Land Resettlement Research Articles

Women, migration and prostitution in Thailand

This article offers explanations for Thai womens migration from rural to urban areas and entry into prostitution that expose environmental and development problems in Thailand. The discussion illustrates how development negatively impacts on women in Thailand and more generally on women in developing countries. Thai family structure is matrilocal and matrilineal. Authority belongs to senior men and is transmitted through the female line. The traditional division of labor exists but the designation of mens and womens work is flexible. Women have the traditional obligation of taking care of aging parents and younger siblings. Womens migration in search of work explains female migration to urban areas and prostitution as a means of survival and source of remittance back home. The Buddhist religious belief in merit-making contributes to prostitution by allowing for the remittances as a means of merit-making to compensate for the demeaning act of prostitution. Indian and Chinese influences shifted the status of women toward one valued as decorative status symbols rather than productive workers. Contact with aristocratic cultures also reinforced the view that it was acceptable for the rich to take many consorts. Womens new status markers are education and wealth. For the poor prostitution may be the only way to achieve status. Thai culture widely accepts that men need sex. Economic prosperity in Thailand has resulted in unequal income distribution land speculation loss of farm land resettlement of hill tribes and marginalization of women. The government emphasizes industrial development and tourism. Agricultural inputs in training credit and access favors men. Agriculture declined due to environmental deterioration. Reforestation campaigns have exacerbated ecological problems. Tourism supports the sex trade. Development must consider alternatives for female employment.

Comments on ‘A new rural dispensation? An examination of community development, public works programmes and land resettlement at RA 60 in the Whittlesea district’

Comments on ‘A new rural dispensation? An examination of community development, public works programmes and land resettlement at RA 60 in the Whittlesea district’

Reply to comments by Erika Joubert on behalf of Rural Support Services regarding ‘A new rural dispensation? An examination of community development, public works programmes and land resettlement at RA 60 in the Whittlesea district’

Reply to comments by Erika Joubert on behalf of Rural Support Services regarding ‘A new rural dispensation? An examination of community development, public works programmes and land resettlement at RA 60 in the Whittlesea district’

A new rural dispensation? An examination of community development, public works programmes and land resettlement at RA 60 in the Whittlesea district

(1996). Comments on ‘A new rural dispensation? An examination of community development, public works programmes and land resettlement at RA 60 in the Whittlesea district’. Development Southern Africa: Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 911-913.

Land Resettlement and Gender in Zimbabwe: Some Findings

While a Research Associate attached to the Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs, Zimbabwe, in 1984, I studied the relation between gender and class in six Resettlement Areas (R.A.s) during an eight-month period in there north-eastern Provinces: Central and East Mashonaland, and Manicaland. The country is divided into five agro-ecological ‘Natural Regions’, numbered I to V, indicating decreasing rainfall and soil fertility, and the R.A.s studied were all in II or III, albeit in a year of drought.

Land Resettlement and Gender in Zimbabwe: Some Findings

While a Research Associate attached to the Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs, Zimbabwe, in 1984, I studied the relation between gender and class in six Resettlement Areas (R.A.s) during an eightmonth period in there north-eastern Provinces: Central and East Mashonaland, and Manicaland. The country is divided into five agro-ecological ‘Natural Regions’, numbered I to V, indicating decreasing rainfall and soil fertility, and the R.A.s studied were all in II or III, albeit in a year of drought.

Environmental calamity in southern Thailand's headwaters: Causes and remedies

In November 1988 intense monsoon rains triggered an unprecedented disaster in southern Thailand. Landslides and widespread flooding caused significant loss of life and damage to property. In some localities whole villages, as well as bridges, agricultural fields, orchards and plantations, were completely destroyed. The disaster was caused by a combination of intense rainfall, a vulnerable geology, deforestation and the conversion of forests to shallow-rooted rubber plantations. The Royal Thai Government's immediate response to the situation involved both short- and long-term remedial measures, including programmes to upgrade the welfare of the villagers, land resettlement and improved watershed management. On 11 January 1989 the government banned all commercial logging in the country in an attempt to reduce the destruction of its forests.

