Landfilling Of Residues Research Articles

Environmental and economic assessments of industry-level medical waste disposal technologies – A case study of ten Chinese megacities

Medical waste (MW) is exploding due to the COVID-19 pandemic, posing a significant environmental threat, and leading to the urgent requirement for affordable and environmentally friendly MW disposal technologies. Prior research on individual MW disposal plants is region-specific, applying these results to other regions may introduce bias. In this study, major MW disposal technologies in China, i.e., incineration technologies (pyrolysis incineration and rotary kiln incineration), and sterilization technologies (steam sterilization, microwave sterilization, and chemical disinfection) with residue landfill or incineration were analyzed from an industry-level perspective via life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC) and net present value (NPV) methods. Life cycle inventories and economic cost data for 4–5 typical companies were selected from 128 distinct enterprises and academic sources for each technology. LCA results show that microwave sterilization with residue incineration has the lowest environmental impact, emitting only 480 kg CO2 eq. LCC and NPV analyses indicate that steam sterilization with landfilling is the most economical, yielding revenues of 1,210 CNY/t and breaking even in the first year. Conversely, pyrolysis and rotary kiln incineration break even between the 4th and 5th years. Greenhouse gas emissions from the MW disposal in ten cities with the largest MW production in 2020 increased by 7% over 2019 to 43,800 tons and other pollutants increased by 6% to 12%. Economically, Shanghai exhibits the highest cost-effectiveness, while Nanjing delivers the lowest. It can be observed that the adoption of optimal environmental technologies has resulted in a diminution of greenhouse gas emissions by 279,000 tons and energy conservation of 1.76 billion MJ.

Source Apportionment and Pollution Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Using PMF and RF Model: A Case Study of a Typical Industrial Park in Northwest China

Based on the concentration data of seven heavy metal elements[As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Cr(Ⅵ)] in the surface soil of a typical industrial park in northwest China, the characteristics of heavy metal pollution in the industrial park were analyzed, and the ecological risk and pollution were evaluated using the potential ecological risk index and the index of geo-accumulation. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and random forest (RF) model were used for quantitative source analysis, and the emission data of sampling enterprises and empirical data of the source emission component spectrum were combined to identify the characteristic elements and determine the emission source category. The results showed that the heavy metals at all sampling points in the park did not exceed the second-class screening value of construction land in the soil pollution risk control standard for construction land (GB 36600-2018). However, compared with the local soil background values, five elements, excluding As and Cr, were enriched in different degrees, presenting slight pollution and moderate ecological risk (RI=250.04). Cd and Hg were the main risk elements of the park. The results of source analysis showed that the five main sources of pollution were fossil fuel combustion and chemical production sources (33.73%, 9.71%, total source contribution rate of PMF and RF, respectively; the same below), natural sources and waste residue landfill (32.40%, 40.80%), traffic emissions (24.49%, 48.08%), coal burning and non-ferrous metal smelting (5.43%, 0.11%), and electroplating and ore smelting (3.95%, 1.30%). The simulation R2 of the total variable of the two models were above 0.96, indicating that the models could predict heavy metals well. However, considering the actual situation of the number of enterprises in the park and roading density, the main pollution sources of soil heavy metals in the park should be industrial sources, and the simulation results of the PMF model were closer to the actual situation in the park.

Assessment of combustion residual leachate volume, composition, and treatment costs

Combustion residuals and the resulting leachate from storage sites represent a large volume of wastewater in the United States (U.S.) that has not been quantified. This work estimates the constituents present, volume of wastewater, and costs of treatment for both combustion residual landfill leachate and the leachate from surface impoundment closures. Combustion residual landfill leachate produced from contact with bituminous coal combustion byproducts is generally predicted to be higher in lithium and manganese, whereas landfill leachate produced from contact with subbituminous coal combustion byproducts is generally predicted to be higher in mercury and vanadium. The annual volume of a single landfill with combustion residual leachate can reach more than 800,000 cubic meters. This leachate represents an annual volume of 26.8–42.8 million cubic meters nationally. Closing surface impoundments can yield between 830 and 1040 cubic meters of leachate nationally for a three-year closure period. Costs as low as $1.5/m3 or as high as $95/m3 are observed. Treatment trains will need to remove 72% of total suspended solids (TSS), 87% of arsenic, and 64% of mercury from landfill leachate. When applied to impoundments, these treatment trains would need to remove 97% of arsenic.

