Land Settlement Research Articles

A Critical Comparison of Kautilya's 'Arthashastra' and Machiavelli's 'The Prince', Their Political Theories and Philosophies

Kautilya’s Arthashastra was translated to English in the year 1915, since then its comparison with Machiavelli started. Chanakya is credited with the creation of Arthashastra, a magnum opus on statecraft, law, military, and other matters of the state. The Arthashastra is the oldest book on political science and political ethics, and he introduced many other prominent issues to be kept in mind compared to Machiavelli. Machiavelli only concentrates on political and fiscal matters, Kautilya writes about the importance of land settlements, promotion of economic activity, rules of society, construction of infrastructure, defence, and communication. He has given a list of behavioral codes for ministers, king, and civilians. There is mention of diverse levels of administration, various departments and the roles for the officials are clearly defined. And the entire administration was based on the foundation of ‘Dharma’. Arthashastra is a comprehensive, coherent, original document while on the other hand Machiavelli was seeking a job and he sent his manuscript with job application. Consequently, he covered a very few topics and did not analyze any topic in depth. Though written and complied centuries apart and prior to Machiavelli’s Prince, The Arthashastra is much more detailed and complete text on state craft which is relevant even today. Some researchers have even gone to the extent of saying that, comparing Machiavelli’s Prince to Kautilya’s Arthashastra is like comparing a candlelight to that of sunlight.

Long-Term Evolution of Ecologically Fragile Waterside Rural Areas and Strategies for Local Spatial Planning: An Empirical Study in Baiyangdian, China

Under the dynamics of urbanization and counterurbanization, rural areas in China face both challenges and opportunities with the government’s new-town policy. A comprehensive analysis is essential for developing effective strategies. Characterized by traditional water settlements and high ecological sensitivity, Anxin County, which encompasses 50% of Baiyangdian Lake, was selected as a case study. Anxin County was incorporated into the National New Area in 2017, and it served as an experimental site for green ecological development. This study aims to provide insights into the sustainable spatial planning of Anxin County’s settlements by examining their long-term evolution and locational differences, modeling the driving mechanisms, and proposing differentiated spatial planning strategies based on predictive outcomes. Our research findings indicate the folllowing: (1) Anxin County’s settlements have expanded significantly in the past, with a notable surge between 1975 and 1996. Initially, semi-waterside settlements experienced the fastest growth before the 1970s, followed by land settlements. (2) Natural and socio-economic factors are modeled as independent variables to explain the evolution of settlement areas. The results indicate a decreasing impact of natural factors and an increasing influence of socio-economic factors over time. Furthermore, the evolution of settlements in water areas is relatively straightforward and random, whereas land settlements are influenced by a complex array of factors. (3) Utilizing the model to predict settlement growth, the study identifies settlements requiring relocation, and it proposes the most suitable relocation targets for them. A total of 23 villages, including Bei Tianzhuang and Cai Putai, are identified for relocation, while villages such as Ma Village, Bian Village, and Liu Lizhuang have strong capacities for accepting in-migrants. The study also offers recommendations for enhancing waterfront landscapes, flexible land use, road network systems, and internal construction.

Stability and failure probability analysis of super-large irregularly shaped deep excavation in coastal area considering spatial variability in soil properties

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of spatial variability in coastal silty soil properties on the stability and failure probability of deep excavation. A super-large irregularly shaped deep excavation in the coastal area in Wenzhou, China, is considered. A numerical model is established based on the random field theory, finite difference method and Monte-Carlo simulation method. Focusing on the friction angle and cohesion, the effects of horizontal and vertical correlation distances and variation coefficients on excavation stability are systematically studied. Meanwhile, the reliability evaluation approach is also applied to systematically examine the impact of the correlation distance on the surface settlement and horizontal displacement of pile. The results show that the greater correlation distance leads to a larger dispersion degree of the ground settlement curve and the displacement curve of the diaphragm wall around. The influence of the horizontal correlation distance on land settlement is more significant. The horizontal and vertical displacements of the pile top are less affected by the correlation distance. Compared with the deterministic analysis, the random analysis results considering the soil spatial variability produce larger displacement.

METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF PURPOSEFUL USE OF LAND IN POPULATION POINTS OF LAND CADASTRAL INDICATORS

To maintain settlement land account in correct modern methods and complete land surveying and to ensure purposeful use of land. Establishing targeted land use through land cadastre-based indicators is important in ensuring economic stability. From this point of view, the article provides information on the creation of cadastral indicators based on the geodatabase ArcGIS program and thereby achieving economic stability in the regions, as well as establishing the purposeful use of land in the regions and their control.

