Land Survey Research Articles

Universidad, revolución y dólares: Dos estudios sobre la Guerra Fría cultural en el Uruguay de los sesenta

Universidad, revolución y dólares: Dos estudios sobre la Guerra Fría cultural en el Uruguay de los sesenta

Geographical Data and Metadata on Land Administration in Spain

Spain has a tax-oriented cadastre with legal data about properties (ownership, rights, liens, charges, and restrictions) recorded in a separate property rights registry (henceforth called land registry). This paper describes the Spanish cadastre and land registry by focusing on the new coordination system set by Law 13/2015. Since Law 13/2015 came into force in Spain, cadastral cartography is the basis for knowing where land registry units are located. The new coordination system sets a procedure to update the cadastral parcel boundary of a property when it does not match with reality. In these cases, the free-profession land surveyor sends the new property boundary through the Internet in order to update the corresponding cadastral parcel boundary. Currently, neither the cadastre nor the land registry has considered storing geographical metadata for each property boundary in a standardised way. As boundaries show the limits of individual properties, boundary metadata denote the accuracy with which such ownership rights are indicated. We propose that, for these boundary update cases, the Spanish cadastre also allows the upload of qualitative and quantitative instances of the data quality class of the Spanish Metadata Core standard, and this information be available for users, for example in an XML file. These metadata provide justified information about how the boundary has been obtained and its accuracy. Software has been developed to manage this metadata of each property boundary, in order to allow us to evaluate whether or not this information is useful. We present the conclusions about some real-life tests of property delimitations.

The Public Land Survey Landscape in the Intermountain U.S. West

Most of the United States was surveyed before settlement with a rectangular survey system called the Public Land Survey (PLS). Surveyors mapped out square townships that were subdivided into one-square-mile sections that could in turn be further divided for sale or homesteading. The system began in northwest Ohio and spread westward through the Midwest and across the Great Plains. Farms took the form of these squares, roads ran along section lines, and county and other boundaries were aligned along them. The effects of the PLS in rural areas are well known; the rectangular survey produced a characteristic checkerboard pattern in agricultural areas and resulted in higher road densities in surveyed areas. The survey is often treated as homogenous, and a ubiquitous sign of federal authority inscribed on the land. This statement is not true in the Intermountain West; although the PLS was applied throughout this area, the extent of the PLS landscape in the interior West is small. There are several distinct types of gridded landscapes distinguished by the presence of agriculture and urbanization. The future spread of these landscapes is likely to be limited, although some will likely shift between types.

Land monitoring materials as a basis for compiling a land survey project

The article considers aspects of land monitoring as a basis for drawing up a land management project. It was determined that the development and mastering of systems of adaptive landscape farming is a sustainable reproduction of resources and the environment in the technological cycle of obtaining products of the required quantity and quality. In this context, one of the most important tasks is the formation of ecologically balanced agricultural landscapes, highly productive agroecosystems based on knowledge of the laws and regularities of the functioning of natural systems, taking into account the resource potential of lands and more in-depth adaptation of technological influences. It is suggested that the united territorial communities resolve the issue of providing their divisions with qualified personnel who will be able to ensure the local development of the territorial community on the basis of ecological and economic balanced use of natural resource potential. The proposed approach will make it possible to make assessments and analyzes of the actual and predictive state of land resources, will allow to choose directions that require priority decisions to be made to neutralize negative phenomena, to mitigate already developed negative processes and to carry out preventive measures where adverse factors have not yet made harmful influence, which, accordingly, will ensure the rational use of land and its preservation for the next generation.

The Virgin and the land surveyor: Andean pueblo boundary making in the Highlands of late colonial Ecuador

The Virgin and the land surveyor: Andean pueblo boundary making in the Highlands of late colonial Ecuador

When Description means Control. The example of the Russian General Land Survey in eastern Latvia in 1784–1785

ABSTRACT This paper is a case study of Enlightenment’s cadastral landscape recording exemplified by the General Land Survey, taken by the Russian Empire in the newly acquired region of Latgale (contemporary eastern Latvia) in 1784–1785. The surveyors scrupulously described and showed on maps many natural features, such as trees, animals, birds, and fish species, as well as provided insight into social realities by mentioning inhabitants, settlements, local place-names, religious and ethnic relations. However, it was by no means a pure reflection of Latgale’s natural and cultural landscape. The paper argues that the survey in Latgale simultaneously registered the resources, regulated property boundaries, strengthened landlords’ control over peasants, and imposed the rule of the new state. Similarly, as western and central European states, Russia needed a detailed description of the province in order to control it. It was a fundamental change for Latgale, previously belonging to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that had not introduced any cadastre or comparable land survey, therefore performed little control at a local level.

