Land Redistribution Research Articles

Agrarian Reform in Historical Perspective, Concept and Implementation

Land reform in a broad sense is called Agrarian Reform, and in a narrow sense it is called Land reform. This study aims to describe Agrarian Reform in the perspective of history, concept and implementation in Indonesia. This type of research uses normative legal research, is descriptive. The data were analyzed qualitatively. Drawing conclusions using deductive logic. The results show that Landreform has experienced a history of policy change. Agrarian Reform is a restructuring of the structure of control, ownership, use and utilization of land that is more equitable through asset management and is accompanied by structuring access for the prosperity of the Indonesian people. The substance of Presidential Regulation Number 86 of 2018 concerning Agrarian Reform places more emphasis on aspects of asset management and land access by conducting land redistribution, land legalization, and community empowerment compared to aspects of handling agrarian disputes and conflicts as a source of land ownership inequality. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate proportionally regarding the handling of disputes and conflicts. After the issuance of Law no. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, the land object for Agrarian Reform is undergoing expansion.

A New Scale for Global History

A New Scale for Global History

Securing Land and Water for Food Production through Sustainable Land Reform: A Nexus Planning Perspective

Land and water are vital resources for sustaining rural livelihoods and are critical for rural development as they form the basis of agriculture, the main economic activity for rural communities. Nevertheless, in most developing countries, land and water resources are unevenly distributed due to historical and socio-economic imbalances, hence the need for land reform policies to address these disparities. However, redistributing land without considering the interconnectedness of land and socio-ecological systems can compound existing food and water insecurity challenges. This study used a mixed research method, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data, to develop a framework to guide policy and decision-makers to formulate coherent strategies towards sustainable land redistribution programmes and achieve the desired outcomes. The approach was vital for integrating the broad and intricate interlinkages between water, land, and environmental resources. Therefore, the framework is based on transformative and circular models for informing strategic policy decisions towards sustainable land redistribution. The focus was on South Africa’s land redistribution plans and the implications on water and food security and rural development. The developed framework is designed to ensure the sustainability of agrarian reform and rural economic development. It is framed to address land and water accessibility inequalities, promote water and food security, and enhance rural development. A sustainable land redistribution increases the adaptive capacity of rural communities to climate change, enhances their resilience, and provides pathways towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

KETERLIBATAN MASYARAKAT PEMILIK TANAH PADA PROGRAM REDISTRIBUSI TANAH DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KETAHANAN PANGAN DI ERA NEW NORMAL

This study was carried out with the aim of describing the involvement of the landowner community in the land redistribution program in the new normal era, and analyzing the outpouring of community work in land redistribution management in the new normal era, as well as the contribution of the landowner community in the land redistribution program in realizing food security in the new normal era. The qualitative research method is a case study form. Data was collected through interviews, observation and sampling with the snowball sampling method obtained by 16 informants and 4 key informants purposively. The results showed that community involvement in the land redistribution program was considered positive and quite active with a score of 85%-75%. The workload of the community in the new normal era shows that there is no significant change in work activities, only a 2 hour difference in working time. The contribution of land owners to food security is considered adequate, which means that food needs are fulfilled in the new normal.

Post- Burundi’s armed conflict and trust issues in land redistribution: Towards peacebuilding

It is a daunting task to restore dispossessed land after armed conflicts. Burundi is stuck in this quagmire following years of violent conflicts. Although land restitution is meant to pacify nationals, this depends on the prevailing political, economic, and social circumstances. This study explores these circumstances focused on the armed conflict legacies in Burundi and the disparities between those people who stayed put when violent conflict erupted and displaced people who got back home. The study reveals that in post-Burundi conflict, redressing land issues could flop if governance challenges, trust, and shifting dynamics of politics are inadequately dealt with.