State involvement in the rehabilitation of poor Whites by means of land resettlement at the Hartebeespoort irrigation scheme

Abstract The first accounts of poor Whites were given in 1892 by the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk of the Cape Colony. 1 Since then, various factors — especially political considerations — have led to growing state involvement to resolve the poor White problem. A number of commissions were summoned to study the problem of poor whiteism and investigate possible solutions. Eventually a rehabilitation policy was devised which involved different measures and forms of state involvement. 2

Institutions, Projects and Farmers – Some Issues Arising from the Land Resettlement Programme in Zimbabwe

The land resettlement programme in Zimbabwe was undertaken not just as a land redistribution exercise but as a carefully planned and managed development programme. Despite the problems of adjusting government institutions to independence, an organisational framework was successfully established to plan and implement resettlement. This owed much to the fact that implementing resettlement was consistent with each institution′s objectives. On the other hand, the early economic success of the programme has become increasingly jeopardised as the institutions′ requirement for programme operation has not been matched by that for planning and implementation. An understanding of the organisational objectives of individual institutions can go some way to explain this. The experience of resettlement in Zimbabwe may not be unique and the experience will add to the increased emphasis being given in agricultural development to the establishment of appropriate farmer‐oriented institutions at the local level.

Economic adjustment and current trends in child survival: the case of Zimbabwe

The relationship between health and welfare policies and economic performance and the efficacy of economic adjustment measures in Zimbabwe since independence are examined along with the accompanying changes in infant and young child health. As a result of the successful struggle for independence certain economic measures and social reforms have been instituted and these have had a positive influence on health. The most important include the setting of minimum wages for all categories of labor food subsidies the land resettlement program expanded education water development and drought relief programs. The management and delivery of health care; in line with the new primary health care (PHC) approach has been transformed slowly. The curative and preventive services have been integrated in provincial and district health team structures accountable both to higher levels of the health structure and to the local government structures at the level of service. Active steps have been taken to reform medical education to make the training of physicians more relevant to the needs of Zimbabwe. Some of the changes introduced since independence include: free health care; hospital and rural health center building program; the Zimbabwe expanded program on immunization (ZEPI); diarrheal disease control program (DDCP); a national nutrition program; a program of child spacing; and a national village health worker program. All these and other programs call for expansion of government expenditures. A table shows how the vote allocations and the actual expenditure of the Ministry of Health changed over the period. Due to the scarcity of data it is difficult to be anything but speculative regarding the impact of the health sector interventions on infant and child mortality and morbidity. Yet it is likely that certain programs -- particularly ZEPI and DDCP - have had and continue to have a rapid positive impact on child survival. Any significant impact on deaths resulting from respiratory infections low birth weight and other neonatal causes as well as deaths resulting either directly or indirectly from malnutrition would require improvements in nutritional status of both children and mothers as well as reductions in levels of crowding and further improvement in access to health care. The primary effect on the health sector of the recession period has been to restrict the Ministry of Healths ability to finance services.

Agricultural transformation in Zimbabwe: Lessons for South Africa after apartheid

When Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, reversing historical inequalities became a primary rural development objective. Growth, it was argued, must also generate greater equity. As part of their overall plan, sophisticated agricultural institutions were made available to black farmers and a land resettlement program enacted. Due to constitutional constraints, international pressure, fears about restructuring the economy too rapidly, and a class alliance between white farmers and an emerging black bourgeoisie, limited highveld land was reallocated and large-scale commercial farmers maintained their historical privileges. The only significant change in the subsector was increased capital intensity of production. Small-scale black farmers with access to good land and productive resources have responded remarkably to new production opportunities. In only 7 years, black production of maize and cotton more than doubled and marketed contributions rose from less than 10% to approximately half of national sales. The pattern of agricultural development, however, is spatially and socially limited. New forms of uneven rural development are emerging. The majority of rural blacks still have inadequate land and off-farm income resources to insure subsistence levels of consumption on an annual basis. The rural crisis persists. In South Africa, a Zimbabwe-type small farm development strategy would help a minority of households who are already relatively privileged in terms of access of land, agricultural capital and off-farm income resources. To achieve rural growth and equity, new forms of social organization in farming must be developed concurrent with a major land redistribution program. Zimbabwe's strategy has successfully generated short-term growth but cannot fulfill longer-term rural development objectives.