The Spatial Patterns and Building Policies of Rural Settlements in the Context of Demolition: The Case of Xian’an, China

In China, the “land-restructuring” policy provides balanced land for urban settlements that is strictly limited in expansion. Therefore, reassessing and adjusting the layout of rural settlements is of great practical significance for promoting rural revitalization. In this paper, taking Xian’an district in Hubei Province as an example, we use the weighted rank-sum ratio comprehensive evaluation method and spatial association analysis method to analyze the development level and spatial pattern of settlements. The results show that: (1) The development level of settlements in Xian’an shows obvious spatial differences, with a spatial pattern of ‘high in the core–low in the periphery’ and ‘high in the northwest–low in the southeast’, which is the result of the combined effect of natural geographical conditions and socioeconomic conditions; (2) The comprehensive development level of settlements, evaluated based on four major indicators—population size, resource endowment, spatial characteristics, and material construction—reveals the presence of cluster effects, distance decay effects, administrative hierarchy effects, and “long board” effects; (3) Within village communities, settlements with significantly high levels and settlements with significantly low levels have a similar geographic distribution and mosaic spatial patterns. Lastly, based on the overall development level and spatial association patterns of settlements, this article presents possible options for governmental settlement governance from the standpoint of rural building management.

Evaluation of Settlement Distribution on Detailed Spatial Plan in Sewon District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta 2018 – 2038

Settlement as a place to live is one of the main needs that need to be met for the survival of human life. The need for settlement will increase along with the increase in population. The development of settlements in Sewon District. Bantul, Indonesia which is very dynamic requires monitoring to ensure that the distribution of settlements is in accordance with the spatial pattern plan that has been determined by the local government. Imagery as a remote sensing product which is then processed with the help of GIS [HV1] can be used in monitoring the distribution of settlements because it can provide more detailed information regarding land use, including settlements. This research aims to evaluate the distribution of settlements against the detailed spatial plan (RDTR) for the Sewon Urban Area (BWP) of Bantul Regency in 2018-2038. This study uses visual interpretation techniques of SPOT-7 PMS imagery in mapping existing settlement land, field surveys, and GIS processing. The research results show that mapping settlement land using imagery produces an overall accuracy of 95.20%. The settlement evaluation shows that there is a suitability of settlement land with the detailed spatial plan reaching 579.88 hectares or 87.26%, while the settlement land that is not in accordance with the detailed spatial plan is 9.62 hectares or 1.45%, and the settlement land that is temporarily not in accordance with the detailed spatial plan is 75.05 hectares or 11.29% of the total settlement area in Sewon District. Local governments must pay more attention to existing settlements with regular monitoring so that the existing settlements that are not in accordance with the detailed spatial plan will not expand.

Территория садоводства в границах населенного пункта

The territory of horticulture can be located on the lands of settlements or agricultural purposes. The very definition of the concept of “garden land” contains the possibility of its use both for recreation of citizens, and the cultivation of crops, and the possibility of placing a residential building. In such conditions, regional legislators are faced with the difficult task of formulating criteria for classifying the territory of horticulture as the lands of settlements. In this paper, proposals are made to find criteria for assigning a horticulture territory to a certain category of land.

Social Injustice Inflicted by Spatial Changes in Vernacular Settings: An Analysis of Published Literature

It is well known that every kind of development has the tendancy to produce spatial disparity or spatial justice. However, usually, it is the demand-driven, rural, non-agricultural transitional area development considered the prime cause of concern for policy planners. Indeed, this is an area where spatial justice needs to be ensured so that development is just for all and not lopsided for any single stakeholder. For example, there is a need to ensure that fair allocation of land development rights rests with the village dwellers. Usually, the market is biased in favour of allocating premium land of the vernacular settlements to expand the city for new city dwellers who wish to get new parcels of land for developing housing. Plan-led spatial changes without corrective mediation between villagers and the city dwellers also lead to bias decision-making. Transition from rural sprawl to urban compactness suggests institutional change need be adopted in governance so that socio-spatial justice for villagers is incorporated into an integrated city. In this context, this paper examines the current knolwdge reflected through academic narratives of social injustice inflicted by spatial change. This paper presents the concept of spatial justice as an umbrella term encompassing all political, social, economic, and environmental forms. Gentrification and peri-urbanization are two spatial changes that do injustice to certain social groups. The paper employs both quantitative and qualitative data gathering techniques. It conducts primarily a document survey, analysing published research related to development and social and spatial justics issues. The documents discussing the role of planning in achieving spatial justice until 2023 are examined. The paper reveals that while formal planning often marginalizes vernacular settlements, participatory and communitydriven planning processes show potential for addressing issues of spatial injustice. The paper concludes that the investigation into spatial justice within vernacular settlements must account for unique socio-cultural, environmental, and economic dynamics.