Improving of ecological and economic management of land resources by with zonal aspect

Introduction. The development of land relations in Ukraine has led to changes in land management. The redistribution of land as the main national wealth of our state have exacerbated the economic and environmental problems of agricultural land use. Ukrainian agricultural producers must to ensure effective competition, production of environmentally friendly products, focus on the world market and determine the need to improve environmental and economic management of land resources. The purpose of article. The purpose of the study is the theoretical and methodological justification of ecological and economic management of land resources in the structure of zonal approaches to the formation and development of agricultural enterprises and the development of practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of land use by agricultural producers. Methods. The research used scientific and methodological foundations of natural-agricultural zoning of the territory of Ukraine, the allocation of taxonomic units of zoning and their main characteristics. Results of work. The scientific novelty of the obtained results concerns the improvement of ecological and economic management of land resources of agricultural enterprises in the conditions of zoning, taking into account the potential of agricultural areas. Economic and ecological management of land resources of agricultural enterprises should be considered as an activity in agricultural production aimed at providing the population with food and other sectors of the national economy with raw materials at the optimal level of investment in resources and their maximum return in compliance with environmental goals and programs. Agricultural zoning as a branch in the agricultural sector of the economy is highlighted, its component structure is revealed. The agrarian zone includes homogeneous land massifs with the corresponding production potential and level of ecological and anthropogenic loading and allows public administration bodies to be defined with potential possibilities of production activity of the agrarian enterprises. Within the Sumy region, four agricultural zones were identified, and in the Kharkiv region, three. Depending on the affiliation of land use to the agrarian zone, the agricultural enterprise receives information on zoning crops most suitable for cultivation on its territory, types of crop rotations, technological measures for land use and protection, restrictions on growing certain crops. Economic indicators of enterprise development, such as specialization, concentration and integration of production, with skillful application will help increase the efficiency of land use. Socio-economic classification features of agricultural zoning will determine the level of labor efficiency and the integration of labor. To economically justify the coefficients of the optimal ratio of land using a zonal approach and to take into account the area of eroded, unproductive and contaminated land located in the administrative-territorial units, the optimal ratio of land was determined (arable land: natural forage lands: forests and other forests): in the Sumy region: 1.00: 0.43: 0.39; in the Kharkiv region: 1.00: 0.23: 0.25. When introducing research into production, we take into account that ecological zoning restricts the cultivation of certain crops, taking into account local characteristics.

The Community in the Minds and Behavior of the Russian Peasantry in the Context of the Reforms and Revolutions in the First Third of the Twentieth Century

The representations of the community and communality in the minds and behavior of the Russian peasantry are studied. The author analyzes the change in the functionality and features of the evolution of models of solidarized behavior in the context of reforms and revolutions in Russia/the Soviet Union at the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th centuries. The socio-political interaction in the community–state opposition is seen as a manifestation of the reactions of open systems to external challenges and the desire to maintain a state of equilibrium, to adapt and/or to resist. The thesis about the conditionality of the repetition of the cycles of the revival of the community is substantiated by the institutionalization of the self-organization of the local community in order to achieve and protect vital interests. The key factor in the death of the community in the early 1930s is revealed: the formation of a special system of administrative management, excluding any opportunities for the self-organization of the peasantry. The analysis of the evolution of self-regulation practices regulated by law and tradition—the institutions of the rural assembly and land redistribution—is of considerable interest. One of the significant aspects of the problem is the consideration of the entire arsenal of the means of social resistance of the community, including the most radical forms related to manifestations of social aggression.

Rekonstruksi Perlindungan Hukum Hak Penguasaan Tanah Dan Bangunan Di Kawasan Sempadan Sungai

The need for land for every human being is one of the basic rights that should be fulfilled by the State. But in the empirical fact that happens there is a small part of the community who owns most of the existing land, on the contrary most of the members of the community who only owns land on a small scale and even do not own the land. Government as the embodiment of the State should try how to make justice in land ownership for all citizens can be realized. The objective to be achieved in writing this scientific paper is that the human rights of every citizen to the needs of the land can be fulfilled. The writing method used in this scientific paper is descriptive method of analysis. The conclusion of the writing of this scientific paper is the redistribution of land as part of land reform is one effort that can be done by the Government in the fulfillment of the human rights of every citizen in the fulfillment of land ownership. The government should not hesitate to redistribute the land for the needy to get the land considering some of the existing legal umbrella allows for it

