Implementation Of Land Reform Research Articles

Land Reform Versus Repression in Counterinsurgency: Evidence From El Salvador

Land reform has been employed as a component of counterinsurgency strategies to inoculate peasants against rebel appeals by giving peasants their own land. However, the remedial effects of land reform can be undermined by right wing violence and rebel violence intended to subvert land reform implementation. We used municipio level data on land reform and election results from El Salvador to test propositions on the competing effects of land reform and political violence - right wing and rebel - on the distribution of popular support between the regime versus the rebels versus anti-reform parties in the regime. We find consistent evidence across three elections that “land to the tiller” forms of agrarian reform do increase support for the regime while right wing violence does erode support for reformist parties.

ФОРМУВАННЯ НАПРЯМІВ ЗЕМЕЛЬНОЇ РЕФОРМИ У ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННІ ЕФЕКТИВНОГО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ РЕСУРСІВ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article analyzes the aspects related to the implementation of land reform in Ukraine, the basis of the characteristics of this process, advantages and disadvantages that can be determined as influencing factors on the activation of entrepreneurial activity in the agrarian sphere. It is indicated that the establishment of clear and stable land ownership rights can contribute to transparency and accountability in the management of land resources. It is emphasized that if the owners are sure of their rights, this can contribute to greater investment attractiveness and rational use of land. It is emphasized that the land reform can determine the principles of distribution of land resources aimed at sustainable development. This may include taking into account environmental and social aspects in land allocation and use. It was determined that ensuring the legality of land use rights for agriculture can contribute to more efficient use of the soil. This may include rights to lease, use or other forms of use. It is emphasized that the introduction of a land market can stimulate competition and efficiency. It is noted that the owners will be interested in the rational use of their land, as this may affect its market value. It is emphasized that land reform can include measures to support small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, including ensuring access to land and resources for these farms. It is concluded that land reform can include land use regulation systems, such as restrictions on the use of land for certain purposes or the establishment of environmental standards. It is stated that the overall goal of such reforms is to improve the management and use of land to ensure sustainable development of the agricultural sector, economic growth and social development of rural communities. The essence of land relations lies in the management and regulation of the use and ownership of land plots. Land use is a source of income for the budgets of various levels of government. A land market and improved land management can significantly increase the ability of communities to mobilize additional land-related resources. Land reform contributes to the effective use of resources of agricultural enterprises, influencing the organizational structure, management and distribution of land resources.

LAND MARKET: REALITIES OF UKRAINE AND EXPERIENCE OF POLAND

Agricultural lands are an indispensable resource for ensuring food security in Ukraine. Ukraine is on the path of reforming land relations and forming a market for agricultural land. Since Poland is close to Ukraine in terms of climatic conditions and land use, its experience had been taken into account. The purpose of the article is to form the process of the agricultural land market in Ukraine based on the experience of Poland. To study the research problems, comparative methods of research and observation have been used, as well as methods of synthesis, analysis and abstract logical approaches to the search, justification and determination of periods of development of land relations in Ukraine and Poland. The article discusses the approaches of scientists to determining the essence of the “land market”, outlines the conditions for the development of the land market in European countries (Holland, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Great Britain, Scotland, Spain, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Estonia). The periods of development of the land market in Poland and Ukraine have been highlighted. An analytical assessment of the market for the purchase and sale of agricultural land in the regions of Ukraine has been carried out (indicating the number of transactions completed and the total area of land plots). Comparative information on the cost of land in the European Union countries has been provided. The authors’ vision of the process of forming the agricultural land market in Ukraine is summarized, highlighting: I - Legal regulation; II - The step-by-step process of implementing the reform in accordance with the legislative framework, features of the implementation of land reform under martial law; III - Implementation of the land market using a transparent system through the Application (Unified portal of public services) Action; VI – State control over available agricultural lands and their legal structure; V – Conducting an expert assessment of land plots and/or determining their regulatory assessment; VI – State control over available agricultural lands and their legal structure; VII - Constant monitoring of the functional use of agricultural land.

