Land Reclamation Research Articles

Optimal Exploitation Strategies of Sustainable Utilization of Egypt's Fossil Groundwater Reserves

Groundwater-dependent areas in Egypt are being reclaimed as a result of the impending food crisis. Thus, the national project for land reclamation aims to turn vast tracts of desert land into productive agricultural land. Even while this kind of rural development is desperately needed, relying solely on fossil groundwater sources is a dangerous course of action. Therefore, it is crucial to use these groundwater resources quite carefully. Selecting a safe pumping schedule to prevent aquifer depletion and/or seawater intrusion is just one of the goals. However, using groundwater simulation models based on optimal approaches would introduce exploitation plans that, at the same time, guarantee the aquifers' sufficiency for continued development and maximize the agricultural investment. Thus, a groundwater flow model was generated using the FEFLOW software to explore the Moghra aquifer’s potential for extensive rural development. The maximum pumping regime that coincides with the regulation rule that was set by the MWRI for the next 100 years has been concluded. There is a potential for sustainable exploitation of this water resource to irrigate a total area of 85,715 acres (34,687 ha). The resulting drawdown is expected to reach 95.4 m. Furthermore, a few mitigating techniques are suggested as efficient ways to stop or impede the saltwater intrusion, such as the installation of subterranean barriers and brackish water scavenger wells. Without a doubt, the intended findings would serve as the foundation for wise local water management choices that might strike a balance between the socioeconomic welfare of our nation and environmental preservation. The outcomes of the project can be used by decision making and stakeholder to achieve sustainable water resources management in the new lands for reclamation projects in the northwestern of Nile Delta, Egypt.

Thriving in a salty future: morpho-anatomical, physiological, and molecular adaptations to salt stress in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and other crops.

With soil salinity levels rising at an alarming rate, accelerated by climate change and human interventions, there is a growing need for crop varieties that can grow on saline soils. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a cool-season perennial leguminous crop, commonly grown as forage, biofuel feedstock, and soil conditioner. It demonstrates significant potential for agricultural circularity and sustainability, for example by fixing nitrogen, sequestering carbon, and improving soil structures. Although alfalfa is traditionally regarded as moderately salt-tolerant species, modern alfalfa varieties display specific salt-tolerance mechanisms, which could be used to pave alfalfa's role as a leading crop able to grow on saline soils. Alfalfa's salt tolerance underlies a large variety of cascading biochemical and physiological mechanisms. These are partly enabled by alfalfa's complex genome structure and out-crossing nature, which on the other hand entail impediments for molecular and genetic studies. This review first summarizes the general effects of salinity on plants and the broad-ranging mechanisms for dealing with salt-induced osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and secondary stress. Secondly, we address defensive and adaptive strategies that have been described for alfalfa, such as the plasticity of alfalfa's root system, hormonal crosstalk for maintaining ion homeostasis, spatiotemporal specialized metabolite profiles, and the protection of alfalfa-rhizobia associations. Finally, bottlenecks for research of the physiological and molecular salt-stress responses as well as biotechnology-driven improvements of salt tolerance are identified and discussed. Understanding morpho-anatomical, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity is essential for the improvement of alfalfa and other crops in saline land reclamation. This review identifies potential breeding targets for enhancing alfalfa performance stability and general crop robustness for rising salt levels as well as to promote alfalfa applications in saline land management.

