Land Requirements Research Articles

Assessment of Land Suitability for Coconut Cultivation in Southern Karnataka, India

The assessment of land suitability for a specific use is a vital part of land use planning and agricultural development. The basic feature of land suitability evaluation is the comparison of the requirement of land uses with resources offered by the land. A study was conducted to evaluate the land suitability for coconut cultivation in southern Karnataka with a prime focus on increasing the productivity of coconut by way of promoting its cultivation in areas which show high and moderate suitability, and restricting at marginally suitable areas. For this seven soil pedons were selected on the map of coconut-growing areas, delineated with the help of land resource map and report of Karnataka state, generated at 1: 2,50,000 scale by ICAR-NBSS & LUP, Bangalore and were located at Krishnarajapete, Arasikere, Beltangadi, Brahmavara, Hosadurga, Turuvekere and Gubbi representing the density of coconut-growing areas in different agro-climatic zones. Land suitability was evaluated following FAO [1] guidelines. Land suitability assessment of major coconut-growing areas of southern Karnataka indicated that Krishnarajapete and Arasikere have moderately suitable lands with moderate limitations while others have marginally suitable lands with severe limitations for coconut cultivation.

Techno-economic Comparative Analysis of Floating/On-Ground Solar PV System for Electrification of Gilgel Gibe I Auxiliary Load in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is well endowed with solar energy resources with daily average radiation ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 kWh/m2/day. The significant electricity consumption of the country is reliant on hydropower. This dependence on hydropower makes the country susceptible to weather and climate changes, such as droughts, which can lead to reduced water levels in hydropower reservoir and reduced electricity generation. The application of solar floating photovoltaic (FPV) in the existing hydro reservoir would provide solar electric power to support hydropower generation especially during dry periods, and decrease evaporation losses. This implementation also has the cascading effect of increasing the solar power generation from the PV system by reducing the panel temperature through efficiency gain while saving the land requirement for installing the same PV system. Especially for countries like Ethiopia where agriculture is the key source of economy, optimal usage of land is very important. Thus, in this research, a techno-economic comparative analysis of 4MW Grid-tied FPV and ground-mounted PV system on Gilgel gibe I reservoir in Ethiopia for supplying the auxiliary load of the generation plant is done. The results showed that the proposed FPV system has 6.9% more electricity generating capacity than land-mounted PV system and saves 74,400m3 of water from evaporation annually. The FPV plant will also save the land cost burden, and results the levelized cost of energy (COE) 0.043$/kWh, which is 15.7 % less than land-mounted PV systems. In another way, the proposed FPV system indicated a positive impact on the environment by reducing 993 tons of greenhouse gas emission annually. Thus this research results will offer a clear directions for the concerned stockholders to implement FPV technology on the Ethiopian hydro reservoirs.

A Global Estimate of the Size and Location of Informal Settlements

Slums are a structural feature of urbanization, and shifting urbanization trends underline their significance for the cities of tomorrow. Despite their importance, data and knowledge on slums are very limited. In consideration of the current data landscape, it is not possible to answer one of the most essential questions: Where are slums located? The goal of this study is to provide a more nuanced understanding of the geography of slums and their growth trajectories. The methods rely on the combination of different datasets (city-level slum maps, world cities, global human settlements layer, Atlas of Informality). Slum data from city-level maps form the backbone of this research and are made compatible by differentiating between the municipal area, the urbanized area, and the area beyond. This study quantifies the location of slums in 30 cities, and our findings show that only half of all slums are located within the administrative borders of cities. Spatial growth has also shifted outwards. However, this phenomenon is very different in different regions of the world; the municipality captures less than half of all slums in Africa and the Middle East but almost two-thirds of all slums in cities of South Asia. These insights are used to estimate land requirements within the Sustainable Development Goals time frame. In 2015, almost one billion slum residents occupied a land area as large as twice the size of the country of Portugal. The estimated 380 million residents to be added up to 2030 will need land equivalent to the size of the country of Egypt. This land will be added to cities mainly outside their administrative borders. Insights are provided on how this land demand differs within cities and between world regions. Such novel insights are highly relevant to the policy actions needed to achieve Target 11.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals (“by 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums”) as interventions targeted at slums or informal settlements are strongly linked to political and administrative boundaries. More research is needed to draw attention to the urban expansion of cities and the role of slums and informal settlements.