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN PENUTUPAN ;AHAN DAN FAKTOR PENDORONG PENGGUNAAN LAHAN KAWASAN HUTAN DESA LAIYA, MAROS

Land cover change is strongly influenced by land use. Increasing population growth results in the need for food and other needs. The causes of land use change are influenced by human activities or activities that directly affect land use. Physical, social and economic factors are factors that trigger land use change in Laiya Village, Cenrana District. The purpose of this study was to describe land cover change in Laiya Village, Cenrana Subdistrict for the period 2011, 2015 and 2019 and to determine the driving factors that influence land use change around the forest area of Laiya Village. This research uses GIS analysis to analyze and see land cover changes that occur and qualitative descriptive methods to determine land use changes. The period 2011-2015 mixed dryland agriculture decreased in area by 2,893.19 ha while shrubs increased in area by 2,744.51 ha. The period 2015-2019 mixed dryland agriculture experienced an increase in land area of 3,030.64 ha and shrubs experienced a decrease in land area of 2,744.51 ha. Factors that influence land use change are physical, social and economic factors. Socio-economic factors are the main driving factor of land use change, the need for land for settlements is increasing due to the high population density that occurs around the forest area of Laiya Village, Cenrana District, Maros Regency which causes people to utilize land as an economic source.

Analisis Kesesuaian Lahan Permukiman di Kecamatan Pasaman Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografi

Settlements are part of the living environment that functions as a residential environment. The conditions of a settlement greatly influence the survival of living creatures in that settlement. Spatial planning for a residential location needs to be based on various considerations to make it more appropriate and efficient, mSo there needs to be efforts to adapt the land, Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the level of suitability of residential land in Pasaman District using the method matching and spatial analysis, namely geographic information systems. Settlement land suitability analysis for Pasaman District is divided into 3 classes, namely suitability classes S2, S3, and N. For class S2, which is the land suitability class suitable for settlements, has an area of 16,105 Ha (37%), class S3 or suitable marginal with an area of 14,188.21 Ha (32%), and class N or not suitable with an area of 13,807.26 Ha (31%). The dominant inhibiting or limiting factors for land suitability classes in Pasaman District are slopes, river borders, road accessibility and flood vulnerability.

Sustainable environmental governance as the implementation of state defense policy

Background: Land waters in urban areas often become a source of problems if they are not managed wisely and firmly. The threat and risk of danger, disease and even death always haunt the people who live on the banks of the river. Poverty and slum areas are negative effects of less than optimal land water management in urban areas. The Indonesian government has taken various steps to address this, but the lack of urban land for settlement is the reason why immigrants from other regions reside and reside in dangerous areas such as riverbanks. The compulsion to live minimally in urban areas is a burden for local governments in their efforts to increase welfare as well as improve sustainable urban governance. Many other cities in developed countries have made efforts to improve inland water areas to alleviate poverty and at the same time beautify the urban landscape. The experts agreed to hold discussions to formulate the best policy steps for sustainable urban governance in Indonesia. Methods: In the process of data analysis and decision making related to sustainable environmental governance as implementation of national defense policy, this article utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Data Processing Method. Finding: The results of in-depth discussions and interviews with experts in the field of environment, urban governance, economic experts and poverty management experts from various institutions such as the Ministry of Social Affairs, PUPR Ministry, Spatial Planning and City Planning Services, Academics and also the Military were processed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Conclusion: The best decision alternative will be a recommendation for policy makers regarding sustainable urban governance. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is relevant to the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method to formulate sustainable urban water management policies in Indonesia, involving various experts and related institutions to overcome poverty and improve urban landscapes. Therefore, this study can show policy recommendations based on various aspects and views.

Analisis Daya Dukung Lahan untuk Permukiman di Kota Bukittinggi

Bukittinggi City, with the land conversion to built-up land continues to increase and the availability of land that does not increase, faces difficulties in utilizing land for settlements along with increasing population growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze the suitability of land for settlements and the carrying capacity of Bukittinggi City's residential land for the next 30 years. The quantitative descriptive research method with data presented through tables and maps, calculations refer to the Ministry of Environment's 2014 carrying capacity guidelines and RP3KP. The results of the study indicate that the area of land suitable for settlements is Suitable (S2) covering 710 ha, less suitable (S3) covering 1,147 ha, and not suitable covering 430 ha. For the carrying capacity of Bukittinggi City settlements, in Guguk Panjang District it is in the deficit class, with a DDPm value of 0.24, while 2 other districts are in the surplus class, with Mandiangin Koto Selayan District valued at 2.42, and Aur Birugo Tigobaleh District of 4.09. And for a period of 30 years, 2032, 2042, and 2052, Mandiangin Koto Selayan sub-district and Aur Birugo Tigobaleh sub district still have a surplus while Guguk Panjang sub-district is still in deficit.