Attribution analysis of land degradation in Hainan Island based on geographical detector

Rapid and accurate surveys of land are essential for protecting ecosystems. This study aimed to survey the spatial–temporal land degradation patterns and explore its driving mechanism based on a geographical detector in Hainan Island from 2000 to 2020. First, the areas of forest, cultivated land, and construction land were analysed, and their mutation year was determined through the Mann-Kendall abrupt test. Then, change vector analysis was used to create a double-evaluation system by combining the normalized difference vegetation index and net primary productivity. Finally, the geographical detector was used to identify the driving mechanism of different land-use types. The results show that 2013 was the mutation year of the three land-use types. From 2000 to 2013 (Stage 1), the land degradation areas of forest, cultivated land, construction land, grassland, and unutilised land reached 1977.13, 613.25, 165.81, 261.06, and 4.25 km2, respectively. From 2013 to 2020 (Stage 2), the degraded land area accounted for only 0.91 % of the island's total area. From the single factor perspective, the elevation (DEM), least distance to residential area (LDP), and variety of mean annual temperature (VTem) were found to be the dominant factors of land degradation of cultivated land and grassland, forest, construction land in Stage 1. On the other hand, in Stage 2, the main factor of land degradation was the variety of the density of GDP (VGDP) in cultivated land, grassland, and construction land, while it was the variety of mean annual precipitation (VPre) in the forest. Moreover, all pair-factors provided a higher determinant power for degraded land areas than a single factor. From the interaction effect perspective in Stage 1, VPOP ∩ LDR (i.e. the variety of the density of population density and least distance to roads or railways), LDP ∩ LDR, and VTem ∩ LDR were the most significant pair-factors of the interaction effect on land degradation of cultivated land, forest and grassland, and construction land. In Stage 2, the most significant pair-factors of the interaction effect in different land-use types were DEM ∩ VPOP and VPre ∩ POP in degraded cultivated land, VPre ∩ DEM and VPre ∩ LDR in degraded forest land, DEM ∩ VTem in degraded grassland, and VGDP ∩ LDR in degraded construction land. Given the time-lag effects of factors and the attribution analysis of land degradation, we suggest limiting the construction of roads and residential areas, increasing biodiversity, and sheltering forests to protect terrestrial ecosystems in the future.

ANALYSIS OF THE NEED FOR TEACHING MATERIALS FOR SOIL MEASUREMENT II

This study aims to obtain information about problems in the learning process of the Land Surveying course in S1 majoring in Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta.The study was conducted in April to May 2019 with a data collection method in the form of a questionnaire / questionnaire with a simple random sampling technique consisting of 44 respondent students majoring in S1 Engineering Education Building in Jakarta State University. The results of the needs analysis show that; 86% of respondents have difficulty in learning materials contained in other sources due to incomplete material, explanatory techniques that are difficult to understand and others; 61% of respondents answered that they were not able to apply the material during the practicum after studying the Land Surveying II course from various sources they studied. In general, the results of this needs analysis can be used as a guideline in the design of teaching materials for Land Surveying II.

Contemporary Geoinformation Technologies in Postmodern Education of Geographers, Hydrometeorologists, Land Surveyors

There is a problem of incision of rivers. To solve it, it is necessary to obtain and analyze objective information about the processes of incision and related processes of changes in morphology, structure, functioning of the flow-channel system, the young river landscape. The next step in solving the problem is an objective analysis of possible factors of incision. The main factor in the studied objects is the extraction of river alluvium for many decades. It is also important to identify and study the consequences and extent of changes in the young river landscape, to assess its condition. We propose a method of analysis of processes and factors of incision that can be applied to other rivers, it can also be supplemented and developed. It allows to put in perspective the situation and justify the necessary solutions in the process of planning integrated management of the young river landscape as an important component of the river basin system. Significantly anthropogenically altered sections of rivers, their channels and floodplains may occur as a result of incision. They need special public attention to restore the environmental properties of capacity building. This is an integral part of the culture of interaction between society and rivers, which primarily includes objective quality monitoring, availability and quality of all necessary information (its systematicity, system analysis) as a basis for effective decision-making. An important conclusion is the feasibility of monitoring changes in the vertical position of channels and floodplains, as well as changes in alluvial deposits as part of hydromorphological monitoring in general. In particular, conducting GPS surveillance.