Analyzing the efficiency of Arduino UNO microcontroller in monitoring and controlling the microclimatic parameters of greenhouse

At present greenhouse farming has become more popular in contrast to traditional farming because of its adjustment capability of the environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil moisture according to the requirements of the crops. Continuous monitoring and controlling facilities of the greenhouse system allow the farmers a good maintenance system with good quality and high yield of the crops. In this paper, an Arduino microcontroller was used in a greenhouse system for an automatic monitoring system for cultivation incorporating various sensors such as a temperature-humidity sensor, and soil moisture sensor to collect parameters for monitoring the environment of the greenhouse. The collected data were used to control the temperature using cooling fans which facilitated the greenhouse controlling the environment. For storage and processing the data the controller code was generated in the Arduino programming language, and finally inserted into the Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller. A solar power system with a rechargeable battery was installed as a source of energy to ensure continuous power supply to the greenhouse system. Implementation of a greenhouse with a microclimatic parameter monitoring and controlling system will result in mitigating land and labor requirement problems for small-scale farmers, and gardeners as well as supplying suitable data for agricultural researchers.

Classical PID Control of A Quadcopter UAV Under Variable Load Conditions

In recent years, the application of UAVs has become more and more extensive, resulting in a number of special operation UAVs. Quadrotor aerial robots have become one of the most popular vehicles at home and abroad because of their small size, light weight, simple structure, low cost, low requirements for takeoff and landing, and good maneuverability. UAVs are required to perform different tasks in the current complex environment, so variable loads are inevitable, and the stability of the UAV body is especially important when performing variable loads, and there are many ways to help and verify the attitude of the UAV during flight. In this paper, in order to more intuitively see the self-generated stability of the UAV under variable load conditions, the dynamics model of the UAV will be established first, and the simulation results show that the movement of the UAV has a very good stability. However, in the previous research, it is not possible to visualize the stability and flight state of the UAV when it is flying under variable load, this paper will make the UAV keep its own flight stability under two kinds of loads through the PID design model. At the same time, the function of the UAV's own mass change during flight is found, and the design function is used to show the stability curve of the UAV when it flies with its own changing mass. Through the final simulation and calculation, the experiment found that through the PID control, the flight state of the UAV when flying with variable load can be observed more intuitively, and the stability state of the UAV when flying can also be observed.

Large-Scale Agrivoltaics Visualisations for Assessing Landscape Impacts and Social Acceptance

Visual landscape impacts are of great importance when it comes to social acceptance measures of renewable energy. Although agrivoltaics seems to have higher acceptance values than other renewable energy infrastructures due to the dual land use approach, it is expected that they have a bigger visual impact on the landscape scenery than ground-mounted installations due to the increased land requirements and clearance heights. This article presents the development of a game-based visualisation approach using open-source software and open data (open government data) for visualising energy landscapes by creating large-scale interactive and immersive 3D visualisations. The results show that the use of open geodata and available open-source gaming technologies can be used to create comprehensive digital VR landscapes for assessing the visual impacts of agrivoltaics. Furthermore, the data-driven approach can provide additional indicators for evaluating planning scenarios and investigating the social acceptability due to renewable energy expansion.

Konservasi sebagai landasan perencanaan lansekap berbasis tempat pada masyarakat Baduy Dalam di Kabupaten Lebak Provinsi Banten

The Baduy clan is one of the native Sundanese clans that actually sticks to its traditions precursors, their lives are committed to satisfying the order of their predecessors in securing equilibrium and congruity of the universe. Advancement exercises, neighborhood environmental change andGlobalization represents a danger to conventional clans, like the Baduy clan too. The consequences of the grouping and bioregional examination of the Baduy Dalam scene can be arranged into 103 place unit. Assessment is done at every area unit in light of dangers and issues every unit. The principal issue found in the Inward Baduy scene is its restricted size accessibility of agrarian land assets which can be utilized in turn so that has suggestions for diminishing area richness. Then again, the populace development rate is very high requests an expansion in the requirement for farming creation land. The answer for this issue was understood as a scene plan created in light of the idea of partitioning space with adjusting land use for useful purposes to have the option to earn barely enough to get by. inhabitants for rural creation land. Scene plan executed in spatial plans (drafting), dissemination plans, and vegetation plans.