The Persistence of Rural Underdevelopment: Evidence from Land Reform in Italy

Patchiness in rural development remains a salient feature of many developed and developing countries that have struggled historically to overcome enormous national disparities in economic structure and well-being. This paper examines how one major, explicit rural policy ostensibly aimed at rural advancement—land reform—can impact uneven development in the countryside. It does so in Italy, where a major land reform redistributed large landholdings to individual peasant families after World War II. Based on original fine-grained data on land redistribution and a geographical regression discontinuity analysis that takes advantage of Italy’s zonal land reform approach, I find that greater land reform fueled comparative underdevelopment and precarity locally over the long term. Several related mechanisms delayed development in land reform zones: a slower transition out of agriculture, lower labor mobility, and an aging demographic. These are generalizable mechanisms that could operate in other cases of land reform beyond Italy.

IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 86 TAHUN 2018 TENTANG REFORMA AGRARIA DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HULU TAHUN 2020-2021

In order to improve justice in land tenure and ownership as well as improve people's welfare, the President of the Republic of Indonesia make policies on Agrarian Reform as stated in Presidential Regulation Number 86 of 2018 where the efforts made are to implement Land Redistribution. This research is intended to see the implementation of Land Redistribution carried out in Indragiri Hulu District in 2020 and 2021, which at the end of its implementation experienced a decrease in targets and still found fragmentation in the bureaucratic process. This research uses qualitative research method thas uses data collection techniques, namely interviews and documentation. The results shown in this research are that the implementation of Land Redistribution carried out in Indragiri Hulu District in 2020 and 2021 has gone quite well, but in its implementation there are still few problems that cause delays in the completion of the program.

The Land Reform Program: An Insight into the Factors Influencing Policy Implementation in Zimbabwe and South Africa

Land is a part of a nations’ heritage and definition of culture. As such governments have taken-action to re-distribute land to the local natives who may have been displaced in the struggle for independence and left without land to call their own. In Zimbabwe and South Africa land redistribution has been done in a bid to close the inequality gap and promote economic activity through agriculture . The Policy adopted to promote this activity was the Land Reform Program and was implemented in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The interest groups identified were the government whose motive was to bridge the inequality gaps , the white farmers who sought to retain land ownership , the liberation war veterans who sought compensation for their contribution towards freedom and finally the peasant native farmers and masses who sought land that they could call their own. The differences in the factors influencing land reform were identified as the pressure from various beneficiaries in both countries .The study has given an insight on the significant factors that pushed for the implementation of the land reform program by applying the interest group theory and comparing the differences thereof.

Do partial land rights increase productivity and investment? evidence from the redistributive land reform in post–world war II Japan

There are inconclusive findings on the causal effect of land reform and its crucial channels in the development economics literature. One challenge is to separate the channels, through which land rights operate. This study examines the impact of redistributive land reform in post–World War II Japan on agricultural productivity and investments. This reform imposed a ceiling on landholdings, redistributed above‐ceiling farmland from landlords to tenants, and severely restricted the transferability of redistributed farmland. Thus, we can focus on the tenure security effect (not the tradability and pledgeability effects) as one probable channel. Using rice‐farm panel data before and after the reform (i.e., 1947 and 1948), we exploit the variation in the reform implementation across tenants. The land reform had little effect on total factor productivity and investment in the subsequent season. Our results suggest that the security dimension of land rights alone does not increase short‐run agricultural productivity.

‘The Land is Asking for History’. Marriages, Land, and Post-Slavery in Southern Benin

ABSTRACT This article analyses the recent evolution of marriage relations between descendants of free and enslaved persons in Benin. It shows that slave ancestry is connected to tenure insecurity. This insecurity arises because land occupied by the descendants of slaves can be claimed by the descendants of the people who owned their ancestors. At the same time, such claims are blunted by intermarriage between these groups, which weakens the position of the descendants of slave-owners. As the memory of the exact arrangements that characterized past marriages between enslaved and freeborn fades away, marriage and kinship ties with descendants of former dependants put pressure on elite landowners to accept a degree of land redistribution in favour of relatives whom they perceive as ranking below themselves. In order to understand land conflicts in the present, it is essential to analyse the mixed-status marriages of the past.