Effects of land reclamation on peatland carbon stability in Sanjiang Plain (Northeast China) over the last century

Peatlands store vast amounts of soil carbon and the stability of this carbon pool plays a crucial role in the carbon dynamics under global change. In the Sanjiang Plain, one of the important peatlands distributed region in China, peatlands were seriously affected by the regional land reclamation during the last century. While, there is a scarcity of data evaluating the impact of land reclamation on peatland carbon stability. Here, based on 210Pb dating of the Shenjiadian (SJD) peatland, we reconstructed historical variations in peatland carbon stability and assessed its response on regional land reclamation over the last century in the Sanjiang Plain. The results showed that the highest aromatic content (25.2 ± 0.7 %) and the lowest carbohydrate content (34.7 ± 2.5 %) occurred between 1950 and 1980, coinciding with the period of extensive second land reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain. The increase in regional human activities led to greater accumulation of pyrogenic carbon in the peatland, enhancing carbon stability in the 1950 s. However, as farmland area continued to grow in the 1960 s, local fires caused by agricultural activities led to more frequent peat fires, promoting the accumulation of herbaceous litter in the peatland, which decreased the stability of the peatland carbon pool but increased carbon accumulation rates. With the proportion of shrub litter increasing and regional land reclamation weakening after 1980, the accumulation of shrub litters has increased both carbon stability and carbon accumulation rates in the studied peatland, particularly after 2000.

Response of hydrodynamic environment to land reclamation in Sanmen Bay, China over the last half-century

Sanmen Bay (SMB) is one of the important harbors in Zhejiang Province. It is a semi-enclosed shallow bay that has undergone large-scale land reclamation activities. Long-term reclamation has changed the hydrodynamic conditions of SMB, such as tide, residual current, tidal prism, water exchange capacity, and tidal asymmetry. In this study, three typical periods of numerical models, based on historical charts and remote sensing, were established to investigate the influence of reclamation activities on the hydrodynamic conditions of SMB from 1971 to 2020. These model results reveal that the amplitude and phase of M2, the main tidal components in SMB, decreased by ~0.1–0.3 m and ~ 5°–15°, respectively, over the last half-century. Additionally, under the influence of ~200 km2 reclamation, many hydrodynamic conditions in SMB also changed. This includes the reduction of a residual current and tidal prism, an increase in residence time, and a change in tidal asymmetry characteristics. The residence time in nearby Xiayangtu exhibited a downward trend from 2003 to 2020, because land reclamation squeezed, and thus, enhanced the residual current eddy. The water-exchange capacity of the bay became weaker with the reduction of tidal prism to one-third and an increase in residence time. The tidal asymmetry characteristic of SMB changed from half of flood dominant to fully flood dominant by the influence of shoreline and bathymetry, which raised the flood risk. Research on the response of the hydrodynamic environment to reclamation activities in SMB reminds the local government to reassess the impact of land reclamation on the hydrodynamic environment.

Soil moisture evidence of self-restoration in coal mining subsidence area of Shendong Mining area: Cognition based on stable isotopes

The Shendong mining area is the largest coal production base in China. However, the area is dry and water scarce, and the ecological environment is fragile. Large scale mining of shallow and thick coal seam in mining area may affect surface moisture and threaten surface ecological security. In order to understand the change of soil moisture in subsidence area. The evaporation loss rate of undisturbed and subsidence soil in mining area was estimated by using water stable isotope technique. The soil particle size and moisture of undisturbed and subsidence soil were compared. The results showed that the soil particle size did not change significantly in the subsidence area, but the continuity of soil structure changed. The evaporation loss rate of soil in subsidence area is about 15 % lower than that of undisturbed soil, and the soil moisture of soil in subsidence area is about 10 % higher than that of undisturbed soil. Further, the Craig-Gordon model is more accurate than the Rayleigh model in estimating the evaporation loss of soil moisture. Our work showed that the soil structure of coal mining subsidence area becomes much looser and the loose cover formed by the surface soil is the main reason for the reduction of soil moisture evaporation. The significant increase of soil moisture will be beneficial to plant recovery and growth, and lay a water foundation for ecological self-restoration in subsidence area. This study is helpful to understand the influence of coal mining subsidence on soil and surface hydrology in arid and semi-arid areas, and has important significance for optimizing and improving the ecological reclamation model of mining areas in western China.

