Industrial Waste Landfill Research Articles

Phytoremediation of Industrial Waste Leachates by Planted Filters Composed of Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin ex Steud, Typha latifolia L. and Cyperus papyrus L.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the purifying ability of 3 parallel planted filters (PF1, PF2 and PF3) composed of three plants (Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin ex Steud, Typha latifolia L., Cyperus papyrus L.) on leachates from a landfill of industrial waste in Pointe-Noire (Republic of Congo). This landfill site includes a technical landfill for ordinary industrial waste (OIW) and a technical landfill for hazardous and soiled industrial waste (SIW). In order to assess purifying ability, we sampled 14 samples over 8 weeks, with 7 samples of the raw leachates from the technical landfill center, and 7 samples of leachates cleaned after passing through the tryptic vegetable filter. The physico-chemical analyzes made it possible to determine the following parameters: TOC, COD, NO3 -,PO42-, Ni, Cd, CrVI, Zn, Cu and Pb. The results showed a significant decrease in organic pollution with abatement rates in TOC and COD greater than 90%. The average removal efficiency is respectively 45.97% for nitrates and 40.2% for phosphates. The abatement rates for heavy metals range from 41.2% to 60.9% for nickel, from 52.2% to 68.5 % for cadmium, from 49% to 71.7% for chromium VI, from 59% to 74.6% for zinc, from 50.9 % to 65 % for copper and from 61.4% to 75.1% for lead. However, additional analyzes are needed to confirm the hypperaccumulator nature of these plant filters in particular absorption isotherms and kinetics of extraction of heavy metals of Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin ex Steud, Typha latifolia L., Cyperus papyrus L.)

A robust bi-level optimization modelling approach for municipal solid waste management; a real case study of Iran

Abstract In recent years, reverse logistics have attracted many attentions due to many reasons, such as extension of new environmental laws, development of social responsibility, and economic interests. Reduction in natural resources and raw material reserves, increasing production costs, and the problems caused by an industrial waste landfill and consumer goods have also increased the focus on reverse logistics over the past decade. This paper proposes a municipal solid waste management network in order to minimize different costs. We develop a bi-level mixed integer linear programming model. The lower-level involves location and establishment costs of solid waste collection stations, and the upper-level includes the allocation of waste to the various centers. In order to deal with uncertainty in the amount of collected solid waste, we need to take a scenario-based robust optimization approach into account. The proposed model is evaluated using a case study in Babol, Mazandaran province, Iran. The results indicate that the collection stations are selected in regions that have less distance from their covered regions which leads to the optimal flow of the wastes/products. The proposed robust optimization approach ensures less sensitivity to model solutions for the provided scenarios. In addition, considering hierarchy in this model leads to a more appropriate analysis compared to when a multi-objective model is used.

Evaluation of durability and radiation shielding property of heavyweight filling material for application in radioactive disposal facilities

Environmental problems caused by municipal and industrial waste are serious worldwide. In particular, landfill of recyclable industrial waste due to a lack of technology is a serious loss of resources. Heavyweight waste glass is an industrial waste that has been studied by many researchers for use as a fine aggregate. Until now, the heavy metal is removed through complex pretreatment. However, in this study, the waste glass was recycled through a simple crushing process without pretreatment. We investigated the fundamental properties, durability, and shielding property of filling material containing waste glass. The test results show that the durability and shielding property were all better than in ordinary mortar. Also, the reduction in strengths, and the expansion due to ASR, can be solved by using a mineral admixture. In conclusion, mortar containing a mineral admixture and waste glass is considered to be viable as filling material in radioactive waste disposal facilities.

Комплексная оценка медико-социальных факторов риска и их влияние на состояние здоровья детей, работающих на свалках промышленных отходов

The comprehensive assessment of medical and social risk factors and their impact on the health of children working at industrial waste landfills of the Kyrgyz Chemical Metallurgical Plant has presented. Various industrial and environmental factors were covered. To identify signs of environmental pollution by radioactive substances of natural and artificial origin the average values of gamma-radiation power levels have been examined. The hygienic, sociological, medical and statistical research methods are used. During the study, the social-hygienic and living conditions of life and work of children were studied. The selection of respondents conducted by random sampling. The health condition of children living in the region but not working at industrial waste landfills has studied to compare the data of a control group. An assessment of the physical and biological development of children in the experimental and control groups was carried out by measuring somatometric indicators (length and body weight, head circumference), as well as indicators of dynamometry and their external respiration function. The intensive morbidity rates of children have been studied. The article analyzes the impact of medical and social risk factors that adversely affect the health conditions of working children. It describes the various factors of the working environment and the labor process, which form the occupational risk of morbidity. An important part of the study was to assess the situation and identify possible causes that force families to involve children to work at industrial waste landfills.