Tantangan dan Peran Pemerintah dalam Pelaksanaan Landreform di Indonesia

Land reform in Indonesia has its ups and downs and in its implementation there are also challenges even though the LoGA has been passed so that the land reform program cannot run smoothly and without obstacles so that this land reform can no longer be carried out in an open and joint way but through a process that is done little by little . In the process of making this journal, the author uses the library research method, which concludes from this journal that the challenges faced in the implementation of land reform include (1) economic and political conditions that are not well established and qualified, (2) strong awareness has not grown between groups. elites, (3) narrow and unequal land ownership, (4) lots of land conflicts and (5) destruction of natural resources. In addition, the role of the government in implementing this land reform is (1) carrying out economic development aimed at justice and people's prosperity, (2) resolving all forms of land conflicts so that ownership rights do not overlap, (3) play an active role in the process of improving natural resources that have been damaged, (4) implementing agrarian law reform, (5) providing free land certificates to the community to realize the agrarian reform program, and apart from that the community must also play an active role in the process of implementing land reform by reporting land to the land office so that rights are protected. ownership of the land.

Tiflisskaya shkola kavkazskih mezhevshchikov

Created with the organizational support of Prince M.S. Vorontsov and the Caucasian Committee, the Tiflis School of Caucasian Land Surveyors (1846) marked the beginning of mass training of qualified topographers. Created by the mid-1850s, the cadre of land surveyors ensured the implementation of land reform in the North Caucasus, which was extremely important for the integration of the Caucasus into the Russian Empire. It should also be noted that the personnel for the school were drawn from the local population, initially familiar with the specific features of an extremely complex region.

Institutional hybrids through meso-level bricolage: The governance of formal property in urban Tanzania

Drawing on a case-study from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, we explore who governs formal property in African cities, how they make formal property legitimate and functional, and the consequences of these processes. Through the analytic lenses of institutional hybridity and ‘meso-level’ bricolage, we study the implementation of the Residential Licence programme, which offered a relatively affordable interim property right to the urban poor. We illustrate that formal property is constructed and managed by a hybrid governance of actors within and at the interface of the state – municipalities and community leaders. Some eighteen years after the programme began, the mtaa chairperson – an unpaid political figure and community representative, typically associated with informal land institutions – is still central to the governance of formal property. Both municipalities and mtaa chairpersons engage in practices of bricolage, which transform the RL into a hybrid institution, anchored to both existing and newly proposed sources of authority and knowledge on property relations. On one side, these practices lend legitimacy and functionality to the ‘new’ property right system. On the other, they open up grey areas for discretion and power relations. Therefore, we argue that this hybrid governance be supported by the state through adequate resources and political support. By offering a rare analysis of institutional bricolage within and at the interface of the state, our findings are important to advance current understandings on land reform implementation, land governance and land institutions in African cities.

Discovering Spatial Development Control For Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

As a developing country, Indonesia is experiencing rapid growth, necessitating the use of development-control instruments to achieve sustainable development. Furthermore, information about land reform implementation in Indonesia can only be found in academic journals written in Indonesian. As a result, determining the appropriate development-control model in Indonesia is critical. The appropriate concepts and development-control tools for Indonesia are discovered by reviewing papers that implement development control globally and the state of development-control implementation locally in Indonesia. However, by presenting the concept of controlling spatial development—beginning with defining development control, then capturing its typologies globally, and finally discussing the implementation condition in Indonesia—the model can also be adopted in countries with a similar planning system. The main gaps and challenges in implementing spatial development-control tools in Indonesia were identified in the final section of this article. In the meantime, a regulatory zoning system would be successful, but a discretionary system that includes economic development opportunities can be considered by strengthening human resources and institutions. The three elements in development control are spatial planning, land development, and regulation. Furthermore, the community’s successful traditional spatial development control can be incorporated into the existing control regulations.

The land management policy of the Soviet state in Kazakhstan in the 1920s-1930s (based on materials from the Irtysh region)

This article delves into Soviet land policy and land regulation, focusing on the 1920-1930s. It aims to clarify land use standards in the Irtysh region and analyze land assessment processes, structure, and outcomes. The study also addresses overlooked aspects like class-based conflicts and local disputes over land during development. The primary information source is the Documentation Center for Contemporary History of the Abay Region. It augments historical analysis of land matters, social dynamics, and intercultural interactions with unpublished data. Since 1926, Kazakhstan has been a sought-after resettlement destination, akin to the Russian Empire era. The Irtysh region was a key area for seeking additional land resources. This involved lowering norms for livestock farming, and reallocating surplus lands for agricultural growth and population relocation. The Soviet government sought to rectify the disparities in colonial land policy from the Russian Empire era. Initial attempts were made to grant land to those liberated from colonial oppression and to set land regulations while assessing available resources. However, it was later recognized that these measures were not effectively carried out. In particular, the implementation of land reform in the Irtysh region encountered difficulties and advanced unevenly.