Organic Agriculture for Sustainable Food Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Benefits and Constraints

The global population is increasing at a rapid pace, posing significant challenges to sustainable development and food security. This review paper examines the advantages and challenges of organic farming as a potential solution to address the pressing issues in modern agriculture and food production. Organic farming offers a range of benefits, including improved soil fertility, higher profitability, reduced external input usage, land reclamation, improved market access, and enhanced farmer capacity and self-reliance. Organic farming practices prioritize environmental sustainability by reducing chemical usage and reliance on biological methods of pest control, as well as enhancing biodiversity, which strengthens ecological balance and resilience against pests and diseases. However, organic farming also faces challenges that need to be addressed for its widespread adoption. These challenges include uncertainty surrounding legislative environments, psychological and sociological costs of conversion, financial risks during the transition period, securing marketing channels for organic produce, and diminishing profit margins. Efforts should be made to provide farmers with the necessary support, including technical assistance, subsidies, and access to markets, to overcome these challenges. Despite the challenges, the potential of organic farming in promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring a secure food system cannot be overlooked. It offers a natural and environmentally friendly approach to food production, prioritizing the health of both humans and the ecosystem.

Aspects of development: Voices from predisplacement site in Eastern India

The present research paper is an ethnographic account of the travails and resistance of an adivasi (native) community of India called Santhals. These adivasis are facing the threat of eviction due to a planned coal mining in the area, located in West Bengal, a state in the eastern part of India. Amid the ongoing protest against coal mines, many families are ready to give up their land for the project. Even differences in opinion are common among the leaders of those protest groups. These differences in perception about a coal mine project are the central theme of this paper. Drawing from it the paper is going to scrutinize the grand terms like ‘Affected Persons’, used in ‘National Mineral Policy 2019’ and ‘Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (2013)’, and ‘Local Community’ to show that any generalization or universalization of those various perceptions suppress the real needs of the people since they get affected in multiple ways. Further, this paper regards ‘development’ as ‘pharmakon’ for its dual nature, since people in the same community perceive it as poison; in contrast, for others, it is the remedy for their poverty. Tracing from all the varying voices, the paper finally argues for finding ‘significant others’, who are significantly excluded from decision-making.

Research on collaborative management technology of deep multi-coal seam mining and pre-reclamation in coal-grain composite area

Subterranean coal mining results in the occurrence of surface subsidence, soil degradation, and damage to agricultural lands, which is especially severe in regions with high groundwater levels. The collaborative reclamation scheme combining surface pre-reclamation and underground mining layout optimization can effectively control the problem of damage to farmlands. Hence, it is imperative to study the collaborative management technology. The research area for this study is Jiulishan Mine, located in coal-grain composite areas with a high groundwater table. Initially, a combined UAV and USV measuring system was utilized to acquire spatial data of the proposed reclamation area. Furthermore, we examined the evolution features of the subsidence ponding related to various mining methods using FLAC3D numerical modeling. Ultimately, the ArcGIS spatial analysis module was utilized to model and calculate the reclamation volume and rate for each plan. Our findings indicate that: (1) The extent of damage caused by shallow coal seam mining includes an area of 50.67 hm2 for farmland damaged area (FDA), 31.49 hm2 for seasonal subsidence ponding (SSP), and 23.51 hm2 for perennial subsidence ponding (PSP). Additionally, the boundary subsidence values for each damaged area are 0.8 m, 1.6 m, and 2.8 m, respectively. (2) Through the optimization of deep coal seam mining designs, the spatial configuration of the subsidence basin is successfully altered, creating the necessary condition for the development of a dynamic pre-reclamation plan. (3) The reclamation rate of the optimized pre-reclamation (PR) scheme is significantly higher, ranging from 40 % to 44 %, compared to the reclamation rate of 24 % of the traditional reclamation (TR). The choice of a suitable land reclamation and ecological restoration strategy was determined by optimizing mining plans and considering the characteristics of the subsidence area. This offers empirical evidence and specialized assistance for the ecological rehabilitation of coal-grain composite areas with high groundwater levels.