Особенности деформирования структуры формованных изделий из целлюлозных волокон

Molded pulp products in comparison with products made of traditional raw materials are resource saving and environmentally friendly. Nowadays, they are increasingly used as alternative primary package and auxiliary packaging materials instead of polymer materials. Waste paper fibers as well as cellulose fibers obtained from wood and annual plants are the raw materials for the manufacturing of such products. As another potential fiber source for molded products we consider fibers of coarse screening waste (screening) formed during the sulphate hardwood or softwood pulp production. These rejected materials are large-tonnage (up to 0.5 – 1.0 % of the gross weight after pulping). Such wastes can be disposed of in multi-fuel boilers with getting heat and electrical energy and then redirected to pulping, refined with afterward return to the main stock flow or used in the composition of different types of cardboard. However, they are mainly stored in industrial waste landfills of enterprises. Cells for growing and planting of forest crop seedlings with the closed root system can be considered as one of the simplest and most popular types of molded articles made of screening. These cells do not have special requirements for the quality of molding. However, in order to use molded articles efficiently for reforestation purposes, it is necessary to study the strength and deformation properties of the structure of molded articles made of various raw materials. Model laboratory samples of molded cells made of coarse screening waste fibers refined from 16 to 20 Shopper-Riegler grinding degrees were studied. The basic physicomechanical characteristics of the material of products with 400 g weight of 1 m2 under stretching, compression and bending, as well as the characteristics during compression of the molded products are determined. A linear dependence between deformation and strength characteristics of the molded articles and the similar characteristics of their wall’s material is detected. Acknowledgements: The equipment of the Engineering and Innovation Center “Advanced Northern Bioresources Processing Technologies” (Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov) created with the financial support of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science was used. For citation: Potashev A.V., Gur’ev A.V., Filippov I.B., Moseev V.G. Structure Deformation Features of Molded Pulp Products. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 2, pp. 119–129. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.2.119

Environmental improvement of lead refining: a case study of water footprint assessment in Jiangxi Province, China

China is currently facing water scarcity due to its large national population and rapid economic development. Lead is a typical non-ferrous metal. The lead industry is one of the top 10 water-consuming industries in China and suffers from the heavy burden of properly managing discharged wastewater containing heavy metals and organic pollutants. Accordingly, a water footprint analysis of lead refining was conducted in this study to enhance the water management in China’s lead industry. This study is part 2 of the environmental improvement for lead-refining series. In accordance with the ISO 14046 standard, life cycle assessment-based water footprint analysis was applied to a lead-refining enterprise in Jiangxi Province, China. Five midpoint (i.e., water scarcity, aquatic eutrophication, carcinogens, non-carcinogens, and freshwater ecotoxicity) and two endpoint (i.e., human health and ecosystem quality) indicators are utilized to assess the water footprint impact results. Direct pollutant emissions are a major contributor to ecosystem quality and freshwater ecotoxicity, whereas indirect processes (i.e., industrial hazardous waste landfill, transport, and chemicals) contribute considerably to human health, aquatic eutrophication, and carcinogen categories. Chromium, copper, arsenic, and zinc were the key substances in the lead production chain, and their emissions exerted a significant impact on human health and ecosystem quality. Reducing direct copper emission was the most important key to minimizing ecosystem quality decline in China’s lead industry, and optimizing indirect processes was effective in mitigating the impact on human health. Enhancing wastewater treatment, increasing chemical consumption efficiency, optimizing transport and industrial hazardous waste disposal, improving supervision, issuing relevant governmental regulations, and adopting advanced wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed to control the water footprint.

SCALE OF POLLUTIONS WITH HEAVY METALS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF RIVER IBËR FROM LANDFILL IN KELMEND, KOSOVO

Pollution with heavy metals and waters in Mitrovica with surroundings, both in the past and in present days, is a preoccupation for the citizens of Mirtovica, as well as for the other inhabitants living around it. Such a problem has been a concern which still continues for a number of researchers who have been dealing with this issue, and wo still continue to be preoccupied with the issue of heavy metal (habitat) pollution in this part of Kosovo. Heavy metal’s contamination of the environment’s main components, dates back to the 1970s / 90s to this date. This pollution, especially of the rivers, is due to the industrial activity taking place in the Trepça Combine and the presence of industrial landfill sites of this Combine near the flow of two main rivers: the Sitnica and Ibër River waters, in the city of Mitrovica. The focus of our study, this time consists solely in the research and illumination of pollution with these heavy metals and waterworks of the Ibër River, as a result of the pollution caused by the industrial waste landfill located in Kelmend village. In the paper, we have attempted to show the concentration of heavy metals in sediment and water, by pointing at four sample sites of the Ibër river: in the Bosniak U1 neighborhood, then in the flow in front the U2 landfill, discharge flows from landfill U3 and a certain distance from the U4 landfill.