Institutional policies and migration behavior: A selective review

It appears that human history is a history of tug-of-war between institutional policies to mold people's behavior to achieve certain economic and political goals and individuals' attempts to free themselves from institutional constraints. One area in which such conflicting tendencies between institutional goals and individual needs and desires is most apparent is migration. The present article provides a selective review of how socioeconomic development-related institutional policies influence people's migration behavior, both in sociohistorical and contemporary contexts. The article traces in general terms the evolution of various development policies and their differential impacts on migration behavior. Urban-industrial development policies have induced — though often not intentionally — rural-to-urban migration. Because of growing unemployment and pressure on public services, such migration has been lately viewed as a demographic-development problem. To counter this problem, Third World governments have adopted regional development, land resettlement, and rural development policies, with the underlying objective of controlling cityward migration. The results have been disappointing as the volume of cityward migration remains high. This clearly suggests that institutional objectives are not in alignment with individual needs and aspirations.

The credit market and rural development: A model of a Land Resettlement Scheme

Many markets in developing countries are imperfect, and governments often attmept to eliminate imperfections. The policy implications of completing an incomplete market have not, however, been considered theoretically in the literature. This paper fills the gap, using a model of the credit market in a land resettlement scheme. The major conclusion contradicts a common assumption of the credit rural literature, namely that freely available credit will achieve development objectives. Opening the credit market will contribute to broad objectives such as increasing the options available to settlers, but it will not necessarily achieve narrower objectives such as raising the output of a particular crop.

Changing patterns of population distribution in Zimbabwe.

"This paper critically evaluates the causes and consequences of changes in population distribution in Zimbabwe during the colonial period and since independence in 1980. Five main aspects of population geography are examined. Firstly...the history of tenure policies is outlined. Secondly, the distribution of the African population as revealed in the 1982 census is described and major changes between the census years of 1962, 1969, and 1982 are discussed. Thirdly, changing patterns of settlement and land use within the peasant farming areas (Communal Lands) are examined in the context of increasing population pressures. Fourthly, trends in the...urbanisation of the African population are described. Fifthly, post-independence development policies directed at effecting changes in the distribution of population are discussed with particular reference to the land resettlement programme."

Issues in population pressure, land resettlement, and development: the case of Nepal.

This analysis considers the question of whether resettlement schemes really relieve population pressure or help achieve a better regional balance between population and resource distribution in a manner consistent with Nepals national objective of agricultural growth with social justice. The 1st part of the analysis discusses population pressure followed by the conceptualization of ecodemographic relations and sociodemographic relations. The 2nd part of the analysis considers Nepals agrarian economy along with a case-study examination of its contemporary resettlement project in Chitwan district. Finally information is presented from a field survey conducted in Chitwan in 1979 which support the assertions that: the sociodemographic relations -- not population pressure as such -- are the primary roots of agrarian development problems in a country like Nepal; and resettlement schemes when implemented without due consideration of the pervasive sociodemographic relations are a deficient technical fix to imbalances in ecodemographic relations. Nepal provides a typical example of ecodemographic imbalances in the regional distribution of population and resources. Although the Hill and Mountain regions make up almost 60% of Nepals total population they share less than 30% of the total land under cultivation. The Tarai region which is the northern extension of the Gangetic Plain in India occupies over 70% of the cultivated land and supports only slightly over 40% of the population. As the case study illustrates development strategies such as land resettlement are invariably formulated and implemented as a technical solution within the framework of ecodemographic relations. Little attention is directed to addressing the social dimension of these programs i.e. the structual problems directly associated with the existing sociodemographic relations. Development or land resettlement in the present case is not simply a technical issue concerned with land reclamation and its management. It is also a social issue because the sociodemographic relations determine significantly the direction (or directions) that resettlement programs take. When development policies make little effort to tackle the underlying forces of these relations resettlement schemes result in the reconstitution of class divisions and disparity in the ownership of resources in newly resettled areas.