Estimation of loss in arable land and irrigation requirements using high‐resolution imagery and Google Earth Engine

AbstractWater resources planning and management are critical in intricate basins such as the Indus Basin, shared by India and Pakistan under the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) for food security, conserving the environment, sustainable economic development and supporting livelihoods. The present study assesses arable land loss within the Padshahi and Sindh Extension (SE) canal catchments over 54 years, utilizing high‐resolution satellite imagery and Google Earth Engine's normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derivations for strategizing irrigation efficiency, minimizing water loss and ensuring sustainable utilization of limited water resources under the IWT. Results revealed that irrigated land has decreased from 5127 ha (1966) to 3501 ha (2020) in both canals. The Padshahi canal sees substantial loss (1278 ha), primarily due to the highest transitions from agricultural land/crop land (−69%) to built‐up areas. The SE canal, experiencing shifts to horticulture and plantation, records relatively fewer changes in built‐up areas (348 ha). The monthly variation in the NDVI clearly depicted the high demand for irrigation to cater to agricultural lands with the onset of the sowing season for paddy in the Padshahi (1900 ha) and SE (2600 ha) canals in May.

Critical evaluation of electroactive wetlands: traditional and modern advances.

In the field of sustainable wastewater management, electroactive wetlands (EW), or constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFC), are an emerging technology. With the growing problem of untreated wastewater, the emphasis must shift to decentralisation of wastewater treatment infrastructure, and CW-MFC can be an excellent choice. This review provides a chronologically organized account of the design and configuration of CW-MFCs developed between 2010 and 2023. The research on CW-MFC has mainly focused on material, positioning and number of electrodes; use of electroconductive media and filler materials; flow regime; algal-based CW-MFC and multistage setups. Compared to traditional constructed wetlands (CW) and microbial fuel cells (MFC), CW-MFCs have a number of advantages, including better treatment efficiency, faster organic matter utilisation, lower capital and land requirements and a smaller carbon footprint. However, there are some limitations as well, such as upscaling and viable electricity generation, which are covered in more detail in the article. Moreover, the economics of this technology is also evaluated. The microbiology of a CW-MFC and its influence on its performance are also elaborated. Recent advancements in this field in terms of design, configuration and performance are discussed. Finally, the knowledge gaps that must be addressed before this technique can be successfully implemented on a large scale are highlighted, along with specific recommendations. This article aims to advocate for EWs as an ideal decentralised wastewater treatment technique, while also shedding light on the areas that still need to be worked on.

Konversi Lahan Pertanian Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kesejahteraan Petani Dan Ketahanan Pangan Di Provinsi Bali

<p><em>Land conversion is a logical consequence of increasing activity and population as well as other development processes. Land conversion is a natural thing to happen, but in reality, land conversion is a problem because it occurs on agricultural land that is still productive. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the conversion of agricultural land; know the impact of conversion of agricultural land on the welfare of farmers; and understanding the impact of the conversion on food security. Data analysis used in this study was factor analysis using a computer with the SPSS 19.0 program package.</em><em> </em><em>Based on the results of the research, the conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that the main factors driving land conversion are external and internal. The dominant external factors driving conversion are increased land requirements, more promising jobs in other sectors, uncertainty in the price of agricultural products (price fluctuations), and difficulties in finding workers in the agricultural sector. Internal factors driving land conversion are difficulties in obtaining water resources, high risk, and economic pressure; there was an increase in the income of Subak Gadon farmers on an average of IDR 240,650/are/month as a result of farmers converting land from paddy fields to utilization for business ventures. Land conversion does not affect the food security of farming families but affects food supply at the regional level.</em></p>

Comparative analysis on small modular reactor (SMR) with uranium and thorium fuel cycle

The utilization of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and micro-reactors holds significant potential advantages. The primary benefits include their smaller size, accessibility to remote regions, and reduced land requirements. One noteworthy SMR is the NuScale Power Module (NPM), which has a thermal capacity of 160 MWt and operates on a 2-year cycle. However, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative fuels to enhance SMR performance and safety, and thorium has emerged as an appealing option due to its superior neutron characteristics and potential for higher fuel efficiency. This research aims to do preliminary research into adapting fuel for a thorium fuel cycle in the integral PWR (iPWR). The thorium cycle excels with an initial neutron multiplication factor of 1.134, almost the same as uranium (1.129). Additionally, the thorium cycle boasts superior neutron flux and Conversion Ratio (CR) in the thermal neutron energy range, enhancing sustainability with an average CR of 0.765, compared to 0.574 and 0.692 for uranium and uranium–thorium cycle. The addition of thorium improves efficiency in converting fertile material into fissile material with an enough criticality, where fuels incorporating thorium have a higher CR (Conversion Ratio). Furthermore, thorium fuel cycle has significantly lower production of plutonium isotopes compared to other fuel cycles. However, it faces a challenge with a high power peaking factor (PPF) of 1.923 at the Beginning of Cycle (BOC), requiring further research for mitigation.