Land rental market reforms: Can they increase outmigration from agriculture? Evidence from a quantitative model

Recent econometric work suggests that there is a positive link between the development of land rental markets and the migration of workers out of agriculture in the developing world. I investigate this claim using a two-sector model of structural transformation that takes into account the well-known inverse relationship between farm size and farm productivity. The model studies how the allocation of employment between agricultural and non-agricultural activities is affected by the presence of transaction costs in the land rental market, as well as by the initial distribution of land ownership. Theoretically, a reduction in transaction costs induces outmigration from agriculture if agricultural prices are sufficiently flexible, while rigid agricultural prices may lead to the reverse phenomenon of immigration in agriculture. Practically, the model predicts that for most of the countries tested, a reduction in transaction costs causes little labor movement between sectors. This is equally true concerning the effect of a land redistribution. In spite of this, these reforms are found to increase substantially the production efficiency and welfare of farmers. These results suggest that the main benefit of stimulating land rentals is not in fostering structural transformation, but in improving the livelihoods of farmers.

Implementasi Program Redistribusi Tanah di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara Tahun 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Implementation of land redistribution program in the Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara in 2021. Research uses descriptive methods with qualitative approaches. The study was conducted in Southeast Minahasa Regency using empirical data obtained through observations and interviews. The focus of this research is based on Edward III's theory with four aspects, namely communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The results showed that the Implementation of land redistribution program in the Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara in 2021 was carried out based on the Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1960 based on social justice for the entire community. Aspects of communication in the delivery of land redistribution programs implemented with extensions do not run optimally. It is also affected by limited human resources, it is the measurement and inventory officer. Furthermore, in the aspect of bureaucratic structure there is a problem of the person in charge of activities that differ between physical work and budget, and the absence of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in this land redistribution activity. In the aspect of communication through counseling during the Covid-19 Pandemic it is recommended that it be implemented gradually with certain methods, schedules, and quotas. Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara is advised to increase the number of employees to support the implementation of land redistribution activities both civil servants and non-civil servants. Furthermore, in the aspect of bureaucratic structure, physical and budgetary work responsibilities must be in the same institution and must be made standard operating procedure (SOP) to be a guideline that facilitates the implementation of such activities

Attitude Towards Farming and the Dependency Associated with Access to Social Grants: The Case of Ngqele Village, Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape

Using data drawn from a sample of 50 households in Ngqele village, the paper investigated households’ attitude towards farming as a livelihood source and the possibilities of the dependency syndrome associated with access to social grants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data and a 5 point Likert scale was used to determine households’ attitudes towards farming as a livelihood source. The results confirmed overdependence on state grants which is hindering livelihood improvement. 26% of the respondents had a positive attitude towards farming. On the other hand, 38% had a negative attitude while 36% had an average attitude towards farming. The growing underutilisation of arable land in Ngqele village can be attributed to households’ ambitions and aspirations which are in favour of non-farm activities and also a relatively negative attitude towards farming. Direct and continuous support through the provision of technical and institutional support is required to sustain the level of interest in farming in this village. In addition, rural development should not only focus on land redistribution and farming but should also focus on employment creation outside the agricultural sector and the promotion of non-farm activities. Social grants should be linked to economic activities aimed at empowering households to take care of their livelihoods’ needs sustainably. Socio-economic policies that avail credit to rural households and training are also required to instil entrepreneurial skills especially to the youths in Ngqele village.

