Implementation Of Land Reform Research Articles

Pelaksanaan Landreform pada Tataran Implementasi atas Pengalihan Objek Redistribusi sebelum Waktunya

Land reform is an activity to provide a sense of justice in the control, ownership, use and utilization of land in the context of the welfare of the people who work in agriculture, but in fact the goals to be achieved are not realized because before the success of the land redistribution object has been transferred to other parties, it is necessary to knowing and solving efforts so that premature transfers can be avoided, while the method used in this writing is descriptive normative, meaning to see social problems that occur in the community related to transfers for further analysis based on the results of existing research and regulatory provisions through literature study. The results show that institutionally the implementation of land reform is better than at present, because the implementing organization reaches the village level, in contrast to now only at the district level, including the prevention of the transfer of the object of redistribution, which is regulated in detail so that it is difficult to transfer rights to the land of the object of redistribution. On the other hand, the existence of cooperatives is needed as a form of prevention of diversion.

Analisa Stakeholder dalam Program Konsolidasi Tanah di Desa Gadingsari Kecamatan Sanden Kabupaten Bantul

Land reform is an activity to provide a sense of justice in the control, ownership, use and utilization of land in the context of the welfare of the people who work in agriculture, but in fact the goals to be achieved are not realized because before the success of the land redistribution object has been transferred to other parties, it is necessary to knowing and solving efforts so that premature transfers can be avoided, while the method used in this writing is descriptive normative, meaning to see social problems that occur in the community related to transfers for further analysis based on the results of existing research and regulatory provisions through literature study. The results show that institutionally the implementation of land reform is better than at present, because the implementing organization reaches the village level, in contrast to now only at the district level, including the prevention of the transfer of the object of redistribution, which is regulated in detail so that it is difficult to transfer rights to the land of the object of redistribution. On the other hand, the existence of cooperatives is needed as a form of prevention of diversion.

Implementation of Land Reform in Ukraine: Modern Environmental and Legal Realities

Implementation of Land Reform in Ukraine: Modern Environmental and Legal Realities

Improvement of Public Control over the Use of Land Resources as an Important Aspect of Modernisation of the Ukrainian State in the XXI Century

For the rational use and protection of land, the issue of effective implementation of land reform remains relevant. An important aspect in increasing the importance of this reform is the state's interest in land use. It is the main subject of land use control and protection. However, the consolidation of provisions on land protection in the Constitution of Ukraine demonstrates that the preservation of land resources in all spheres of public relations constitutes an important component of the legal policy of Ukraine in the land sphere and the constitutional obligation to protect land not only to the state but also to citizens, legal entities, and local communities. The purpose of the study is to analyse the legislative practice of compliance with the rules of rational use and protection of land resources. The main research methods were general science - analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The study considers the role of the state, people, local governments in the management and control of land resources. The main statutory documents governing the use of land resources were considered. Amendments to the legislation of Ukraine in the field of land ownership were proposed to delegate the powers of control of land resources between the state and local communities. The possible expansion of the land powers of the self-government bodies of the united territorial communities was considered. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using results in the development of projects to improve public control over the use of land resources.

STRATEGIC PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND REFORM IN UKRAINE AND THE LAUNCH OF THE LAND MARKET

Theoretical and practical aspects of development of strategic prospects for the land reform implementation in Ukraine have been analysed, possible consequences of termination of moratorium on land sale and the need to improve management in the process of the national land reform implementation have been determined in the article. The main strategic priorities of land relations in Ukraine have been covered. The research vector is focused on taking into account principles of land resource management regulated by specific methods and forms of legal impact on the land market formation and free circulation of land in general, management in a particular area complying with theoretical foundations of basic mechanisms of public administration and regulation. The conceptual foundations of strategic prospects for the implementation of the land reform in Ukraine and the launch of the land market have been presented in the article. It has been noted that the strategic prospects for the implementation of land reform in Ukraine will make it possible to achieve economic, social and environmental effects and to implement a number of sustainable development goals. The main legislation issues and the need of certain changes, improvement of public administration in the area of land relations enabling the economic growth in Ukraine have been covered. Keywords: land market, moratorium, land reform, land protection, monetary valuation of land, strategy, sustainable development, competitiveness.