The land management policy of the Soviet state in Kazakhstan in the 1920s-1930s (based on materials from the Irtysh region)

This article delves into Soviet land policy and land regulation, focusing on the 1920-1930s. It aims to clarify land use standards in the Irtysh region and analyze land assessment processes, structure, and outcomes. The study also addresses overlooked aspects like class-based conflicts and local disputes over land during development. The primary information source is the Documentation Center for Contemporary History of the Abay Region. It augments historical analysis of land matters, social dynamics, and intercultural interactions with unpublished data. Since 1926, Kazakhstan has been a sought-after resettlement destination, akin to the Russian Empire era. The Irtysh region was a key area for seeking additional land resources. This involved lowering norms for livestock farming, and reallocating surplus lands for agricultural growth and population relocation. The Soviet government sought to rectify the disparities in colonial land policy from the Russian Empire era. Initial attempts were made to grant land to those liberated from colonial oppression and to set land regulations while assessing available resources. However, it was later recognized that these measures were not effectively carried out. In particular, the implementation of land reform in the Irtysh region encountered difficulties and advanced unevenly.

Prospects for the implementation of land reform in Ukraine

Prospects for the implementation of land reform in Ukraine

The Effectiveness of Land Reform Implementation in the Context of the Impact of Armed Hostilities: Regulatory Aspect

The relevance of the topic of the academic paper lies in the possibility of improving the mechanism of implementing land reform in the conditions of armed hostilities in Ukraine. The state of the land market has changed significantly, which makes it necessary to conduct a study of the quality of its functioning. The discussion around the effectiveness of the land reform is controversial, and the expediency of its impact on the economic situation of the country during the war determines the importance of its analysis. The purpose of the academic paper is to study the effectiveness of the land market in the conditions of armed hostilities, economic instability, destructive factors of its development, and as a consequence the expediency of adopting land reform. The object of the research is to determine the positive processes of the development of the land market and outline the negative aspects of the land reform, which directly affects its economic and legal activity. The research methodology implies the use of the analytical material on the state of the land market, the application of statistical methods in order to assess the indicators of the state of the land market and the possibility of its further development in the conditions of a constant military threat. By the way, the methods of a theoretical nature have been used in the academic paper, namely: the synthesis method determines the basics of the problems concerning functioning of the land market; an analysis of the implementation of the land reform is carried out with the help of the generalization method. Vulnerable spots in the processes of implementing land reform were identified by the method of explanation, taking into account the military threat and the unstable economic situation. The obtained research results are important for the improvement and further development of the land reform in the country and the implementation of relevant recommendations for the strategic development of the land market. The academic paper highlights the ideas and tools for improving the functioning of the land market in the conditions of armed hostilities, as well as proposes the ways of improving the legal mechanism for the implementation of the land reform. The practical significance lies in the stabilization of the land market due to the military influence of the aggressor country.

From policy to institution: Implementing land reform in Dar es Salaam’s unplanned settlements

Tanzania led the wave of land reform in sub-Saharan Africa, promoting ‘institutional fixes’ of property rights to stimulate urban development and poverty alleviation. Since 2005, the Residential Licence programme has offered short-term leases to around 180,000 households in the unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam. However, the rate of title acquisition has been moderate to low, as in much of urban Africa. To understand the demand for land titles, this paper adopts an institutional approach and a novel analytic framework examining social expectations around the Residential Licence and their effects on choices of formalisation. Primary data was collected through a two-round survey with 1363 and 243 respondents, respectively. The paper finds that landholders have conditional preferences for formalisation based on the behaviour of their neighbours and the advice of other landholders, local leaders and higher-level government. Interactions between state and non-state actors generate social expectations that compliance with the programme is low and the government is not committed to enforcing interim property rights. These beliefs discourage choices of formalisation and transform the Residential Licence into an ‘empty’ institution, which fails to embed in social practice. The study contributes to the literature on land tenure formalisation by examining the interaction of state and social forces in the implementation of land reform and by proposing a complex understanding of the demand for tenure formalisation, underpinned by collective choice considerations. Additionally, the paper offers a methodological contribution by adopting a novel method for institutional analysis with further potential applications in urban studies and geographic research.