Women's Employment Issues: Discussion

The results of the papers in this symposium have policy implications for the design of research and extension programs aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and incomes on farms which employ women, are comanaged by women, or are managed solely by women. Let us first examine the results of Jones' paper, which show that not all households in the third world can be treated as homogenous, unified decision-making units whose internal relationships can be taken as given either in research or extension projects. Indeed, the behavioral assumption that the household is a husband-wife team maximizing a jointly held utility function to attain shared goals obscures and ignores both the conflicts and the complex complementarities that occur within and divide the household, at least in the short run (Guyer, Haugerud). Instead, farming households in many societies of the third world (and certain subcultures of the U.S.) should be characterized as farm firms with overlapping but semiautonomous production and consumption units within the firm. The units are semiautonomous because they are managed by the several wives or married sons who are associated with the household via labor-, food-, and/or incomepooling arrangements. Each wife and married son is responsible for cultivation of a field and has the right to what the field produces. The units are overlapping because the wives and married sons also provide labor to cooperatively worked fields managed by the household head (McMillan). The extent to which household labor is allocated to the collective fields instead of the private fields, and the choice of food versus cash crops grown on each type of field has usually been determined by traditional rules and rights, e.g., the Massa husband's right to any of his wives' cash income not needed for food. With the introduction of an exogenous change, however, in the form of a rural development project introducing a new or recently irrigated cash crop, or a new land resettlement scheme (McMillan), or he sedentarization of a previously nomadic population, these traditional rules or rights are suddenly questionl' 1 and subject to negotiation. Conflicts often develop between household members determined to take advantage of the ne w, enlarged set of economic resources, be they the expanded surplus value from a new cash crop, access to new lands of

Emerging Policy Issues in Zimbabwe's Land Resettlement Programmes

Emerging Policy Issues in Zimbabwe's Land Resettlement Programmes

Women and land resettlement in Zimbabwe

Peasant demand for land is one of the crucial issues determining Zimbabwe's strategy for agrarian transformation. Yet women's demand for land has been ignored. Susie Jacobs traces the development of gender divisions in pre‐independence Zimbabwe and argues that current land resettlement models discriminate against women. Policies towards women are limited in scope and reinforce the domestic domain despite women's contribution to Zimbabwe's struggle. If a socialist strategy does not confront gender hierarchy, women's struggles will have to take on a new form.

Post-independence Land Resettlement in Zimbabwe

Post-independence Land Resettlement in Zimbabwe

Colonization as an Approach to Regional Development: Northern Paraná, Brazil

Previous articleNext article No AccessColonization as an Approach to Regional Development: Northern Paraná, BrazilMartin T. KatzmanMartin T. Katzman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 26, Number 4Jul., 1978 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451055 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 9Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Martin Coy, Michael Klingler, Gerd Kohlhepp De frontier até pós-frontier, Confins , no.3030 (Feb 2017).https://doi.org/10.4000/confins.11683Joseli Macedo Maringá: A British Garden City in the tropics, Cities 28, no.44 (Aug 2011): 347–359.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2010.11.003Farshad A. Araghi Global Depeasantization, 1945–1990, The Sociological Quarterly 36, no.22 (Dec 2016): 337–368.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00443.xNANDA R. SHRESTHA, JOHN G. PATTERSON POPULATION AND POVERTY IN DEPENDENT STATES: LATIN AMERICA CONSIDERED, Antipode 22, no.22 (Aug 1990): 121–155.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1990.tb00203.xLUIS LLAMBI TRANSITIONS TO AND WITHIN CAPITALISM Agrarian transitions in Latin America, Sociologia Ruralis 30, no.22 (Jun 2008): 174–196.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1990.tb00408.xLuis Llambi Emergence of Capitalized Family Farms in Latin America, Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no.44 (Jun 2009): 745–774.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500016182Nanda R. Shrestha Frontier Settlement and Landlessness among Hill Migrants in Nepal Tarai, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 79, no.33 (Sep 1989): 370–389.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1989.tb00268.xNanda R. Shrestha, Dennis Conway Issues in population pressure, land resettlement, and development: The case of Nepal, Studies In Comparative International Development 20, no.11 (Mar 1985): 55–82.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02718318Hiroshi Kashiwazaki Agricultural practices and household organization in a Japanese pioneer community of lowland Bolivia, Human Ecology 11, no.33 (Sep 1983): 283–319.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00891377