RANCANG BANGUN PENYEMPROT PESTISIDA UNTUK PERTANIAN PADI BERBASIS QUADCOPTER

Quadcopter is the development of the helicopter it simply using the rotor. Quadcopter has more used the research objective which is into the agriculture field. Quadcopter can be used to conduct the land surveys, the remote sensing and other that present to be easly the agricultural activities for pest and fertilizer spraying. In the future, quadcopter will be feasible to utilize and develop efciently the technologies it can assisting the paddies farming. Hazardous pesticides do not expose into the skin directly, inhaled or the eyes. Accidents from the pesticides effect it by doing the farmers, and those used manual spray pumps. To minimize dissemination risks then this study designed the quadcopter remote control for spraying the pesticide liquids to the rice plants. the quadcopter type X with the dimension of 650 mm made by Tarot it used in this research. The quadcopter has moving with four propeller and the size of 13x5.5 inch that mounted on the brush motor of 700KV. The quadcopter has two stages for take off position it by flight mode of GPS hold to spray the pesticide liquid and automatic flight mode using the mission planning software. The pesticide dissemination using the quadcopter has produced the better spraying when conducted in three meter of elevation by nozzle holder rate of 75%.

Quality assessment of volunteered geographic information for outdoor activities: an analysis of OpenStreetMap data for names of peaks in Japan

ABSTRACT Geographical studies of outdoor activities have increased in recent years with the rise in popularity of these activities worldwide, including in Japan. Volunteered geographic information (VGI) is a key tool for organizing outdoor activities as it offers a means to determine the locational information and names of places. To evaluate the quality of VGI, geospatial data generated by land survey agencies and other VGI are often utilized as reference data. However, since these reference data may not be available, other methods are necessary to assure the quality of VGI. In this study, we examined five trust indicators based on the inherent characteristics of VGI through an empirical case study. We used mountain names extracted from OpenStreetMap in Japan as data because there were almost no other VGI in the vicinity. As a result, we isolated three trust indicators, namely versions, users, and tag corrections, to examine the thematic accuracy of VGI because these were the only statistically significant indicators. However, we found that the prediction rate of thematic accuracy was very low. To improve thematic accuracy, this study recommends using the most accurate versions, applying correctly given tags, and considering the motivations and characteristics of the VGI contributors.

Remote sensing of field-scale irrigation withdrawals in the central Ogallala aquifer region

For agricultural areas facing water scarcity, sustainable water use policy relies on irrigation information that is timely and at a high resolution, but existing publicly available water use data are often insufficient for monitoring compliance or understanding the influence of policy on individual farmer decisions. This study attempts to fill this data gap by using remote sensing to map annual irrigation quantity at the field-scale within the central Ogallala aquifer region of the United States. We compiled in situ annual irrigation volume data at the field scale in the Republican River Basin of Colorado for 2015–2018 and at the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) section scale in western Kansas for 2000–2016, which served as reference data in random forest models that relied on Landsat-based actual evapotranspiration from the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance model (SSEBop) along with maps of irrigated area, Landsat spectral indices, climate, soils, and derived hydrologic variables. The models explained 87% of the variability in irrigation volume in Colorado and 75% in Kansas, but accuracy declined when transferring the models in spatial cross-validation (Colorado R2 =0.81; Kansas R2 =0.51) and temporal cross-validation (Colorado R2 =0.82; Kansas R2 =0.68). Predicted annual totals of irrigation volume in western Kansas had a mean absolute error of 11.9%, which was slightly higher than the average annual change of 11%. Use of predicted irrigation maps also lead to an underestimated effect size for a water use restriction policy in Kansas. These results indicate that field- and section-scale irrigation can be mapped with reasonable accuracy within a region and time period that has adequate sample data, but that methods may need to be improved for applying the models more broadly in areas that lack extensive in situ irrigation data to support further research on water use and aid in structuring policy.

Urban Resource Assessment, Management, and Planning Tools for Land, Ecosystems, Urban Climate, Water, and Materials—A Review

Increasing awareness of global and local climate change and the limited resources of land, surface, water, raw materials, urban green spaces, and biodiversity alter the exigencies of urban development. Already perceivable local climate changes such as heavy rains, droughts, and urban heat islands urge planners to take action. Particularly in densely populated areas, conflicting interests are pre-programmed, and decision making has to include multiple impacts, mutual competition, and interaction with respect to investments into provisioning services. Urban planners and municipal enterprises increasingly work with digital tools for urban planning and management to improve the processes of identifying social or urbanistic problems and redevelopment strategies. For this, they use 2D/3D city models, land survey registers, land use and re-/development plans or other official data. Moreover, they increasingly request data-based planning tools to identify and face said challenges and to assess potential interventions holistically. Thus, this contribution provides a review of 51 current tools. Simple informational tools, such as visualizations or GIS viewers, are widely available. However, databases and tools for explicit and data-based urban resource management are sparse. Only a few focus on integrated assessment, decision, and planning support with respect to impact and cost assessments, real-time dashboards, forecasts, scenario analyses, and comparisons of alternative options.