Assessment of flood risks territories in the context of agricultural land management of amalgamated territorial community

The implementation of land reform and the introduction of the land market encourages the use of highly effective approaches to agricultural land management in the face of climate change. Agriculture is vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to extreme weather events, which intensify land degradation processes, such as water erosion and flooding. In such circumstances, the application of approaches to assessing the risks of flooding in the context of agricultural land management of territorial communities is relevant. On the example of Slavska TG and Skolivska TG, the risk assessment of flooding of the Opir River and Stryi rivers (at the confluence of the Opir River) was carried out. The research was performed on the normative provisions of the national legislation of Ukraine, as well as Directive 2007/60 / EC and its guiding documents. The flood zones of the territories within Slavska TG and Skolivska TG, the areas of relevant floods and the amount of potential losses for agricultural lands under different flood scenarios have been identified. It is proposed to develop and implement a number of measures to minimize the negative effects and losses associated with land flooding. Prospects for the application of the results in the development of land management documentation are considered.

LEGAL BASES OF LAND USE IN UKRAINE AND CANADA: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT

The issue of land use plays an important role in shaping Ukraine’s economy. Therefore, the study of the market for agricultural land is a high priority and relevant to legal doctrine, as this issue directly affects the national security of the state, because it involves control over the risks that may arise conditioned upon the high concentration of areas agricultural land owned by one person, uncontrolled acquisition of land by foreigners, and partial monopolisation of certain segments of the agricultural market. The purpose of this work is to carry out a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and Canada in the field of land use, highlighting their common and distinctive features. To achieve this goal, the article used several methodological approaches and methods for research, including functional and theoretical approaches, the method of logical analysis, synthesis method, formal-legal method, method of comparative analysis, method of analysis of scientific literature. After the research, the theoretical and practical principles of this issue were obtained. The first includes the analysis of regulatory frameworks of Ukraine and Canada, and the second analysis of direct methods and approaches used in these countries during land use. Based on the results obtained, differences were formed between the legal basis for the implementation of the above process and revealed positive aspects that would be appropriate to implement in future rule-making activities in this area of Ukrainian legislation. In the further works it is necessary to determine the prospects of the methods on which the current land policy of both countries is based and to identify ways to increase its effectiveness. As for the practical value of the work, it certainly lies in the fact that it identifies the main theoretical aspects related to the implementation of land reform in Ukraine, and thus facilitate the interpretation of certain rules for both ordinary citizens and civil servants

Institutional traps of land reform in the context of land ownership changes

The article considers topical issues of institutional support of land reform in Ukraine in the context of changes in ownership of land. The purpose of the research is to disclose the essence and significance of land ownership institutions to avoid institutional traps associated with the change of forms of land ownership at the final stage of land reform in Ukraine. It is shown that agricultural land is the largest natural wealth of Ukraine, so it should be used as rationally as possible. It is proved that the land reform was to be carried out as successfully as possible in the transition to market relations. The need to transform old and create new institutions or "rules of the game" in land relations, in particular, property institutions on agricultural land, is justified. It is noted that among these institutions there are also those that produce negative results; V.M. Polterovich defines them as institutional traps. It is found that institutional traps were caused by the uncritical application of the theory of neoliberalism on total deregulation of economic, including land, relations during the implementation of land reform in Ukraine. Institutional traps that appeared as a result of the transformation of popular land ownership into communal and private land, in particular, such as: violation of constitutional norms on universal land ownership; the appearance of dissonant norms of land ownership; overestimation of the land appropriation transaction and the background of underestimation of the transaction for its effective use; legalization of illegally obtained and purchased land plots; transfer of land from state property to communal to simplify their privatization schemes; theft of subsoil under the form of acquisition of land plots; increase of land fraud from registration of land owners and tenants; activation of land raiding; underestimation of land value due to infringement of ownership; understatement of the role of the state in protecting the ownership of land. Ways of avoidance and smoothing of institutional traps associated with transactions to change forms of ownership of land are proposed. The emphasis is on the transactions of effective use of agricultural land, and not the transaction of ownership of them. Key words: land reform, market turnover of agricultural land, institute, institutional trap, form of ownership of land (state, communal, private).