The Potential and Models of Agricultural Utilization of Reclaimed Mine Land

This study delves into the potential and models of agricultural utilization of reclaimed mine land, analyzing its significant role in environmental restoration, economic development, and social stability. The research indicates that through scientific planning and management, reclaimed mine land can be transformed into highly productive agricultural land, while also promoting the recovery of the ecological environment and the sustainable development of the socio-economy. The paper proposes agricultural utilization models that integrate the characteristics of reclaimed mine land, emphasizing the application of ecological agriculture concepts in land reclamation, and analyzes the positive impact of agricultural utilization on the socio-economic development of mining areas. The study also explores the relationship between agricultural utilization and the sustainable development of mining communities, highlighting the importance of policy support and community participation. Finally, the paper summarizes the innovative points and practical significance of the research and points out future research directions.

Strategies for Achieving High and Sustainable Plant Productivity in Saline Soil Conditions

The accumulation of salt in arable lands is a source of significant abiotic stress, contributing to a 10% decline in the world’s total arable lands and threatening food productivity and the sustainability of agriculture. About 76 million hectares of productive land are estimated to have been affected by human-induced salinization such as extreme salt deposits in soil, which are mainly caused by the actions of humans. For instance, continued irrigation and the frequent use of chemical fertilizers need to be understood. To ensure food availability, it is essential to improve upon traditional farming methods using current technologies to facilitate the reclamation of saline-affected arable lands to achieve high and sustainable food production. This review details current innovative strategies such as the modification of metabolic pathways, manipulation of antioxidant pathways, genetic engineering, RNA interference technology, engineered nanoparticles, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), organic amendments, and trace elements for improving saline marginal lands. These strategies were identified to have contributed to the improvement of plants salinity tolerance in diverse ways. For instance, the accumulation of plant metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, polyols, organic acids, saponins, anthocyanins, polyphenols, and tannins detoxify plants and play crucial roles in mitigating the detrimental effects of oxidative damage posed by salinity stress. Multiple plant miRNAs encoding the up- and down-regulation of single- and multi-ion transporters have been engineered in plant species to enhance salt tolerance. Nanomaterials and plant root system colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal increase water uptake, photosynthetic efficiency, and biomass allocation in plants exposed to saline stress by excluding 65 percent of the Na+ uptake and enhancing K+ uptake by 84.21 percent. Organic amendments and trace elements reduced salinity concentrations by 22 percent and improved growth by up to 84 percent in maize subjected to salinity stress. This study also discusses how researchers can use these strategies to improve plants growth, development, and survival in saline soil conditions to enhance the productivity and sustainability of agriculture. The strategies discussed in this study have also proven to be promising approaches for developing salinity stress tolerance strategies for plants to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability.

Rheological performance regulation of solidified soil slurry for mine reclamation: Superplasticizer selection and structural characterization based on in-situ techniques

This paper focuses on the low cement content characteristic of soil slurry materials for mine reclamation, investigating the effects of three types of superplasticizers (polyester-based polycarboxylate (PCE), sodium lignosulfonate (SLS), and naphthalene-based (PNS)) on the flow properties of freshly mixed solidified soil slurry. It proposes a method combining shear rheology and micro-rheology experiments to complete the selection of superplasticizers. The rheological properties of the freshly mixed slurry were compared at different dosages of superplasticizers and various resting times. The results indicate that PCE at 0.4 % dosage exhibits the best dispersion effect in the solidified soil slurry. In-situ ATR FTIR, in-situ low-field NMR, and ζ-potential tests confirmed that PCE can effectively delay the solidification process of the soil slurry to maintain its fluidity. At a PCE dosage of 0.4 %, the spatial hindrance between slurry particles is reduced, increasing the proportion of “free water” in the solidified soil, with the ζ-potential not being the main factor affecting the rheological properties of the soil slurry. This study provides a theoretical foundation and solutions for regulating the early fluidity of solidified soil slurry materials used in the land reclamation of coal gangue in the Northwest mining areas of China.