Сучасний стан розвитку методів оцінювання земель сільськогосподарського призначення

Purpose of this research is to improve the methods of valuation of agricultural land. Today, the moratorium on the purchase and sale of agricultural land has been lifted and sale of agricultural land is increasingly raised and therefore the problem of establishing an objective (market) price for agricultural land is relevant, because increasing the level of their use is an objective necessity and condition for the gradual development of society [Hubar Yu., 2020]. Methodology. A significant contribution to the study of the theory and methods of land valuation was made by A. S. Danilenko, Yu. F. Dekhtyarenko, Yu. P. Hubar, A. G. Martin, M. G. Stupen, A. M. Tretyak, G. V. Cherevko. Instead, the formation and improvement of methodological bases for the monetary valuation of agricultural land paid attention to G. D. Gutsulyk, D. S. Dobriak, О. S. Dorosh, O. F. Kovalishin. Emphasis was placed on the shortcomings of the economic assessment conducted in the Soviet period I. K. Bystryakov, S. I. Doroguntsov, Hubar Yu. P., A. M. Tretyak, M. A. Hvesyk and others. However, despite the considerable amount of scientific research in which the land was considered a means of production, tools and objects of labor (which in the current environment is insufficient), little studied and debatable are the value of land as a whole system with all its properties. This is due to the fact that agricultural land is mostly assessed differently according to the available dominant indicators (yield, value of gross output). This does not build a hierarchy on the importance of other indicators. The complexity and versatility of the problem of land valuation require the continuation and deepening of scientific research in this area. Results. The study is based on the general principles of economic and mathematical modeling, mathematical statistics, econometrics, basic and applied research. The information base of the research consisted of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of real estate appraisal, land and city cadastres, statistics, ecology. The issue of land pricing is complex and multifaceted, the development of the land market depends on its solution. Therefore, further research should be aimed at improving the valuation of agricultural land. This process should be based on state service, taking into account the economic and political situation. This will ensure after the lifting of the moratorium on the disposal of agricultural land, the creation of a competitive environment in the land market, the objectivity of the assessment and increase the flow of funds to the state budget. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The performed researches will allow to improve the quality of determining the market value of agricultural lands for further development of land reform in Ukraine. The most important results of the study are: generalization of scientific provisions for the implementation of land valuation works and methodological approaches to determining the value of agricultural land; highlighting the disadvantages and advantages of modern methods of agricultural land valuation; proving the importance of taking into account environmental factors in the assessment of land arising from the activities of agricultural production; substantiation of the need to assess land plots with a set of physical properties of soils and spatial conditions of their implementation; development of methods for assessing the normative yield of grain crops on the basis of dynamic and statistical simulation modeling and software for its spatial implementation. It is established that the use of market-based prices will allow to make informed management decisions during the implementation of land reform in Ukraine. Individuals and legal entities on the basis of the proposed developments will be able to assess the investment attractiveness of agricultural land.

A socio-economic history of a village in Central Luzon: Thirty-six years of household survey, 1977-2013

This study aims to give a detailed account of how household sources of livelihood, income, and poverty change under the pressure of four modernizing forces: (1) population pressure on closed land frontier; (2) implementation of land reform; (3) expansion of public infrastructures such as irrigation systems, roads, and schools; and (4) growing urban influences accelerated by improvements in transportation and telecommunication systems. This study was conducted in a village in Central Luzon where recurrent household surveys were done for 36 years from 1977 to 2013 encompassing the period of dramatic diffusion of modern rice technology. The major finding is that the interaction between the four modernizing forces and the diffusion of modern rice technology resulted in major economic and social changes that led to a rise in household income and prevented poverty from increasing. This study provides evidence contrary to the popular belief that the spread of modern agricultural technology and the encroachment of market activities into rural villages are harmful to the economic welfare of the rural Filipino people.

STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING LAND RELATIONS IN UKRAINE

The article is dedicated to development features of the state policy on land relations in Ukraine. Promising directions for the development of the concept of formulating and implementing the state policy on land relations in Ukraine have been presented. It has been ascertained that the land reform implementation in Ukraine should not inhibit the economic development of the country but help build a new competitive model of business-government relations. Increasing investment attractiveness in this dimension should be provided not through increasing the market value of land as a type of enterprise asset, but through radical innovation and structural changes in the use of natural resources; not through the land market denationalization, but through the motivation of domestic entrepreneurs to thrive on socially responsible business. It is necessary not to sell the land resource base formed over millennia, but to move reasonably and gradually from the analysis of quantitative characteristics of enterprises to intensive changes in management, to measure the social responsibility of agraricultural business, to maintain land use ethics and the formation of environmental values, mechanisms and instruments of the state environmental policy. Four stages of development and implementation in public administration of the author’s concept of complementary type have been suggested: 1) determining the dominants of the concept; 2) developing the mechanism of state regulation of the land relations development adequate to real processes with objectification of its elementary components; 3) developing a methodological scheme for implementing the mechanism of state regulation of land relations; 4) identification of the most important factors influencing the effectiveness of the state policy on the land relations development.. Keywords: land relations, decentralization, mechanism, regulation, regulatory framework, investment attractiveness, land reform, land market, resources.