Research on the Technological Process and Methods of Land Survey and Demarcation Based on 3S Technology

Research on the Technological Process and Methods of Land Survey and Demarcation Based on 3S Technology

“Every fish in the sea is meat and so are guitarfishes”: Socio-economic drivers of a guitarfish fishery in Ghana

Rhino rays, such as guitarfishes, are increasingly targeted or retained as incidental catch and have become an economically important component in fisheries worldwide. Despite their importance, information about the catch and socioeconomics of these fisheries are virtually non-existent in West Africa. We address a significant knowledge gap about the characteristics and drivers of guitarfish fisheries in four key ray-fishing communities in the Western and Central Regions in Ghana. We conducted landing and market surveys of guitarfishes over 80 days from November 2020 to August 2021. We also interviewed 51 fishers actively involved in the guitarfish fishery across the four communities during this period using semi-structured interviews. The findings confirm the likely disappearance of sawfishes Pristis spp., as most fishers have not captured any in their lifetime. We also confirm no known catches of the African wedgefish Rhynchobatus luebberti. Our surveys documented 537 individuals from four guitarfish species across the various landing and market sites. The spineback guitarfish (Rhinobatos irvinei) was the most frequently landed species comprising 71 % (n = 383) of all guitarfishes, with 57 % of the specimens not yet sexually mature. Most fishers (71 %) stated that catches of the two larger guitarfishes (blackchin guitarfish Glaucostegus cemiculus and common guitarfish Rhinobatos rhinobatos) have declined by 80–90 % based on their recollection. At the same time, over half (59 %) of the fishers indicated that the catches of the smaller guitarfishes (spineback guitarfish and whitespotted guitarfish Rhinobatos albomaculatus) have declined by 40–60 %. The main drivers for the catch or retention of guitarfishes were for both international trade of their fins, and meat which are both traded locally (45 % of 51 fishers) and used as a source of food for local consumption (37 %). While we know high economic value drives the catch and trade of giant guitarfishes and wedgefishes, we show that this trade extends to the other guitarfish species. The interviews and contemporary pattern of catches are consistent with a serial depletion of rhino rays from the largest, most valuable species to the remaining smaller-bodied, less valuable guitarfishes. We recommend the development of national regulations for their protection complemented by education programs to ensure that fishers are aware of the threatened status of guitarfishes.

Terrain Correction in Gravity Data Processing using Hybrid Land Survey and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model: A Case Study in Mount Pandan, Indonesia

A clean corrected complete Bouger anomaly would perform reasonable geological subsurface interpretation. As a part of the processing phase, the terrain correction has a significant influence. Since the terrain correction entangles a vast area, it is not easy to fulfill with land survey. Our study aimed to apply an SRTM DEM in addition to land survey data to overcome a satisfactory terrain correction. We have applied the SRTM data to calculate the terrain correction for the outer zone (i.e., D to M) using the Hammer method. In Mount Pandan, Indonesia, we have set this method to generate a complete Bouguer anomaly as a case study. The terrain correction in the outer zone has corrected the gravity anomaly up to 14.74 mGal. The result shows that the hybrid elevation data may provide sufficient terrain correction in gravity data processing for practical geological subsurface interpretation.

RESEARCH ON QUALITY EVALUATION TECHNOLOGY OF BASIC SURVEY RESULTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Abstract. To execute the overall protection and comprehensive treatment of natural resources, Chinese government has earnestly fulfilled its duties of centralized management and announced the overall plan for the construction of a survey and monitoring system for natural resources. Survey and monitoring of natural resources is the basic work of management of natural resources. Survey and monitoring of natural resources is a survey project of geospatial information for natural resources based on 3S spatial information technology, massive data resources and technical means. Survey of natural resources is classified into basic survey and special survey. Therein, the basic survey, based on the surface coverage, is principally to figure out the scope, area and ownership of all sorts of natural resources projected on the earth's surface. Data quality evaluation is significant means to ensure the authenticity and accuracy of the quality and results of the survey project for natural resources. This thesis studies the inspection and evaluation technology of quality and results, designs the quality model of basic survey for natural resources, including quality characteristics, quality requirements, and quality evaluation process. Apart from that, it selects the results of land survey in some regions of the country and conducts quality evaluation experiments of basic survey data, which verifies the applicability of the quality evaluation methods.

