Set-aside Land Research Articles

Three Rocky Mountain Terms: Park, Sugan, and Plaza

IN THE SHORT WORK SHEETS of The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada (as revised for the Rocky Mountain states) there are three isoglottal terms which may serve to illustrate both sectional and intersectional diffusion. These three are park, sugan, and plaza. The first term, park, is a commonplace word in American English, usually associated with a tract of land set aside for recreation and sports. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary finds the word with early forms in English pearruc, French parc, Gaelic pairc, German pferch, and other European tongues, with a possible primitive Teutonic base. Some of the meanings in the various uses are 'an enclosure,' 'a sheepfold,' 'space surrounded by walls,' and 'a palisades to hold wild beasts.' The Oxford English Dictionary has quotations from thirteenth-century legal charters for land enclosed by royal grant or prescription and intended for keeping animals of the chase. A sixteenth-century citation in the OED refers to a wooded park: 'I542 Boorde Dyetary IV (I870) .. . A parke ... with dere & conyes is ... a plesaunt thyng to be anexed to a mansyon.' An eighteenth-century citation illustrates the same sense: '178I S. Peters History of Connecticut ... There are only two small parks of deer in Connecticut.' The extension of this term to describe a large, unfenced clearing in the mountains seems to have become American usage when explorers from the Eastern United States proceeded west along the Oregon and Santa Fe trails. The most complete discussion of the term as it is used in the earliest period and later is to be found in a paper by Albert Matthews delivered at a meeting of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts in Boston on April 28, 1904. After tracing the discovery and development of various national parks, such as Yellowstone, Sequoia, Yosemite, which were under the control of the Secretary of the Interior, and other parks supervised by the Secretary of War, Mr. Matthews remarks: 'Deserving of comment is another use of the word Park, which is peculiar to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and the adjacent country. The word is there applied to a valley shut in on all sides by high hills or mountains.'2 He then documents this use of the word from the writings of

The City Planning Process: A Framework for Community Education

munity activities and that the way in which urban land is used has a direct effect upon the way a particular social group functions. The physical relationship between lands used for various purposes can limit or encourage most forms of human enterprise. Education is one of these activities, and it can be directly affected for better or worse through such physical factors as location of the facility in relation to users, the amount of land set aside, and the timing of construction in relation to other community needs. Without the land itself, and with any of these conditions lacking, the ability of the educational plant to serve human needs is impaired. Viewed in this light, city planning is essentially community planning. No other governmental service has this especial assignment.

Behavior of immediate and delayed cutaneous reactions in asthmatic patients: Stevens, F. A., and Jordain, L.: J. Immunol. 31: 51, 1936

The use of fossil fuels as a main source of energy is directly linked to global climate change (due to CO2 emission), so there is a necessity to find new, cheap and easily available energy sources for the earth’s inhabitants. Nowadays renewable energy sources are forced also for the mitigation of the effects of climate change as a result of greenhouse gases emission control. Decentralized sources of low-cost renewable fuels that may be used, in particular, in those households where there is no possibility of using gas or heat delivered from other sources should be of special interest. This paper describes the possibility of using untreated plants such as Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), mugwort wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) as a source of biofuels. These plants are considered weeds and have many advantages, enabling a wider use for energy purposes, especially in cases where there is a large acreage of land set aside. Clean, full-biogenic, renewable fuel without transportation energy demand and taxes is an interesting economical alternative to usually expensive processed wood biomass, such as pellets or briquettes. The following parameters of the studied fuels were investigated: the yield per hectare, density of growth, dry matter content during the harvest, bulk density, ash content and calorific value. Results revealed that the investigated species could be considered as great primary energy sources due high calorific value (over 16 MJ kg−1), low moisture, low costs and availability. Canadian Goldenrod was found to be especially promising since it covers most of uncultivated land and could be burned in large number of rural households without boiler and heating system change.