Geographically constrained resource potential of integrating floating photovoltaics in global existing offshore wind farms

Marine renewable energy is gaining prominence as a crucial component of the energy supply in coastal cities due to proximity and minimal land requirements. The synergistic potential of integrating floating photovoltaics with offshore wind turbines presents an encouraging avenue for boosting power production, amplifying spatial energy generation density, and mitigating seasonal output fluctuations. While the global promise of offshore wind-photovoltaic hybrid systems is evident, a definitive understanding of their potential remains elusive. Here, we evaluate the resource potential of the hybrid systems under geographical constraints, offering insights into sustainable and efficient offshore energy solutions. We compile a database with 11,198 offshore wind turbine locations from Sentinel-1 imagery and technical parameters from commercial project details. Our analysis reveals an underutilization of spatial resources within existing offshore wind farms, yielding a modest 26 kWh per square meter. Furthermore, employing realistic climate-driven system simulations, we find an impressive potential photovoltaic generation of 1372 ± 18 TWh annually, over seven times higher than the current offshore wind capacity. Notably, floating photovoltaics demonstrated remarkable efficiency, matching wind turbine output with a mere 17 % of the wind farm area and achieving an average 76 % increase in power generation at equivalent investment costs. Additionally, the hybrid wind and photovoltaic systems exhibit monthly-scale complementarity, reflected by a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.78, providing a consistent and reliable power supply. These findings support the notion that hybrid offshore renewable energy could revolutionize the renewable energy industry, optimize energy structures, and contribute to a sustainable future for coastal cities.

Optimizing Biomass Pre-Treatment Technologies for BBJP Plants in Indonesia: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach

The challenges of energy consumption and environmental sustainability are pronounced in the dynamic landscape of contemporary industries driven by Industry 4.0 technologies. Indonesia, heavily reliant on fossil fuels, charts a course toward a clean energy future with a National Energy Transition Roadmap for Net Zero Emission by 2060. This transition involves innovative strategies such as biomass co-firing and waste utilization in Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) plants, known as Bahan Bakar Jumputan Padat (BBJP) plants. To optimize these BBJP plants, this study employs Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodologies, specifically the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to evaluate and select pre-treatment technologies. Criteria include capacity, conversion process, waste type, electricity consumption, operational ease, land requirement, and investment cost. Comparing bio-drying, thermal drying, and mechanical drying, AHP ensures consistent criterion weights, with TOPSIS ranking bio-drying as the most favorable, followed by thermal and mechanical drying. The study acknowledges global waste management challenges and introduces a mobile-modular containerized BBJP/SRF plant model, addressing installation, maintenance, scalability, and adaptability issues. While recognizing challenges, especially in pre-treatment processes, the research emphasizes the need for efficient and cost-effective solutions. Practical implications include enhanced decision-making in biomass drying, identification of technology advantages and disadvantages, and a commitment to address challenges for sustainable implementation. The study contributes to Indonesia's energy transition discourse, advocating the pivotal role of BBJP plants in balancing Industry 4.0 demands and environmental protection, providing insights for stakeholders and decision-makers in advancing sustainable waste-to-energy initiatives.

Valorization of Food Waste into Single-Cell Protein: An Innovative Technological Strategy for Sustainable Protein Production.

The rapidly increasing population and climate change pose a great threat to our current food systems. Moreover, the high usage of animal-based and plant-based protein has its drawbacks, as these nutritional sources require many hectares of land and water, are affected by seasonal variations, are costly, and contribute to environmental pollution. Single-cell proteins (SCPs) are gaining a lot of research interest due to their remarkable properties, such as their high protein content that is comparable with other protein sources; low requirements for land and water; low carbon footprint; and short production period. This review explores the use of food waste as a sustainable feedstock for the advancement of SCP processes. It discusses SCP studies that exploit food waste as a substrate, alongside the biocatalysts (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae) that are used. The operational setpoint conditions governing SCP yields and SCP fermentation routes are elucidated as well. This review also demonstrates how the biorefinery concept is implemented in the literature to improve the economic potential of "waste-to-protein" innovations, as this leads to the establishment of multiproduct value chains. A short section that discusses the South African SCP scenario is also included. The technical and economic hurdles facing second-generation SCP processes are also discussed, together with future perspectives. Therefore, SCP technologies could play a crucial role in the acceleration of a "sustainable protein market", and in tackling the global hunger crisis.