EXPERIENCE IN INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM OF THE REAL ESTATE CADASTRE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

Due to the emergence of modern requirements for providing the necessary information to state authorities and local self-government bodies, interested enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as citizens in order to regulate land and other relations, determine the amount of land fees and the value of land as part of natural resources, control over the use and protection of land, economic, environmental justification business plans and economic projects there was a need to analyze the practice of organizing geodetic, cartographic and cadastral works abroad on the example of consideration of the history and current state of cartographic and geodetic support, cadastral works on the territory of the Czech Republic. The formulated purpose and objectives of the study led to the use of general scientific approaches, logical laws of drawing conclusions, special methods of cognition. In carrying out the tasks, the research was based on the world experience of using the descriptive method, the historical and typological method based on complex and systematic approaches. The information base of the research was collections of scientific papers, periodical professional publications, Internet resources, regulatory documents. The article describes the choice of effective methods of organizing geodetic, cartographic and cadastral works abroad by the example of considering the history, current state and experience of cadastral works on the territory of the Czech Republic. The practical significance is noted by the target direction of this study for the needs of specialists in the geodetic industry, for land surveyors, for specialists in organizing effective work on methods and methods of collecting spatial data that can provide operational automated receipt of cartographic information with a given accuracy and the necessary amount of information for both the needs of the country and interested users of various industries. The implementation of the geospatial data infrastructure in the republic, which is accessible to everyone on the Internet, is investigated.

MULTIMODE SATELLITE IMAGE HYBRID BLOCK-ADJUSTMENT AND ITS APPLICATION IN LARGE AREA ORTHOPHOTO IMAGE PROCESSING

Abstract. Different satellite images have different positioning accuracy. For example, stereo satellite images have higher positioning accuracy than resource survey satellite images. In addition, for a large number of non stereo satellite images, due to the inability to build a strong triangulation model, it is impossible to carry out block adjustment alone to improve the image positioning accuracy. High precision and high resolution Orthophoto Images are the basis of resource investigation and monitoring and basic geographic information updating. For example, China's third national land survey, national geographic situation monitoring and other national projects require that the survey base map must reach the accuracy of 1:10000 scale, that is, the mean square plane error of points is less than 5m. For most satellite images, a certain number of ground control points need to be deployed to achieve this accuracy. Due to the difficulty of obtaining high-precision ground control points and DEM data in difficult areas, high-precision mapping has always been an unsolved problem, such as Western China. In addition, due to the limited coverage of a single satellite image, to realize the complete coverage of an image in a large area requires the joint application of multiple satellite images. In this paper, the high-precision collaborative geometric processing model and technical method of high-resolution multi-source remote sensing satellite images are proposed. The high-precision collaborative geometric processing of more than ten kinds of high-resolution domestic satellite images is completed by integrating multi-source observation data. An automatic construction method of large-scale block adjustment model of remote sensing images from domestic satellites based on multivariate generalized control network is proposed, including key technologies such as automatic optimization of optimal tie points under different modes, automatic matching of multi-node parallelization tie points, multi-level gross error elimination and so on, which realizes the automatic and stable construction of aerial triangulation model. The test shows that the positioning accuracy of satellite images is better than the accuracy requirements of 1:10000 scale without ground control points, which solves the problem of geometric positioning of 1:10000 scale accuracy in areas where it is difficult to obtain ground control points in the field of Western China.

Application of ground-based stereophotogrammetric survey in the technical inventory of real estate objects

The general methods of land survey for the purposes of technical inventory of real estate units don’t allow creating visual materials and forms of real estate objects elements that can have some errors. The new method of land survey with the stereo photography and GNSS coordinating of station is free of this weaknesses. The land surveys of object must be made with photogrammetric constructеs, which consist of 3, 4 or 6 snapshots. Stations must have noncollinear position. Minimal base lines must be calculated according to acceptable errors of buildings measurements. The research shows that all photogrammetric constructеs are of equal accuracy. The photographing with 4 or 6 stations is more informative because of different lines of sight. The result of this surveys is a 3D model. Measurements of forms of real estate objects elements with 3D models have high accuracy. The survey examples of different objects shows high accuracy results of 2D and 3D measurements, which are made with 3D model. The implementation of the method of land survey with the stereo photography for the purposes of technical inventory of real estate objects makes real progress in the creation of 3D cadaster.