Thickness effects of polyethylene and biodegradable film residuals on soil properties and dryland maize productivity

Plastic film residuals are increasingly remaining in cultivated lands. However, it is a critical issue how residual plastic type and thickness affect soil properties and crop yield. To address this issue, in situ landfill was conducted using thick polyethylene (PEt1), thin polyethylene (PEt2), thick biodegradable (BIOt1), thin biodegradable (BIOt2) residues, and CK (control) with no residues landfill in a semiarid maize field. The findings demonstrated that the impact of various treatments on soil characteristics and maize yield varied considerably. Soil water content decreased by 24.82% in PEt1 and 25.43% in PEt2, compared to BIOt1 and BIOt2, respectively. BIOt2 treatment increased soil bulk density by 1.31 g cm−3 and lowered soil porosity by 51.11%, respectively; it also elevated the silt/clay proportion by 49.42% relative to CK. In contrast, microaggregate composition in PEt2 was higher (43.02%). Moreover, BIOt2 lowered soil nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) content. Compared with other treatments, BIOt2 resulted in significantly higher soil total nitrogen (STN) and lower SOC/STN. Finally, BIOt2 exhibited the lowest water use efficiency (WUE) (20.57 kg ha−1 mm−1) and yield (6896 kg ha−1) among all the treatments. Therefore, BIO film residues exhibited detrimental impacts on soil quality and maize productivity compared to PE film ones. Considering film thickness, thin residual films more evidently influenced soil quality and maize productivity than thick film ones.

Construction of multi-layer geosynthetic containment systems to mitigate groundwater contamination

This paper presents the construction of multi-layer geosynthetic containment systems as part of improvements to a stormwater management system to mitigate groundwater contamination at a coal combustion residual landfill in southeastern USA. The improvements consisted of lining the perimeter ditch and sedimentation pond to contain ash sediments and minimize infiltration into the groundwater. A composite liner comprised of HydroTurf synthetic turf system (i.e., a 1.5-mm thick high-density polyethylene (HDPE) textured geomembrane overlain by a synthetic turf that is covered with an infill/ballast material) underlain by a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) was selected for the perimeter ditch. For the sedimentation pond, a 150-mm thick reinforced concrete layer underlain by a 1.5-mm thick HDPE textured geomembrane-GCL composite liner was selected to facilitate cleaning of the pond. The selection, construction, and lessons learned of the multi-layer geosynthetic containment systems are discussed.

A novel and sustainable technique to immobilize lead and zinc in MSW incineration fly ash by using pozzolanic bottom ash

Fly ash (FA) generated from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration contains high leaching potential of toxic metals. Calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) is the main hydration product of cement and can immobilize the leaching of toxic metals, formed by the reaction of Ca with pozzolanic Si in a highly alkaline environment. Toxic metals can be immobilized by the addition of pozzolan to FA residues (in lieu of cement), which is a source of Ca and provides an alkaline condition. The current study proposed a new approach of reusing the fine-fraction of MSW incineration bottom ash (BA), which contains amorphous silica, known as pozzolan for immobilization of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in FA. The dissolved amorphous silica and alumina emerged from the BA, with available Ca ions and in an extremely alkaline condition owing by FA, stimulate the pozzolanic reaction, resulting the formation of cementitious compounds of C–S–H gel and calcium aluminate hydrates (C-A-H) that can immobilize the heavy metals leaching from FA. The existence of calcium hydroxide promotes the carbonation process, reducing pH, and consequently immobilizing heavy metals. The method involves the simple mixing of BA and FA with water. The mixture was settled for 1, 4, 16, and 30 days at room temperature and annealed (120 °C) conditions. The leaching concentrations of Pb and Zn significantly reduced in the stabilized FA samples followed by standard Japanese leaching test (JLT- 46). Pb stabilization efficiency was reached >99.9% after 16-days of settling periods with 10% dosage of BA at room temperature. The added BA to FA residues reacted with Ca(OH)2 and CaClOH produced the C–S–H gel. pH, XRD, and SEM-EDX analyses evaluated the carbonation and pozzolanic reactions that promoted the immobilization of Pb and Zn. Immobilization of heavy metals by using fine-fraction of BA seems to be very effective and technically feasible. The technology can save original material, produce inert material and avoids landfilling of incineration residues. More advanced and detailed experiments have been designed to promote the optimization of the proposed technology for application in industries.