Life cycle assessment of hemp-based milk alternative production in Lower Saxony, Germany, based on a material flow analysis of a pilot scale

PurposeRecently, demand for plant-based milk products (PBMP) has increased for multiple reasons, such as the rapid population growth expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, health concerns such as lactose intolerance, nutritional aspects, ethical reasons, and environmental concerns. This leads to increased demand for food and competition for natural resources. Hemp-based milk is an emerging dairy alternative, and stakeholders in the supply chain are becoming increasingly interested in learning about the environmental effects of its production. This article aims for a comparative life cycle assessment of hemp-based and bovine milk with fat and protein correction to account for the differences in macronutrient content.MethodsThe cradle-to-factory gate LCA relied on experimental cultivation and milk production in Lower Saxony, Germany. Inventory was based on primary data from fields and the pilot plant of DIL e. V. and on literature and ecoinvent database to develop a life cycle assessment (LCA) model. The LCA was performed using Simapro 9.3 software and IMPACT 2002+ impact assessment method. The life cycle stages include cultivation, harvesting, and milk production. The study compared hemp-based milk to bovine milk based on 1 kg fat and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) as a functional unit (FU). Co-products are taken into consideration using mass-economic allocation.ResultsThe results showed that hemp cultivation accounted for the highest impact (99%) in the production chain of hemp milk production. The GWP of 1 kg of FPCM hemp-based milk is 0.42 kg CO2 eq. The energy consumption for 1 kg of FPCM hemp-based milk is 4.73 MJ (12.26% lower than bovine milk). The other main factors impacting hemp-based milk production were terrestrial ecotoxicity (6.444E2 kg TEG soil) and aquatic ecotoxicity (2.458E2 kg TEG water). Hemp fiber was the co-product with 40% of the allocated impacts. The results are sensitive to the changes in fat-protein contents, functional unit, and system boundaries. The results demonstrated that the impacts of hemp milk production were within the range indicated for other PBMP production and 51.7% lower than bovine milk production in terms of GWP. This range primarily stems from field emissions, fertilizer application, and machinery usage during cultivation and harvest.ConclusionThe results of the comparisons of bovine milk and hemp-based milk were dependable on the FU. The hemp-based milk has the potential to be a more sustainable alternative to bovine milk due to considerably lower impacts in impact categories—land occupation (99% lower than bovine milk), global warming (52% lower than bovine milk), and ionizing radiation (23% lower than bovine milk). It is primarily due to less use of agricultural machinery, less land requirement, and lower NH3 emissions than bovine milk in various stages of milk production.

Study on the Rationality of Lane Imbalance Design in Freeway Diverging Areas

Currently, a lane imbalance design scheme without auxiliary lanes for two-lane exits is increasing. To study the rationality of this exit scheme, the relationship between lane balance and traffic efficiency in the diverging area is investigated using a drone and image recognition software. The Kalman filter is used to optimize the original data and simplify the process of extracting the traffic volume, density and speed by Frenet coordinate transformation. Under the three states of free flow, saturated flow and supersaturated flow, lane balanced exit and lane imbalanced exit simulation models were constructed by using VISSIM. Based on the traffic flow theory, the curve of the relationship between traffic volume and density was fitted. The traffic volume corresponding to the difference between two schemes at the same density not exceeding 5% or 10% is calculated, and this traffic volume is defined as the scheme selection limit value. The results show that the traffic efficiency of lane imbalance scheme is consistently lower than that of lane balance scheme under all traffic conditions at the freeway exits. However, the difference in traffic efficiency between the two schemes is not fixed but increases as the upstream input traffic volume increases. When the exit forecast service traffic volume is lower than the “ scheme selection limit value ” (SSLV), the difference in traffic efficiency between the two schemes will not exceed 5% or 10%. In conclusion, the lane imbalance scheme can be used in the diverging area under certain traffic volume conditions, thus reducing the land, engineering volume and cost requirements. It also provides ideas for the study of three-lane exit ramp design schemes.