Institutional Design, Local Elite Resistance, and Inequality in Access to Land: Evidence from Cotton-Growing Areas of Tajikistan

Abstract Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan, like other postcommunist states, embarked on agricultural land reform. The government, assisted by international organizations, implemented laws and created campaigns to break up Soviet-style collective farms and encourage independent farms. After over a decade, 66 percent of farmers in the country, including in cotton-growing areas, continue to work collectively, and 71 percent of arable land is held in collectives. I argue that the decentralized nature of the land redistribution program enabled the managers of former collective farms, re-labeled as “collective peasant farms,” to gain power so that they could use informal practices to resist peasant shareholders’ efforts to actualize their land rights. Theoretically, my argument reconciles competing perspectives about the reasons for limited land redistribution in the context of postsocialist transition. The study’s policy implication is that the government of Tajikistan, and foreign donors, instead of decentralizing the implementation of land reform, should take an active role in physically redistributing land among shareholders.

A typology of emerging farmers in three rural provinces of South Africa: what are the implications for the land redistribution policy?

PurposeUnderstanding diversity amongst potential beneficiaries of land redistribution is of critical importance for both design and planning of successful land reform interventions. This study seeks to add to the existing literature on farming types, with specific emphasis on understanding diversity within a sub-group of commercially oriented or emerging smallholders.Design/methodology/approachUsing a multivariate statistical analysis – principal component and cluster analyses applied to a sample of 442 commercially-oriented smallholders – five distinct clusters of emerging farmers are identified, using variables related to farmers' characteristics, income and expenditure and farm production indicators and willingness to participate in land redistribution. The five clusters are discussed in light of a predefined selection criteria that is based on the current policies and scholarly thinking.FindingsThe results suggest that there are distinct differences in farming types, and each identified cluster of farmers requires tailored support for the effective implementation of land reform. The identified homogenous sub-groups of smallholders, allows us to understand which farmers could be a better target for a successful land redistribution policy.Originality/valueMost of the existing typology studies in South Africa tend to focus on general smallholders and in the Eastern Cape province; this study extends the literature by focussing on specific prime beneficiaries of land reform in three provinces. This study uses a more detailed dataset than the Statistics general and agricultural household surveys.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ РЕСУРСІВ ЛІСОСТЕПОВОЇ ЗОНИ

The article reveals the essence of such concepts as “rational land use”, “ecologically safe land use”. In the process of the land reform implementation in Ukraine the land was given into possession, which due to the ground cover is degraded or unproductive, the use of which is economically unproductive and ecologically shady, which negatively affects the natural environment. Among the factors that cause degradation of soil, the most important are those associated with the use of land. The current state of agricultural landscapes of the forest-steppe zone in Kharkiv region is characterized by a significant increase in degraded ornamented land, which require scientifically based measures on their normal environmental use taking into account the formation of a stable development of land use and favorable living environment. This determines the relevance of scientific principles development for rehabilitation of degraded and unproductive lands. Analysis of the state of lands in the forest-steppe zone of Kharkiv region in the context of soil and ecological areas showed that in recent years their condition has historically deteriorated and has become threatening. This also applies to the soil cover, which has significantly lost its self-regulating properties. Water and wind erosion is the most influential factor in reducing the productivity of land resources. Proposals were made on the removal of degraded land from the composition of the land in individual administrative units of Kharkiv region and the need to carry out large-scale land management works to create ecologically stable and balanced agro-landscapes was outlined. Ecological modeling of land resources use in the forest-steppe zone of Kharkiv region should be considered as a system of measures aimed at creating their productive capacity through conservation, rehabilitation, transformation and regeneration of degraded and unproductive lands. The system of comprehensive environmental monitoring should be a tool that will help to detect depletion of natural resources and degradation of agricultural land, changes in the environment. Key words: land degradation, soil erosion, agrolandscapes, land conservation, ecological optimization, land monitoring.