Statistical analysis on egalitarian land redistribution in Ethiopia: policy evaluation using repeated cross-sectional data

Rural livelihood in Ethiopia is dependent on subsistence agriculture that has been challenged by farmland shrinkage as a result of rapid population growth. The Amhara regional state government has implemented egalitarian farmland redistribution in 1997 in the region for small-scale and landless farmers. This study aimed to seek new insights from the perspective of equity, rather than efficiency such as agricultural investment and productivity which other previous studies have focused on, and quantitatively evaluated the effect of the land redistribution on the size of farmland holdings of subsistence farmers. Large-scale repeated cross-sectional national statistics, the Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSS) from 1995 to 1999 were used as the data of this analysis. The difference-in-differences (DiD) estimation was applied to evaluate how the land redistribution affected farmers' farmland holdings. The results showed that farmland holding size per farmer in the Amhara Region has significantly decreased after the land redistribution, therefore, this policy achieved certain results from the egalitarian perspective since national land endowments were redistributed from large-scale farmers to small-scale and landless farmers. However, this study focused on only the short-term effect of the land redistribution and more studies are needed to clarify the long-term effect.

Reforma Agraria Upaya Penyelesaian Konflik Tanah di Kecamatan Jenggawah Kabupaten Jember Tahun 1999-2005

The purpose of this paper is to determine the process of resolving agrarian conflicts and the process of inventorying and granting land certificates to farmers. The urgency of this paper can theoretically be an important part in the context of resolving agrarian conflicts that often occur in Indonesia. The method used is the historical method consisting of Heuristics, Criticism, Interpretation and Historiography. Agrarian conflicts in Jenggawah District, Jember Regency occurred in 1969 and 1994-1995. The government is trying to find a solution through the implementation of agrarian reform by providing a policy for solving agrarian problems. Efforts to resolve the Jenggawah land conflict through agrarian reform are marked by a process of preparing for the implementation of an inventory, asset management and access arrangement. Asset management consists of redistribution and legalization of land. Access arrangements are carried out in order to improve the economy, add value and encourage entrepreneurial innovation on the subject of agrarian reform for Jenggawah farmers. Through this research, it can be concluded that agrarian reform can be one of the solutions for resolving land conflicts in Indonesia, especially in Jenggawah.

Contribution of rural settlements to the deforestation dynamics in the Legal Amazon

Rural settlements aim to promote land distribution in Brazil, as well as to apply agrarian policy. More than 9 thousand settlements in the country are distributed by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), totaling 87.9 million hectares. Approximately 87% of this area is located in the Legal Amazon, an area of vital environmental and political importance in Brazil. This study evaluated the contribution of agrarian reform through the redistribution of land, the process of native vegetation suppression, and deforestation dynamics in the Legal Amazon. In addition, possible influences caused by modality, location within the Deforestation Arc, and the year of creation were also evaluated. The main results of the research show that there was a reduction in deforested areas in the settlements between the two periods analyzed and that the annual rate of deforestation within the settlements influences deforestation in the Legal Amazon. In addition, the study pointed out the "Conventional" category as the one that most converted the forest to other uses, showing the need to encourage sustainable land use. It is concluded that, for deforestation that occurs in settled areas, the greatest concentration of areas is located outside of the Deforestation Arc, which justifies why deforestation outside the Arc is greater when compared to settlements inserted in it. Regarding the creation year, deforestation is independent of this factor. However, after the insertion of the settlement, deforestation is intensified.

Rewriting the rules of land reform: counterinsurgency and the property rights gap in wartime Nicaragua

ABSTRACT The use of agrarian reform within civil war to diminish insurgent support and violence has been a key topic within conflict scholarship, particularly in rural societies. Yet, this research has largely overlooked the ways in which the dynamics of counterinsurgency itself shapes land reform institutions – the procedures governing redistribution and legalization. Focusing on Nicaragua’s Contra War (1980–1990) and its longer-term effects, this article illustrates how counterinsurgent warfare can prompt state elites to refashion the rules of agrarian reform and titling in ways that ultimately undermine the state’s ability to regulate land tenure. As the perceived threat posed by the Contra insurgency deepened and peasant producers defected to rebels’ side, the highly centralized revolutionary coalition in power implemented alternative rules structuring land provision to recover rural support and preserve incumbent political power. These new rules permitted the individual and provisional titling of unregistered parcels, widening the property rights gap. The case thus illustrates that the obstacles to wartime agrarian reform may not emerge from state weakness or incompetence, but from how strategic wartime imperatives perversely remake the rules of land redistribution and titling.