Pelaksanaan Landreform pada Tataran Implementasi atas Pengalihan Objek Redistribusi sebelum Waktunya

Land reform is an activity to provide a sense of justice in the control, ownership, use and utilization of land in the context of the welfare of the people who work in agriculture, but in fact the goals to be achieved are not realized because before the success of the land redistribution object has been transferred to other parties, it is necessary to knowing and solving efforts so that premature transfers can be avoided, while the method used in this writing is descriptive normative, meaning to see social problems that occur in the community related to transfers for further analysis based on the results of existing research and regulatory provisions through literature study. The results show that institutionally the implementation of land reform is better than at present, because the implementing organization reaches the village level, in contrast to now only at the district level, including the prevention of the transfer of the object of redistribution, which is regulated in detail so that it is difficult to transfer rights to the land of the object of redistribution. On the other hand, the existence of cooperatives is needed as a form of prevention of diversion.

Analisa Stakeholder dalam Program Konsolidasi Tanah di Desa Gadingsari Kecamatan Sanden Kabupaten Bantul

Land reform is an activity to provide a sense of justice in the control, ownership, use and utilization of land in the context of the welfare of the people who work in agriculture, but in fact the goals to be achieved are not realized because before the success of the land redistribution object has been transferred to other parties, it is necessary to knowing and solving efforts so that premature transfers can be avoided, while the method used in this writing is descriptive normative, meaning to see social problems that occur in the community related to transfers for further analysis based on the results of existing research and regulatory provisions through literature study. The results show that institutionally the implementation of land reform is better than at present, because the implementing organization reaches the village level, in contrast to now only at the district level, including the prevention of the transfer of the object of redistribution, which is regulated in detail so that it is difficult to transfer rights to the land of the object of redistribution. On the other hand, the existence of cooperatives is needed as a form of prevention of diversion.

Implementation of Land Reform in Ukraine: Modern Environmental and Legal Realities

Implementation of Land Reform in Ukraine: Modern Environmental and Legal Realities

Improvement of Public Control over the Use of Land Resources as an Important Aspect of Modernisation of the Ukrainian State in the XXI Century

For the rational use and protection of land, the issue of effective implementation of land reform remains relevant. An important aspect in increasing the importance of this reform is the state's interest in land use. It is the main subject of land use control and protection. However, the consolidation of provisions on land protection in the Constitution of Ukraine demonstrates that the preservation of land resources in all spheres of public relations constitutes an important component of the legal policy of Ukraine in the land sphere and the constitutional obligation to protect land not only to the state but also to citizens, legal entities, and local communities. The purpose of the study is to analyse the legislative practice of compliance with the rules of rational use and protection of land resources. The main research methods were general science - analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The study considers the role of the state, people, local governments in the management and control of land resources. The main statutory documents governing the use of land resources were considered. Amendments to the legislation of Ukraine in the field of land ownership were proposed to delegate the powers of control of land resources between the state and local communities. The possible expansion of the land powers of the self-government bodies of the united territorial communities was considered. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using results in the development of projects to improve public control over the use of land resources.

STRATEGIC PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND REFORM IN UKRAINE AND THE LAUNCH OF THE LAND MARKET

Theoretical and practical aspects of development of strategic prospects for the land reform implementation in Ukraine have been analysed, possible consequences of termination of moratorium on land sale and the need to improve management in the process of the national land reform implementation have been determined in the article. The main strategic priorities of land relations in Ukraine have been covered. The research vector is focused on taking into account principles of land resource management regulated by specific methods and forms of legal impact on the land market formation and free circulation of land in general, management in a particular area complying with theoretical foundations of basic mechanisms of public administration and regulation. The conceptual foundations of strategic prospects for the implementation of the land reform in Ukraine and the launch of the land market have been presented in the article. It has been noted that the strategic prospects for the implementation of land reform in Ukraine will make it possible to achieve economic, social and environmental effects and to implement a number of sustainable development goals. The main legislation issues and the need of certain changes, improvement of public administration in the area of land relations enabling the economic growth in Ukraine have been covered. Keywords: land market, moratorium, land reform, land protection, monetary valuation of land, strategy, sustainable development, competitiveness.