Forces of modernization and the welfare of rural households: a saga of a village in Central Luzon, 1977-2013

This study aims to give a detailed account of how household sources of livelihood, income, and poverty change under the pressure of four modernizing forces: (1) population pressure on closed land frontier; (2) implementation of land reform; (3) expansion of public infrastructures such as irrigation systems, roads, and schools; and (4) growing urban influences accelerated by improvements in transportation and telecommunication systems. This study was conducted in a village in Central Luzon where recurrent household surveys were done for 36 years from 1977 to 2013 encompassing the period of dramatic diffusion of modern rice technology. The major finding is that the interaction between the four modernizing forces and the diffusion of modern rice technology resulted in major economic and social changes that led to a rise in household income and prevented poverty from increasing. This study provides evidence contrary to the popular belief that the spread of modern agricultural technology and the encroachment of market activities into rural villages are harmful to the economic welfare of the rural Filipino people.

Peculiarities of Land Reform and Introduction of the Land Market in Ukraine: Legal Security and Consequences

During the years of Ukraine's independence, the issue of land reform and the opening of the market for agricultural land was on the agenda of the legislative and executive branches of government. According to the Constitution of Ukraine, land is the most valuable wealth and property of the Ukrainian people. Land reform is not the first attempt by the authorities to change land relations in Ukraine, but it was to resolve the controversial issues of Ukrainian land. The implementation of land reform provided not only the introduction of effective mechanisms of land tenure and land use, but also the development of a modern land market on the basis of a market economy. Land reform has been hampered by corruption, a moratorium on the sale of agricultural land, and the desire of some politicians to speculate on the issue. Therefore, the moratorium in Ukraine was introduced as a temporary tool to protect landowners in the underdeveloped infrastructure of the land market. The adopted Law of Ukraine in 2020 removes the moratorium and gives the right to owners of agricultural land to dispose of their land at their own discretion. In the future, the opening of the land market should be a significant change in the life of Ukrainian society. However, the villagers face a number of unresolved issues that need to be clarified. Parliament and the government are expected to adopt and implement new land laws, such as decentralization of land management, the state e-auction, and the establishment of an independent Partial Lending Fund to increase smallholder access to flexible financing.

Improvement of Land Management in Ukraine

Successful implementation of land reform requires the implementation of large-scale market transformations, in particular in the structure of land tenure and land use, in the field of land valuation. The article is devoted to the development of scientific and methodological bases of economic evaluation and use of land resources of agricultural enterprises, substantiation of approaches and recommendations for improvement of ecological, economic and institutional principles of land development in the conditions of new land relations. The economic mechanism of realization programs of protection and reproduction land resources is developed. Mandatory monitoring lands of agricultural significance is proposed in order to identify degradation processes, negative changes in soil condition, development of a long-term forecast of agricultural land use. Due to the fact that the state does not carry out strategic management of land resources, the rate of land degradation is growing, actions to increase soil fertility is not planned. One of the main method of monitoring land resources can be the observation of changes in their condition in the long run using five- and ten-year cycles. It is proposed to move to annual monitoring, which allows to identify the main trends in land use and apply the results to the planning and management of land potential of the country, region, company. The results of monitoring of agricultural land resources in general can be an information base for the characteristics of arable land, which can be used for the purposes of internal land management, implementation of measures to optimize land use, as well as to improve the regulatory assessment of land.

Legal Aspects of the Opening of Ukraine’s Land Markets

Creating a land market is one of the most debated and politicised issues of Ukraine’s environmental and agricultural policy. There is an urgent need to examine the following issues (among others): a) identifying priority measures for establishing the land market; b) studying the experience of public land management so as to further adapt the land legislation of Ukraine to the requirements of the European Union; and c) maintaining the domestic agrarian sector in the context of effective conservation of the State’s land resources. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the preconditions and realities of opening up the agricultural land market in Ukraine, including to formulate sound conclusions on the practical consequences of such reforms for domestic landowners. It was researched applying two basic approaches to scientific cognition – general scientific methods and special legal methods. It elaborates the conditions for the introduction of a land market in Ukraine; analyses the historical prerequisites for the implementation of land reform; identifies the main risks for landowners that come into play with the opening of the land market; and formulates further directions of improvement of relevant legal regulations and mechanisms. Noting that currently Ukrainians have the least amount of investment capital and extremely limited access to loans, it concludes that, under current legislation, without a clear definition of the right to purchase their own land, the holders of private farms and other small farmers will struggle to gain access to the Ukrainian land market.