Long-term degradation characteristics of cyanide in closed monofills and its effects on the environment and human health: Evidence from nine landfill sites in northen China

Cyanide residues weighing many millions of tons are disposed of in cyanide residue monofills (CRMs) worldwide. The degradation characteristics of cyanide in the anoxic environments of closed landfills may have been overestimated, leading to an underestimation of the long-term risk of cyanide residue landfills. To study the effect, a total of 387 cyanide residue samples were collected for analysis from nine closed CRMs in northen China that have been closed for more than 10 years. The study shows that the probability of achieving the target cyanide concentration (5 mg/L) in the nine sites was only 2.9%. And there is no significant reduction in the overall concentrations compared to the pre-closure period. The effectiveness of the CRM containment barrier needs to be maintained for at least 220 years to allow cyanide concentrations to degrade to harmless levels. Nine CRMs sites, except for CRMs A and B, had a low short-term risk, but in the long term exposure concentrations can exceed the groundwater Class III water quality limit by a factor of 1.64–30, posing a risk of groundwater contamination. This study reveals the risk of cyanide residue degradation in CRMs and its long-term evolution, providing theoretical support for site management and risk control.

Estimation of the Amount of Recovery of Valuable Resources according to the Renovation of a Circular Landfill

To change from a linear economy to a circular economy, the necessity of recycling scarce resources through recycling waste is emerging. In South Korea, the concept of landfill mining has been introduced as a way to convert landfills into resources, and recycling-type landfills are being created. In this study, the operation status of domestic municipal waste landfills was identified, and the amount of resource recovery according to the renovation of a circular landfill was calculated. Of 215 public landfill sites, 67 landfill sites that have been used or have a residual landfill rate of less than 40% were investigated, and the total amount of waste landfills here was confirmed to be 68,509 thousand m3. Among landfill wastes, the energy production potential from combustible wastes was calculated to be 55,835,540 Gcal when energy was recovered through stocker-type incineration. The amount of recovered valuable resources among landfill wastes was estimated to be 1,065 thousand tons. As a result of evaluating the potential for recycling of major metals, trace metals, and rare earth elements contained in incineration ash, the content of Fe among major metals such as Fe, Al, Cu, and Zn was in the range of 27,280 to 245,517 tons, which is the national integrated resource management system. The possibility of circular use was confirmed as the range of the mass flow analysis statistic was similar. In the case of trace metals, the content ranges of Cr, Pb, and Co were 162 to 1,716 tons, 99 to 875 tons, and 35 to 64 tons, respectively, similar to the statistics. In the case of rare earth elements with high potential value as future resources, national statistics were absent or recent data were insufficient, but in the case of Dy, a similar content could be confirmed. 70% of the total landfill capacity can be used for the recycling landfill capacity according to the composition of the recycling landfill, and when the municipal waste is finally disposed of after resource recovery in the recycling landfill, the lifespan of the existing landfill can be extended by more than 5.4 times.

Long-Term Cyanide Degradation Characteristics and the Effects of Long-Term Cyanide Residue Landfills on the Environment and Human Health: Evidence from Nine Landfill Sites in North China

Long-Term Cyanide Degradation Characteristics and the Effects of Long-Term Cyanide Residue Landfills on the Environment and Human Health: Evidence from Nine Landfill Sites in North China

Investigation of integrated municipal solid waste management strategies for Oman: an assessment of waste diversion, electricity generation and greenhouse-gas emissions