Comprehensive Assessment of Land Requirements for 100% Solar Energy Transition in Smart Cities

Comprehensive Assessment of Land Requirements for 100% Solar Energy Transition in Smart Cities

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTIPE PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA DENGAN SOLAR TRACKER SYSTEM BERBASIS IOT

Water is an essential requirement for agricultural land and can be obtained from various sources depending on its geographical location. The Keliki Village Farmers Group in Subak Malikoda faces the challenge of drought, resulting in a shortage of water supply during the dry season. In this research, a Solar Irrigation Pump (SIP) with a solar tracker system is designed to pump groundwater with the aim of enhancing irrigation water supply for Subak Malikoda during the dry season. The solar-powered irrigation pump system design consists of an 18.5 kW submersible pump coupled with a 23.1 kWp PV system using 60 monocrystalline solar modules equipped with a solar tracker and a 30 kW inverter. Based on the analysis conducted, the PVSyst results for the SIP without a solar tracker show that the pump can operate for 6,067 hours with an average water discharge of 274.9 m3/day. This is based on the received global effective irradiation of 1765.1 kWh/m2 in one year. However, with the use of the solar tracker system, the pump can operate for 6,933 hours with a water discharge of 305.2 m3/day and global effective irradiation of 1963.8 kWh/m2 in one year. The analysis concludes that the SIP with a solar tracker system can operate optimally and fulfill the water discharge requirements of Subak Malikoda. This makes the solar tracker system an effective solution to enhance the water supply for Subak Malikoda during the dry season.

Does China's pathway to carbon neutrality require the integration of land-based biological negative emission solutions with geochemical and chemical alternatives?

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is a necessary measure to achieve global climate targets. However, each CDR approach has potential trade-offs and spillover effects on the global energy-land-water system. To minimize these negative impacts and achieve climate targets, it has become increasingly important to assess different CDR deployment plans and how they interact with the Earth's system. The existing literature on CDR deployment in China is yet to uncover the potential synergies and trade-offs associated with varying CDR deployment strategies for the country's pathway to carbon neutrality. Here, we model five different CDR approaches categorized under four CDR deployment plans for China's climate aspirations using a variant of the Global Change Assessment Model, GCAM-CDR. Our goal here is not to definitively conclude the superiority of any specific CDR deployment plan for China's climate ambitions but instead to primarily explore and emphasize the potential implications associated with each group of CDR strategies. We show that China's pursuit of carbon neutrality solely through land-based biological CDR methods could result in reduced fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and total air pollutants. However, an integrated approach that combines both land-based biological and geo/chemical CDR strategies could enhance the economic feasibility of achieving China's climate objectives. Moreover, it could reduce land and water requirements for energy generation and negative emissions, thereby mitigating the pressure on food croplands and other sustainability issues. Compared with an integrated approach, relying solely on land-based biological CDR processes for China's carbon neutrality goal could lead to a cumulative reduction in residual GHG emissions by at least 2 GtCO2e over the next four decades (in 5-year intervals) as China progresses towards carbon neutrality. On the other hand, the mitigation cost of relying exclusively on land-based biological CDR processes for China's carbon neutrality goals could be approximately 30 % higher than that of an integrated approach (on an annual average basis). In conclusion, China's policymakers and stakeholders should carefully assess different combinations of diverse CDR approaches, considering the associated impacts on the country's energy-land-water system and policy costs, to make informed decisions that help maximize benefits and minimize negative consequences in pursuit of carbon neutrality goals.

Analysis of Income from Mujair Fish (Oreochromis Massambicus) Cultivation in Tarpon Ponds (Biofloc) (A Case Study of Biofloc Business in Matungkas Village, Minut Regency)

This research investigates the economic viability of tilapia fish farming utilizing the pond liner method (biofloc) in Matungkas Village, Dimembe Subdistrict, North Minahasa Regency, Indonesia. With the agricultural, animal husbandry, and fisheries sectors playing pivotal roles in supporting Indonesia's economy, the study focuses on the freshwater fisheries potential, particularly tilapia, in North Minahasa. The research delves into the innovative use of biofloc technology, analyzing its benefits such as minimal water and land requirements, efficient feed utilization, and waste conversion into fish feed. Mr. Ronny Lensun's tilapia fish farming business, employing the pond liner method, is examined. Despite the region's rich natural resources, the income calculation method used by the owner is identified as simplistic. The study employs quantitative methods to perform a comprehensive income analysis, considering revenue, production costs, and financial metrics. Results demonstrate the profitability of Mr. Ronny Lensun's business, with a break-even point at a selling price of IDR 1,167,807.9 and a production volume of 33.36 kg. The Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C) is calculated at 1.85, indicating the business's sustainability and profitability. The literature review encompasses the biofloc technology and business analysis, emphasizing its advantages in water quality maintenance, organic matter decomposition, and feed efficiency. The study contributes to understanding the economic feasibility of tilapia fish farming with the biofloc method, suggesting potential for wider adoption and development in the region.