cold War in Korea, not only highlighting how filmmakers and dissidents have challenged the division of the peninsula by crossing the forbidden line, but also showing how the two states have mobilized that same border to serve their own agenda of maintaining what Paik Nak-chung has termed the “‘division system’” (p. 6).

Der Slawengau Quezici im Licht der Ortsnamen

The Slavonic district Quezici in the light of place names. ‒ The Slavonic district Quezici is mentioned for the first time in a document by Otto I, dated 961, as regio Quezici, in qua inest civitas Ilburg. Past linguistic research localized this district as a narrow strip of land beginning on the left bank of the Mulde river in the vicinity of Eilenburg which extended ca. 15 km to the north. The analysis and mapping of the Slavonic place names in the Eilenburg district revealed a clearly definable settlement area farther south. It extended from Taucha in the west to Müglenz, east of the Mulde. In the west it bordered on the pagus Chutici, in the north on the tribal area of the Siusili, in the south on the district Neletici. In the east a wide primeval forest belt separated the Quezici, Old Sorbian *Kvasici ‘Kvas people’, from the Slavonic tribes in the Elbe valley.

A Study on the Waste Disposal Practices and Its Impact in Alappad Panchayat, Kerala

Waste is always an important problem in this era, where people are not aware of the waste they produce in their household or institutions. Waste is directly linked to human development, both technological and social. The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials. Examples of this include plastics and nuclear technology. Some waste components have economic value and can be recycled once correctly recovered. Waste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people discard may have value to others. With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each household. Alappad is a coastal village in the Kollam District of the Indian state Kerala. It is situated on a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Arabian Sea a few species of ham and the TS Canal - the village is approximately 16 km long and its narrowest point is as thin as 33 meters. So the household people and petty shop people are not at all aware of the waste disposal they have been practising for a long time. The practise they make every day become a habit which affect their habitat with waste problems. Collective effort from a village can be initiated for a waste management process. Making a prompt step will be intended for effective waste management or disposal solution leads to a proper waste management process. Community level intervention should have to be done for a effective outcome. The purpose of this study is to analyse the waste disposal at the community located in the Alappad Panchayat in Kollam district of Kerala. The scope of this study within the community is assessed based upon following a three-fold approach. Firstly the awareness of community on the waste production within this community is examined. Secondly, the disposal method or model is evaluated and compared within this community. Thirdly, the Waste Disposal of the members of the community is gauged. The study was conducted upon a thin section of the society belonging to a specific ethnographic framework with the focus upon twenty participants. Data was collected via interviews and through the administration of an observation checklist. The results of this study can be extrapolated to project the overall effect Waste Management or Waste disposal in coastal villages throughout the entire nation of India.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12289 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-2: 97-101

Water runoff from road surface in mountain forests

Forest roads are treeless strips of land without any natural cover, appropriately shaped in a longitudinal and transverse direction, along which traffic is possible. Road embankments and surfaces are made of proper materials, with the preservation of technological requirements and particular attention to the density of subbases in the road construction. Surface water runoff occurs on all roads as a result of rainfall, because material density of the surface hinders or blocks the infiltration and the road gradient causes the water movement. Precipitation intensity and ground filtration capacity determine the runoff quantity. In forest areas, the surface runoff basically occurs on road surfaces and timber depots, while outside those sites, it rarely occurs in natural and not devastated areas. The paper presents the results of measurements of the surface-runoff intensity from forest dirt roads along several surveyed sections. Some sections were characterised by a high escarpment of the excavation and cross-cut canal for subsurface runoff. The unit intensity from measurement sessions of various precipitation levels was presented, as well as those from the period of snow cover melting. Measurements were taken every 15 minutes. On the basis of these measurements, simulation calculations of the amount of water were performed assuming the homogeneity of the area, the road network and precipitation characteristics, which can occur in the form of surface runoff on forest roads with similar characteristics, in the area of 100 ha, with the road network density of 15 m·ha-1 and 25 m·ha-1, during the precipitation lasting 3 h. These values were referred to the total water quantity from such precipitation and compared with the standard water consumption by an average consumer.

In Search of a Slingshot: Climate Action’s David and the Goliath of Deregulated Capitalism

In Search of a Slingshot:Climate Action’s David and the Goliath of Deregulated Capitalism Emily Walz (bio) Klein, Naomi. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2014. In the middle of the Pacific Ocean, the island of Nauru is a gutted shell, its interior rock, primarily phosphate of lime, long ago hauled away to be used as agricultural fertilizer in Australia and New Zealand. Financially and ecologically bankrupt, Nauru’s population has been reduced to living on an ever-shrinking strip of land. They are part of what author Naomi Klein calls the expanding “sacrifice zone,” those areas of the planet suffering the harshest development-related ecological degradation and the worst effects of climate change. Caught between the costs of rampant extractivism—the large-scale removal of minerals and raw materials from the earth, often for export—and a coming climate crisis, Nauru’s leaders have gone public, using their story as a cautionary tale so that other nations might act to avoid similar fates. Nauru is one of the cases in Klein’s 2014 book This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, a wide-ranging exploration of the intersection of climate science and the dynamics of the international political and economic systems that prevent climate issues from meriting top billing on the global political agenda. In Klein’s view, climate change is not just another issue; it is the issue to end all issues, with links to the anti-globalization and anti-corporation arguments at the center of her other books, The Shock Doctrine (2007) and No Logo (1999). Deregulated capitalism, as the world’s dominant economic system with its attendant demands for continual growth, is on a collision course with the finitelyresourced planet that houses it. Klein makes clear that only one of these factors can change: nature or the economic model; and it will not be nature. The litany of climate change casualties is familiar: rising sea levels, intensifying severe weather patterns, acidifying oceans, disruption to harvests and supply chains, and swells of climate migrants and refugees. Those who agree that danger [End Page 205] is imminent and that now is the time for action include more than scientists and small island nations; the International Energy Agency wrote in 2012, “the climate goal of limiting warming to 2°C is becoming more difficult and more costly with each year that passes.”1 The World Bank too has sounded alarms, warning that there is “no certainty that adaptation to a 4°C world is possible.”2 Even Catholic bishops have called for halts at 1.5°C—a more progressive emissions target than negotiators within the international system have ever incorporated into proposals for ratification by member states.3 Meanwhile, the fossil fuel industry is working to bring extraction to new extremes, pulling crude bitumen from Alberta’s Athabasca oil sands and suing to overturn local bans on hydraulic fracturing. The major energy companies already hold enough conventional fossil fuel in reserves to far exceed estimates of the planet’s atmospheric capacity to absorb carbon, meaning that the addition of these new, unconventional methods for obtaining further supplies—which extrexact a higher environmental cost in extraction than their conventional counterparts—may push potential carbon consumption far beyond pivotal thresholds. The irreconcilability of the shrinking emissions needed to avoid disastrous climate consequences with these growing pools of exploitable fossil fuels is exacerbated by an economic system not built to take environmental externalities into account and incapable of holding polluters fully accountable. Separate from fossil fuel sector interests, Klein cites whole industries of “disaster capitalists” preparing to seize profit opportunities. Disaster insurers, climate futures traders, weapons manufacturers, security corporations, upscale disaster-ready housing construction firms, and multinational agrochemical and biotechnology companies preparing “climate-ready” seed varietals are among those poised to benefit from climate change-related dramatic environmental events. The dismal picture Klein paints is enough for overload; even she admits to having indulged the impulse to look away when faced with evidence of the gravity of the situation. But in This Changes Everything, Klein confronts these issues head on, grappling with the question “What is really preventing us from putting out the fire...