Соціально-економічні наслідки земельної реформи в Україні

The article examines theoretical foundations of socio-economic consequences of land reform in Ukraine. Prospects and possibilities for opening of the market of agricultural land in Ukraine through foreign experience in land reform are analyzed. It is determined that threre are a lot of agricultural enterprises, which use agricultural land mainly for maximum self-enrichment, while neglecting norms of rational land use. It is determined that attracted capital will be played the critical role in the process of agrarian reform, which within the legal framework of the mechanism of circulation of agricultural land will be used by all participants, namely the state and owners / sellers with buyers / tenants. The effectiveness of implementation and functioning of the land market will be carried out on the basis of the established scientific base, the operating activity of state bodies and taking into account the interests of market participants. The level of centralization and decentralization of land potential management is taken significant value in foreign countries, representative bodies of territorial communities have specific powers for land use, organizational and legal forms of land use and forms of ownership of land resources are exceptional. It is determined that results of land reform are assessed by identifying the social, economic and environmental consequences, which are considered in physical and qualitative terms. The consequences of land reform are manifested in real economy and have the long-term impact not only on it but also on life of society in general. Totally, this will concern not only the regulatory implementation of the rules for organizing of the market of agricultural land, but also the practical aspect of ensuring the implementation of land reform.

농지개혁 실시에 따른 사립대학 팽창에 관한 심층 분석

농지개혁 실시에 따른 사립대학 팽창에 관한 심층 분석

PATTERN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRATION FROM BIHAR: EVIDENCE FROM CENSUS DATA

Migration is closely linked to development process. Due to the stagnant development process in Bihar outmigration have increased in recent two decades. It has it’s root in green revolution which continued till date. Migration refers to movement of people from one place to another. When a person is enumerated at different place than his/her place of birth is known as migrant. It may be of permanent or temporary, a short or long term in nature. Several scholars in their studies showed that poor implementation of land reforms, as well as a lack of industrial investments in Bihar, left the state underdeveloped. Low Growth, high levels of poverty and the ‘semi-feudal’ systems of agricultural production, where the upper castes-controlled land and power, encouraged outmigration. Due to ongoing political, social and economic changes in Bihar, the migration pattern is also changing in past decades. This paper aims to analyse the pattern and causes of migration in Bihar through secondary data sources such as Census of India 2001 and 2011, by using tools like Percentage, ratio, pie chart, histogram, graphical presentation etc. Motivation to this study is to draw attention of policymakers because Outmigration of human capital is important developmental challenge for Bihar. There is urgent need to protect and develop village industries in Bihar which in turn create employment and reduce migration through spill over effect. KEYWORDS: Outmigration, pattern, employment, Bihar, Government policy, Developmental challenge

The Impact of The Development of Investment and Construction on The Land Reform Years in Indonesia

This study measures the effect of laws that eases liberal investment to land reform utilization in Indonesia regulated from Law Number 5 of 1960 or commonly referred to as the Basic Agrarian Law, the Government of the orde lama or colonial regulations, orde baru or new regulations, and many reforms issued policies that are certainly different from each regime. A literature review is used as the study approach. This study found that the presence of a law that facilitates investment has a major effect on the implementation of land reform, and the regulations that emerge tend to be liberal and only benefit certain parties. This is certainly contrary to the Indonesian legal basis law, namely the 1945 Constitution, especially Article 33 paragraph 3 and also Pancasila. Meanwhile, a successful land reform will increase economic growth in various countries that implement it because land reform helps increase people’s income. Keywords: Investment, Land reform, Economic Growth

Thirty years of land transformation in Russia

The transformation of the Soviet planned economic model into a modern Russian market economy would not have been possible without large-scale privatization of the means of production, a large share of which is agricultural land. In contrast to the privatization of industry, which was carried out and completed in a relatively short time by historical standards, formation of private ownership of land continues to this day, having exceeded thirty years. In accordance with the goal of the land reform initiated in the early 1990s, over 115 million hectares of agricultural land were to be transferred to private ownership of more than 12 million people. The main tool for the implementation of land reform became the so-called “Land shares”. Nevertheless, a number of issues have not yet been resolved; a certain tension remains in land relations and the formation of a civilized land market. The content of the article presents the author’s position on the assessment of the causes, content and consequences of land transformations in Russia and proposals on the formation of a set of measures for their successful completion.