Assessment of the Monitoring of an Industrial Waste Landfill

Abstract Industrial waste deposited in landfills poses a threat to the environment and can cause its deterioration. The physical and chemical processes that result in the formation of a number of harmful substances occur in the mass of stored waste. When released to the environment these compounds can be dangerous to all its elements, especially to groundwater. The monitoring of landfill impact plays an important role in assessing the state of the environment. It allows us to follow what changes take place in the waste bed itself, and in particular elements of the environment. On the basis of long-term monitoring studies (conducted in the years 1995-2016), the quality of groundwater around the industrial waste landfill in Zgierz was determined and its impact on the environment was characterized. The quality of conducted monitoring was assessed in relation to the current regulations. Analysis of the results of groundwater quality tests confirms that the industrial landfill in the operational phase due to a number of applied security measures has not contributed to the deterioration of groundwater quality. In the post-operational phase, groundwater contamination is observed, and consequently irreversible changes occur in the environment. The negative impact of the landfill can be due to the disruption of sealing layers and elution of pollutants from the waste by rainwater. The landfill site monitoring plays a key role in assessing causal relationships occurring between the state of the landfill and elements of the environment in its vicinity.

Sulphur compounds removal from an industrial landfill leachate by catalytic oxidation and chemical precipitation: From a hazardous effluent to a value-added product

This study focused on the removal of sulphur compounds from a high-strength leachate of a hazardous industrial waste landfill. Firstly, sulphides (0.5 g L−1) and sulphites (2.5 g L−1) were catalytic oxidised at natural pH (8.7). Air or H2O2 were applied as oxidants and metals present in the leachate were used as catalysts. Distinct air flow rates and H2O2:sulphur molar ratios were tested. Concentrations of sulphide and sulphite lower than 1.0 mg L−1 (emission limit value - ELV) were obtained after 5-h oxygenation or 1-min peroxidation under the best conditions, i.e. air flow rate of 1 Lair Lleachate−1 min−1 and H2O2:sulphur stoichiometric ratio. Aeration was considered unsafe since >33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) were released to the atmosphere. Thus, only the H2O2-oxidised leachate pursued treatment. Sulphates (13 g L−1) were removed by chemical precipitation as ettringite or barite applying different reactants contents and pH values. Without pH correction, sulphate contents below 2.0 g L−1 (ELV) were achieved using a [Ca2+]:[Al3+]:[SO42−] molar ratio of 12:4:3 (2-fold stoichiometry) and a [Ba2+]:[SO42−] molar ratio of 1.0:1.0 (1-fold stoichiometry). The analysis of precipitates by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a three-phase ettringite (only 67% corresponding to ettringite itself) and single-phase barite. Barite precipitation proved to be more appealing since a value-added product was obtained and, furthermore, less reactants were required. After sulphur compounds removal using H2O2-driven catalytic oxidation and chemical precipitation through barite, the leachate was suitable for biological treatment, despite the high salinity, and a high fraction of the organic load (46%) could be biologically oxidised.

Study on Effect of EAFD Particulate Reinforcement in AA7075 Aluminum Matrix Composites

Eletric arc furnace dust is dangerous solid waste that is generated in steel manufacturing processes. The utilization of the dust from these industries avoids disposing it into industrial waste landfills and saves costs. In this study, an attempt has been made to fabricate aluminum matrix composites reinforced with EAFD particulate, throught the conventional powder metallurgy technique. Al-5%EAFD proposed was then compared to the AA7075 alloy, manufactured under the same conditions. According to the results obtained, the addition of EAFD into aluminum matrix resulted in increased microhardness values and had significant contributuion to improve Storage modulus compared with the base metal. The reinforcement particle was uniformly dispersed into the matrix and intermetallic phases were not observed in the content of waste blended into the composite.

Method of evaluating the impact of landfill leachate on groundwater quality

Closed municipal and industrial waste landfill sites create potential hazard of ground water pollution. Pollutants that occur in leachate infiltrate to the soil substratum, where they are carried to in underground water. A municipal waste landfill substratum can be used for elimination of pollutants contained in leachates. Model research was performed with the use of a sand bed and artificially prepared leachates. Efficiency of filtration in a bed of defined thickness was assessed based on change of COD value. Results of the model tests have indicated that the mass of pollutants contained in leachate filtered through porous ground layer depends on the mass of supplied pollutants, intensity of supplied leachate, and layer thickness. Increase of the mass of pollutants supplied to a unit area of ground layer causes reduction of the relative value of COD mass. The method of evaluation of quality of water seeping through the aeration layer presented in this paper allows for estimation of the flowing out pollutants mass. Based on the test results obtained, efficiency of purification in the aeration zone can be assessed; likewise, safe thickness of the filtration layer under the landfill site can be designed.

SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE LANDFILL BY MEANS OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS

The paper shows the possibility of geophysical methods to find scrap metal burial sites on an example of inspection of industrial waste landfill in the Middle Urals Mountains. The research tasks included conducting a magnetic and electrometric survey of industrial landfill territory for revealing of anomalies, and electromagnetic (audiomagnetotellurics) soundings — for definition of occurrence depth of anomalous objects. A brief description of research methods, techniques of fieldwork and features of data processing is given. As a result of electric profiling by the method of VLF-R, a map of apparent resistivity was created. The result of the magnetic survey was a map of the total vector of the Earth's magnetic field and its vertical gradient. Analysis of the anomalies of apparent resistances and vertical gradient of the magnetic field has allowed identifying scrap of ferrous and nonferrous metals from the difference in physical properties. The audiomagnetotellurics soundings data was processed by means of the one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) inversion software. One-dimensional geoelectric sections are presented by the elementary models within the framework of the equivalence principle and do not reflect the true structure of the landfill. The most authentic are the 2D-geoelectric sections gained by the joint inversion of data for two modes and possessing more information concerning to local conductors. The zone structure of landfill in the shape of a «puff cake», consisting of several electrically conductive structural levels divided by isolating horizons was revealed. The surfaces of the sections are close to horizontal, which corresponds to sequential change of materials and gradual increase in the landfill. Based on the results of geophysical explorations, promising places for the development of scrap metal have been identified. One of the places coincided with trial dredging of the ground where a waste of copper-smelting manufactures was found.

Sources of heavy metal contamination in landfill soil covers of Ulaanbaatar

The aim of the study was to determine the source for contents of heavy metals in soils of landfill sites in Ulaanbaatar. Samples were collected from ash of the burned waste near the landfill sites to identify content of heavy metals such as plumbum, chromium, cadmium, nickel and zinc. There are total of 300 mg/kg chromium and 700 mg/kg zinc identified from ash of burned electrical wire, 1000 mg/kg plumbum is identified from the ash of burned tires. According to the comparison of heavy metal contents in landfill sites, landfill of industrial waste has higher content rate of chromium and cadmium than other landfill sites. These open burnings and industrial waste have considerable influences on contaminated soil with heavy metals. This is not only a source for soil contamination but also a risk to air and water pollution or resident health. Therefore, it is indispensable to develop waste management for human health and environmental protection.

Recycling construction and industrial landfill waste material for backfill in horizontal ground heat exchanger systems

This research experimentally and numerically investigates the possibility of recycling some low cost construction and industrial waste landfills materials as potential backfills in horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHE). The aim of this study was to compare the temperature distribution development in different backfill materials with respect to time. The tested materials include sand, crushed basalt, broken brick, crushed concrete, and metallic by-products including copper slag, aluminium slag, mill-scale and iron ores (fine and pellets). Initial thermal testing on these materials in an environmental climatic chamber indicated concrete and crushed brick had similar performance to sand, whereas metallic materials had better performance by up to 77% improvement compared to sand. Various percentages of the backfill material (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) blended with the remaining percentage of sand showed that the higher the percentage addition of the waste material, the better the heat storage of the enhanced sand. Particle size distribution was also a significant parameter in backfill selection, where medium sized particle sizes (1.18–2 mm) performed 92% better compared to course and fine gradations of the same material. An experimental set-up of a HGHE system was then constructed and filled with the best performing backfill materials to determine the heat storage and release processes on the thermal performance of the system. The paper also reports results from a transient three-dimensional finite volume model developed in ANSYS Fluent 17.2 computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software of a thin section of a HGHE. The experimental and numerical model were used to predict and analyze the temperature distribution developing within the surrounding backfill material with respect to charging (heating) and discharging (extracting heat) modes of the HGHE. Results obtained from both experimental and numerical studies show the temperature range and duration of hot water produced from the system were in line with low temperature space heating guidelines and that mill-scale, copper slag and aluminium slag were the best backfill materials, where the thermal capacity of the HGHE system can be doubled using these materials, compared to the use of sand alone. Congruence between the numerical simulations and experimental data was found.