The need of an integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management system to maximize resource recovery and simultaneously reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions is rising in Oman. Therefore, three waste management scenarios are proposed and assessed in this study based on their potential to reduce waste and GHG emissions, and recover energy and recyclables in Oman from 2020 to 2040. The first scenario included recycling, anaerobic digestion (AD), and landfill disposal; while second scenario entailed recycling, incineration, and ash disposal. The third scenario involved incineration and AD plants, and landfilling of residues. The analysis indicated that the disposal of waste in scenario 2 will be the lowest during the entire study period (30–24%), followed by scenario 3 (32–41%) and scenario 1 (94–58%). Moreover, during the assessment period, scenario 3 will generate a total of 47 TWh electricity, higher than scenario 2 (29 TWh) and scenario 1 (4.7 TWh). Disposal of MSW is estimated to produce 309,803 GgCO2e from 2020 to 2040; however, these emissions can be reduced by 53, 94 and 90% by the implementation of scenarios 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Furthermore, the average global warming factors after energy and material recovery further indicate that scenario 2 and scenario 3 result in net GHG emission savings of − 0.4 and – 0.28 GgCO2e/Gg of MSW, except for scenario 1 which will produce 2.37 GgCO2e/Gg of MSW. The analysis showed that in terms of reducing waste disposal and GHG emissions, scenario 2 is the best performing option; however, scenario 3 has the highest energy output.

Water repellents for the leaching control of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Suppression of heavy metal elution from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash by cement or geopolymer solidification was studied. When these approaches are implemented, however, the volume of the solidified body increases as a consequence of the solidifying agent addition. Considering that residual landfill disposal capacity is decreasing in the long term, a novel method to suppress the elution of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash without decreasing the disposal capacity is needed. We studied four different water repellents and the results indicated that heavy metal elution can easily be suppressed by impregnating the incineration fly ash with commercially available silane oligomers, alkyl alkoxysilane compounds, and water repellents like fatty acids.

Mapping Subsurface Seepage Flow Patterns in Proximity to a Coal Combustion Residual Landfill Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Electrical resistivity tomography data were acquired in proximity to the coal combustion residual landfill in an effort to image and analyze seepage pathways through the shallow residual soil and underlying karsted limestone bedrock. The water table is at a depth of more than 45 m. The most prominent subsurface seepage pathways identified on the acquired electrical resistivity tomography data are located immediately adjacent to the toe of the landfill and are attributed to stormwater run-off. The moisture content of the limestone appears to decrease gradually with increasing distance from the toe of the landfill, suggesting there is also a horizontal component of moisture flow in the subsurface. Shallow limestone with higher moisture content generally underlies or is in close proximity to anthropogenic features such as drainage ditches and clay berms that are designed to channel run-off. At one location, electrical resistivity tomography data were acquired along essentially the same traverse at different times of the year, and the resistivity of shallow limestone overall was lower on the data acquired after heavy rains.

Methane oxidation of residual landfill gas in a full-scale biofilter: human health risk assessment of volatile and malodours compound emissions.

A human health risk assessment was performed to evaluate if a biofilter for the biological methane oxidation reduces the risk from exposure to landfill gas emissions and improves the air quality mitigating odour emissions from an aftercare landfill. Accordingly, three different scenarios of landfill gas management were defined, 9 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (cyclohexane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, benzene, xylenes, toluene, dichlorodifluoromethane, vinyl chloride) were identified and using the CALPUFF dispersion model; the pollutant concentration at eleven sensitive receptors was determined. Consequently, the risk (for cancer and non-cancer compounds) was assessed applying the methodology proposed by USEPA 2009. From one hand, to determine concentration and emission rates of VOCs and hydrogen sulphide, a sample of raw landfill gas and three air samples from the biofilter surface were collected with dynamic flux chamber method and analysed in accordance with US EPA, 1986 and USEPA TO-15, 1999. To the other hand, odour emissions were assessed based both on chemical and dynamic olfactometric measurements (EN 13725:2003). The field surveys results showed a reduction of the cancer risk on average by 79% and of the hazard quotient on average by 92%. In contrast, the results of olfactometry measurements showed a lower efficiency on odour reduction than the target value of 70%. Nonetheless, the odour concentration was always far below 300uoEm-3 at the biofilter surface and odour concentration never exceed 1uoEm-3 at the sensitive receptors.

Evaluation of automotive shredder residues (ASR) landfill behavior through lysimetric and traditional leaching tests.