Decolonisation agriculture: challenging colonisation through the reconstruction of agriculture in Western Kurdistan (Rojava)

This article examines the colonial homogenising policies of the Syrian Ba’ath regime and the subsequent decolonisation processes that led to the emergence of Rojava as a pluriverse. In 1963, the Ba’ath regime implemented nation-state colonialism in the predominantly Kurdish region, using agricultural modernisation as a tool for its colonisation efforts. This modernisation bolstered the central state, perpetuated the underdevelopment of the region as a periphery, and asserted control through the settlement and distribution of land to Arab families loyal to the regime. Following the regime’s collapse in Rojava in 2012, the communities that comprise the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) dismantled the colonial agricultural system. They developed a decentralised governance and agrarian development approach, referred to here as the decolonisation of agriculture. Based on interviews and fieldwork in the region, this article explores the interplay between agricultural development and colonial politics, as well as the critical role of agriculture in the broader struggle for decolonisation. We conclude that in the anti-colonial struggle, people and the rhizomatic governance structures they develop challenge colonial submission to the central state, exploring life beyond the nation-state, which is crucial for a decolonial shift.

A dataset of 1km-grid comprehensive indexes of land use degree density in China (2020)

The comprehensive index of land use degree quantitatively reflects the development and use degree of the ecological environment by human activities from the aspect of land use. The dataset is derived from the 30-meter land use raster data produced based on the 2020 national land change survey data. We used the land use comprehensive index model to quantitatively analyze the national land use degree evaluation by dividing the land use into four degrees: unused land, the land used for forestry, meadow and waters, agricultural land, and urban settlement land. We comprehensively calculated the degree of human intervention in regional land use. In order to ensure data correctness and accuracy, we adopted unified and standardized data processing methods, sample collection rules, and quality control systems to control the quality of the data results. This dataset can be used for a valuable reference for the research on territorial spatial planning, regional development and development evaluation, main body functional area evaluation, and coupling analysis of human-land relations.

Analisis Kasus Putusan Sengketa Tanah Garapan Oleh Masyarakat Di Desa Kwala Bingai Kecamatan Stabat

Agricultural land disputes and resolution of certain cases based on the decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 123/G/2023/PTUN-MDN. Cultivated land disputes are disputes related to the use of land by local communities without the consent of the land owner or government. Case resolution is a legal process that involves legal evidence and appropriate legal interpretation. This decision regulates the settlement of agricultural land between parties managing agricultural land that has not been resolved by the government. The Supreme Court decided that the plaintiff had the right to acquire agricultural land which was considered state land, and other parties had no legal basis to acquire the agricultural land. This decision reflects the legal basis that applies to cultivated land. Land dispute resolution is a complex issue that requires careful and professional handling to avoid conflicts of interest. This study also highlights land ownership and land management issues that require further discussion.

How to Transfer Ownership of Real Estate to Individuals by Settlement, Or by Registration

Real estate is characterized as stable money that is suitable for production and exploitation over time, this study Looking for an answer to the following question: How to transfer the ownership of real estate to individuals through settlement, or registration? The study found that The real estate owned by the state is of three types: the first is real estate designated for public benefit, and the second is real estate owned by the state, private ownership, i.e. registered in the name of the treasury or one of its institutions, and real estate owned by the state by definition, that is, unregistered real estate.and The transfer of ownership of state-owned real estate to individuals, includes registered and unregistered lands, where individuals can register state lands in their own name, provided permission from the state, through the acts of the provisions of the real estate ownership law, whether by settlement or registration. and If the ownership is transferred to individuals, according to the settlement of land and water, or the registration of immovable property that has not previously been registered, then the title deed is considered an official document, and its contents cannot be challenged by any means of appeal, not even by fraud or forgery. After that, the title deed has the right to challenge it, for any defect in the elements of the contract or a succession in the implementation of the contract, before the regular courts, to demand the invalidity or rescission of the act.