Factorial design application to evaluate thermochemical conversion of shredder residues

Abstract Among the different wastes generated by steel industry, there is the shredder residue (SR). SR is a highly heterogeneous mixture, which is most commonly destined to a landfill of industrial waste by the Brazilian steel industry. Considering the high variation of its composition, the use of statistical tools is recommended to obtain consistent data. Pyrolysis can be considered a solution to dispose of this residue. This work aimed at evaluating the SR pyrolysis process using a 2k factorial design. The following variables were investigated: temperature, heating rate, inert gas (N2) flow rate, and CaO/SR ratio. Lower heating rate resulted in higher non-condensable gas yields (>50% w/w). CaO was efficient for CO2 capture in non-condensable gas, thus increasing calorific value. Higher heating rate resulted in higher condensable vapor yields, and the main compound found in this stream was styrene. The thermochemical conversion process, through pyrolysis, presented high potential for SR reuse rather than the disposal in landfills.

Industrial landfill site selection using Analytical Hierarchy Process (Case study: Razi industrial town of Isfahan-Iran)

Suitable landfill site selection is a significant step in the integrated management of solid waste. Because of some dangerous industrial waste, landfill site selection is more important. The selection process should be considered different criteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate location of industrial waste landfill Razi complex by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). In this study, three locations were proposed as site of landfill. Socio-economic (such as distance of industries, availability, cost of site preparation and access to soil cover) and physical factors (for example: dominant wind direction, soil permeability and ground-waters flow direction) were considered in the decision process. The Super Decisions software used to develop decision-making process. Based on the results, 2nd alternative( mountain of Fish Pool) that is the current landfill site of Razi industrial town with a score of 0.593, based on software output, was chosen as the best alternative for disposal of Razi industrial wastes of Razi town-Isfahan. Inconsistency rate in this study, 0.039 was obtained.

Bio-recalcitrant pollutants removal from wastewater with combination of the Fenton treatment and biological oxidation

The implementation of the Fenton treatment as an intermediate step in combined technological scheme for the removal of bio-recalcitrant organic pollutants from industrial effluents is proposed in this study. The treatment schemes for the purification of three heavily polluted wastewaters originated from a municipal non-hazardous waste landfill, industrial hazardous waste landfill and plywood manufacturing factory were developed. Accordingly, the wastewaters were subjected to aerobic biological treatment (BIO) combined with the Fenton process with the final aim of establishing universally applicable treatment scheme.The study demonstrated that the Fenton oxidation can be successfully included in the high-strength wastewater treatment scheme as an intermediate treatment step for the removal of bio-recalcitrant organics fraction. The elaborated BIO-Fenton-BIO approach was found to be cost-effective for the total organic load reduction and for the selected specific pollutants removal from the studied high-strength wastewaters. Consequently, it could be considered suitable for broader practical implementation.

Industrial solid waste landfill leachate treatment using electrocoagulation and biological methods

Industrial solid waste landfill leachate treatment using electrocoagulation and biological methods

Innovative technologies of liquid media treatment in the system of ecological and sanitary-hygienic control of waste landfills

The article focuses on the scientific and practical aspects of establishing a comprehensive system of environmental compliance for industrial and household waste landfills, including the system of industrial and environmental monitoring and control, modern innovations in the field of instrumental-analytical control of the state of environmental components, new methods of neutralization of complex industrial pollution. Priority is given to wastewater treatment from toxic compounds coming from the surface and drainage water seepage of landfill sites into surface and underground water sources.

Influence of Bacterial Preparations on Petroleum Products Content and Number of Microorganisms at the Dumps of Exhausted Bleaching Clay

Results of a field experiment are shown of the ability of Acinetobacter sp. ИБ ДТ-5.1/1, Оchrobactrum sp. ИБ ДТ-5.3/2 and consortium that they form, as well as the strain of Pseudomonas sp. ИБ-1.1 to detoxify oil-contaminated bleaching clay, stored on the territory of industrial waste landfill of Orsknefteorgsintez, JSC. With the help of germ cultures in a year of conducting the experiment we managed to reduce the number of residual hydrocarbons (by weight) from 7,12 to 2,3 – 2,97 % in the first sector, from 22,76 to 10,57 – 15,63 % in the second sector, as well as increase by 1 – 2 times the number of the main physiological microorganism groups, taking part in bioremediation of pollutants and decrease toxicity of the substratum which is purified for the plants in both sectors. Theh best results were achieved when applying the consortium of Acinetobacter sp. ИБ ДТ-5.1/1 and Оchrobactrum sp. ИБ ДТ-5.1/2 and the strain of Pseudomonas sp. ИБ-1.1.