With regards to European wastecatalog, automotive shredder residues (ASR) can be classified both as a hazardous or non-hazardous waste according to its hazardous properties (H1-H14). It is thus important to carry out an adequate chemical-physical characterization to identify the presence and concentration of those substances able to give, to this extremely heterogeneous material, the hazardousness character of. The issue of waste characterization, to identify the proper site for appropriate waste disposal, is based, according to the relevant laws, to the use of leaching tests. The analysis of the potential effects of landfilled waste in laboratory, however, run into several difficulties in reproducing phenomena depending both on the characteristics of small, heterogeneous quantity of waste and on the local boundary conditions. These difficulties are much more significant as the waste is heterogeneous at the small scale of the laboratory. This is one of the main problems often leading to scattered results even when starting from the same waste parcel. Present research aimed to overcome the above-mentioned difficulties deriving from waste heterogeneity and was based on a lysimetric simulation. Experimentation with lysimeter has shown it effectiveness in the comparison between leachate from the lysimeter and an ASR landfill leachate, from which similar distribution of metal mass ratios, close values for both BOD5 and COD, as well as the absence in both the fluids of organochlorinated compounds, emerge.

Mass balance of heavy metals in a non-operational incinerator residue landfill site in Japan

To better understand the general behavior of heavy metals in semi-aerobic incinerator residue landfills, we developed a general equation for calculating the mass balance of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, mercury, and chromium) based on monitoring data from incineration plants and landfill sites. The mass balance results showed that 0.0042%, 0.001%, 0.0004%, 0.0019%, 0.022%, and 0.0065% of the disposed Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg, and Cr, respectively, were washed out by rainfall from 1975 to 2015. Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Hg) with a lower total mass in the landfill had a relatively high total leaching rate. This may be because of the high pH of the landfill, which affected the leaching of Pb, Zn, and Cu. According to our analysis of the changes in annual leaching rates at this landfill site, there was an obvious change in those of Cu, Zn, and Pb after 1989, when the pH of the leachate increased suddenly. The overall annual leaching rate became more stable, at around 0.00002%, following closure of the landfill site, and it is believed that the dissolvable fraction and heavy metal concentration in the leachate are expected to reach a limit under the current conditions.

Next-generation sequencing and waste/wastewater treatment: a comprehensive overview

Microorganisms are responsible for the conversion and breakdown of organic compounds and contaminants in bioreactors designed for the treatment of different types of waste. Organized in highly complex communities, they are the heart of every wastewater treatment plant and solid residue landfill. The detailed characterization of these communities and their taxonomic classification based on phylogenetic data are of great utility in monitoring the responses of the system to changing operational parameters and the development and optimization of favorable conditions within the bioreactors these communities inhabit. Until recently, only a fraction of the microbial diversity could be assessed, limited by the available sequencing technology, which was not suited for a high-throughput implementation. With the introduction of the recent next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods, an enormous advance has taken place allowing researchers in microbial ecology to generate large amounts of phylogenetic data in a short time and at relatively low costs. In this review, we present and discuss how the increase in available information has influenced recent research and the results available phylogenetic data has produced in the field of wastewater treatment. Furthermore, we introduce the data processing of NGS-based experiments, which has become more complex as the millions of sequences that a single sample can yield require the effective use of computational resources and human bioinformatics skills. To address this part of modern microbial ecology, the most popular sequencing techniques, as well as data analysis workflows, are outlined in this review article.

Life cycle assessment of construction and demolition waste management in a large area of São Paulo State, Brazil

The study evaluated the environmental performance of the construction and demolition waste (C&DW) management in the area of PCJ Watershed, located in the São Paulo State, Brazil, by means of an attributional Life Cycle Assessment. The entire C&DW management under the responsibility of the municipal government was considered. The potential environmental impacts were assessed by using two specific life cycle impact assessment methodologies, CML baseline (v3.03) and Impact 2002+ (v2.12). The results obtained by both methodologies highlighted the importance of the avoided impacts from recovered materials, mainly those related to steel, glass and plastics recycling. In particular, the CML baseline indicated “Human Toxicity” as the most important category, mainly due to the avoided impacts from steel recycling and the generated impacts from transportation in all the C&DW management stages. The Impact 2002+ highlighted instead the role of the categories of “Respiratory Inorganics” and “Global Warming”, in accordance with the results related again to steel recycling and transportation but also to landfilling of solid residues. The study considered some alternative scenarios of the mineral fraction management, which quantified the expected advantages of increasing C&DW recycling and improving the quality of recycled aggregates.