Hazards profile of the Shigar Valley, Central Karakoram, Pakistan: Multicriteria hazard susceptibility assessment

The rapid deglaciation in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) significantly impacts local landscapes, watersheds, and basin-wide hydrology. While creating new opportunities, such as emerging landscapes and hydrological changes, deglaciation simultaneously heightens the risk of glacio-hydrological hazards in adjacent and downstream regions. With limited available land for agriculture and settlements, communities around glaciers expand human activities toward newly formed floodplains and deglaciating valleys, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of associated risks and vulnerabilities. This study employs Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing products for a multicriteria hazards susceptibility assessment in the Shigar Valley, located in the downstream of major Himalayan glaciers – the Baltoro (63 km) and Biafo (67 km) glaciers. The research reveals that 28.3% of the valley is highly susceptible to multiple hazards, emphasizing the urgency of informed decision-making in the region. Only 0.03% area lies in the very low susceptible category, 9.7% in the low susceptible, 60.6% in the moderately susceptible, and 1.04% in the very highly susceptible categories. These findings highlight the need for proactive measures, adaptive strategies, and sustainable development in the Shigar Valley to mitigate the escalating risks posed by deglaciation and changing hydrological patterns.

Agricultural Land Suitability Assessment Based on GIS at the County Scale in Yibin, China

As agricultural land resources scarce, food security has emerged as a pressing global concern. Conducting a suitability assessment of agricultural land is crucial for agricultural resources and food security. To establish an evaluation index system, we incorporated land, water, climate, and society four dimensions of 16 indicators. And we incorporated Entropy Weight Method (EWM), an objective method, with integrated evaluation model to assess agricultural land suitability in Yibin. Based on actual agricultural production, areas of land of urban construction, rural settlement and mining and water are subtracted. The Findings found that agricultural land suitability in Yibin presented a significant spatial heterogeneity. Areas with suitability and relative suitability accounted for 57.61% of Yibin’s land areas, which suggest Yibin has an abundance of agricultural land resources. Regions moderately suitable predominantly lie in the western and southern areas, covering 32.22% of the land area. Generally suitable areas accounted for 10.03% of Yinbin’s land areas, spatial distribution of which is similar to moderately suitable regions. Moderately and generally areas are potential areas for agricultural production. And regions for unsuitable accounted for only 0.14% of land areas. Overall, results mentioned above indicate that Yibin's agricultural land resources are in good condition. Considered terrain and water sources, this study revealed that the spatial distribution of topography and annual precipitation in Yibin closely mirrored both suitable and relatively suitable regions.

State-Building through Public Land Disposal? An Application of Matrix Completion for Counterfactual Prediction

This article examines how homestead policies, which opened vast frontier lands for settlement, influenced the development of American frontier states. It uses a treatment propensity-weighted matrix completion model to estimate the counterfactual size of these states without homesteading. In simulation studies, the method shows lower bias and variance than other estimators, particularly in higher complexity scenarios. The empirical analysis reveals that homestead policies significantly and persistently reduced state government expenditure and revenue. These findings align with continuous difference-in-differences estimates using 1.46 million land patent records. This study’s extension of the matrix completion method to include propensity score weighting for causal effect estimation in panel data, especially in staggered treatment contexts, enhances policy evaluation by improving the precision of long-term policy impact assessments.

Peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the nationalist direction in Galicia in the interwar period (1919-1939) of the 20th century

The article examines the peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the nationalist direction in Galicia during the interwar period. The ideas and specifics of the views of Ukrainian thinkers who formed and developed Ukrainian nationalist thought are considered. It is shown that the struggle of Ukrainian nationalists was aimed at realizing the natural right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination. It is emphasized that it was extremely difficult for Ukrainians to achieve this in practice, because the process of annexation of Western Ukrainian lands was accompanied by a violation of fundamental international obligations of Poland and its current legislation, which were a prerequisite for the consent of the victorious states to temporary (1919) and permanent, with the rights of autonomy (1923) inclusion of Western Ukrainian lands into the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is emphasized that in the 20s, the occupation government began mass polonization in Galicia, which consisted in the artificial colonization of Ukrainian ethnic lands by the Polish population, significant restrictions on Ukrainians in obtaining school education in their native language, persecution of organized public life, etc. The apogee was the so-called pacification, a punitive action to "pacify” Ukrainians, which was carried out from September 16 to November 30, 1930. It was established that repression and mass terror caused acute forms of confrontation in society, which should be considered as an adequate response of Ukrainian nationalists to the efforts of the authorities to oppress the Ukrainian population with violent methods. It is argued that a new stage in the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of a nationalist direction is largely connected with the figure of Dmytro Dontsov, who formed the basic principles of education of the national elite, defense of national interests and development of national ideology. It has been proven that in the interwar period, nationalist ideas in Galicia penetrated into the popular masses, mastered them and thus significantly changed the character of the Ukrainian people.