Modeling methane oxidation in landfill cover soils as indicator of functional stability with respect to gas management

ABSTRACTA performance-based method for evaluating methane (CH4) oxidation as the best available control technology (BACT) for passive management of landfill gas (LFG) was applied at a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in central Washington, USA, to predict when conditions for functional stability with respect to LFG management would be expected. The permitted final cover design at the subject landfill is an all-soil evapotranspirative (ET) cover system. Using a model, a correlation between CH4 loading flux and oxidation was developed for the specific ET cover design. Under Washington’s regulations, a MSW landfill is functionally stable when it does not present a threat to human health or the environment (HHE) at the relevant point of exposure (POE), which was conservatively established as the cover surface. Approaches for modeling LFG migration and CH4 oxidation are discussed, along with comparisons between CH4 oxidation and biodegradation of non-CH4 organic compounds (NMOCs). The modeled oxidation capacity of the ET cover design is 15 g/m2/day under average climatic conditions at the site, with 100% oxidation expected on an annual average basis for fluxes up to 8 g/m2/day. This translates to a sitewide CH4 generation rate of about 260 m3/hr, which represents the functional stability target for allowing transition to cover oxidation as the BACT (subject to completion of a confirmation monitoring program). It is recognized that less than 100% oxidation might occur periodically if climate and/or cover conditions do not precisely match the model, but that residual emissions during such events would be de minimis in comparison with published limit values. Accordingly, it is also noted that nonzero net emissions may not represent a threat to HHE at a POE (i.e., a target flux between 8 and 15 g/m2/day might be appropriate for functional stability) depending on the site reuse plan and distance to potential receptors.Implications: This study provides a scientifically defensible method for estimating when methane oxidation in landfill cover soils may represent the best available control technology for residual landfill gas (LFG) emissions. This should help operators and regulators agree on the process of safely eliminating active LFG controls in favor of passive control measures once LFG generation exhibits asymptotic trend behavior below the oxidation capacity of the soil. It also helps illustrate the potential benefits of evolving landfill designs to include all-soil vegetated evapotranspirative (ET) covers that meet sustainability objectives as well as regulatory performance objectives for infiltration control.

Temporal and geographic drivers of biomass residues in California

Expanding bioenergy conversion and composting of organics can enable a near-term transition away from the landfilling, burning, and mismanagement of biomass residues. Strategic development of transportation, storage, and conversion infrastructure to enable this expansion requires detailed information on patterns and drivers of waste biomass production, quality, and geography that are currently lacking. This analysis contributes new geographic and temporal data on biomass residue availability for the state of California. Biomass residues are characterized for the year 2014 at the county- and month-scales for the agriculture, municipal, and forestry sectors in California, with values collected or estimated from numerous publications, databases, industry surveys, and methodologies. We present methods for developing supply scenarios out to the year 2050 that reflect anticipated changes in key environmental, market, and policy drivers. Our results suggest that biomass residue production could grow 16% by 2050 to 71 million tonnes of dry-matter per year, and that the co-processing of diverse high-moisture residue sources and storage of seasonally available low-moisture residues is needed to ensure adequate steady supply to bioenergy and composting facilities. Additional research and better reporting on organic waste management is needed to bound uncertainties regarding the response of residue production to market trends and recycling policies, and the influence of agricultural practices, plant selection, and climate impacts on residue yields.

Relative impacts of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells based on life cycle assessment

The environmental performance of four different device assembly procedures based on hybrid halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) were assessed from cradle to grave using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. In addition, a new environmental indicator was defined to measure the time evolution of an impact category, specifically in this case, human toxicity cancer payback time. PSCs procedures accounted for the probably three more used basic recipes for laboratory perovskite deposition: 1) spin coating of stoichiometric precursor solution, 2) spin coating of precursor solution using lead chloride precursor and 3) the two step deposition method. Also, the two most widely used substrate configurations (planar and mesoporous substrate)were considered. LCA included three realistic scenarios for the end of life: 1) residual landfill, 2) reuse and residual landfill and 3) reuse and recycling. The remaining variable parameters to assemble the device were fixed in common for all four devices, which were the major responsible of the whole PSC impact. Lead of PSCs had no significant contribution in environmental impacts. Beyond shared procedure steps, impacts generated by the two-step method and the use of mesostructured type substrate were higher. End of life scenario with reuse and recycling improved the toxicity impact categories.