Surface Deformation of Xiamen, China Measured by Time-Series InSAR.

Due to its unique geographical location and rapid urbanization, Xiamen is particularly susceptible to geological disasters. This study employs 80 Sentinel-1A SAR images covering Xiamen spanning from May 2017 to December 2023 for comprehensive dynamic monitoring of the land subsidence. PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR techniques were utilized to derive the surface deformation field and time series separately, followed by a comparative analysis of their results. SBAS-InSAR was finally chosen in this study for its higher coherence. Based on its results, we conducted cause analysis and obtained the following findings. (1) The most substantial subsidence occurred in Maluan Bay and Dadeng Island, where the maximum subsidence rate was 24 mm/yr and the maximum cumulative subsidence reached 250 mm over the course of the study. Additionally, regions exhibiting subsidence rates ranging from 10 to 30 mm/yr included Yuanhai Terminal, Maluan Bay, Xitang, Guanxun, Jiuxi entrance, Yangtang, the southeastern part of Dadeng Island, and Yundang Lake. (2) Geological structure, groundwater extraction, reclamation and engineering construction all have impacts on land subsidence. The land subsidence of fault belts and seismic focus areas was significant, and the area above the clay layer settled significantly. Both direct and indirect analysis can prove that as the amount of groundwater extraction increases, the amount of land subsidence increases. Significant subsidence is prone to occur after the initial land reclamation, during the consolidation period of the old fill materials, and after land compaction. The construction changes the soil structure, and the appearance of new buildings increases the risk of subsidence.

Land reclamation as an object of accounting: The current state and development prospects

Land reclamation as an object of accounting: The current state and development prospects

Reclamation of abandoned cropland switches fungal community assembly from deterministic to stochastic processes

Soil microbial communities are major drivers of cycling of soil nutrients that sustain plant growth and productivity. Yet, a holistic understanding of the impact of abandoned agricultural land reclamation on the soil microbe is still poorly understood, especially for the microbial community assembly mechanisms. Here, we investigated the influence of reclamation on the relative importance of stochastic and deterministic processes in shaping microbial community assembly. After reclaiming abandoned cropland for corn and soybean cultivation, the fungal community assembly was shifted to stochastic processes, while bacterial communities remained predominantly influenced by stochastic processes. Our study revealed that reclamation did not significantly affect bacterial diversity, community niche breadth, and community similarity. In contrast, fungal communities exhibited lower alpha diversity, narrower niche breadths, greater niche overlap and higher community similarity in corn and soybean cultivation treatment in response to reclamation. Moreover, soil pH and soil available phosphorus were the most important environmental factors influencing fungal richness, niche breadths, community assembly processes, and community similarity. Together, the reclamation of abandoned cropland promoted the transformation of the fungal community assembly from deterministic process to a stochastic process, leading to decreased fungal diversity and broader ecological niche width, ultimately resulting in greater similarity among fungal communities. This finding provides insight into the varied responses of microbial diversity and ecological process to abandoned cropland reclamation, offering valuable guidance for the conservation and sustainable management of abandoned cropland in future land-use practices.

Response of habitat quality to land use changes in The Johor River Estuary

ABSTRACT Rich resources and fragile ecosystems of estuaries are increasingly impacted by land use and land cover (LULC). However, previous studies of habitat quality (HQ) typically do not model the impact of LULC in Southeast Asian estuaries. Here, we used the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model and the Patch-generating Land-Use Simulation (PLUS) model to assess and predict HQ and habitat degradation in the Johor River Estuary (JRE) from 1989 to 2047. Habitat quality contribution rate (HQCR) was used to quantify the impact of land-use changes on HQ. We analyzed the correlation and spatio-temporal changes in LULC and HQ, respectively. Our forecasts show (1) Construction land expanding more than 10 times from 1989 to 2047. (2) HQ increases slightly followed by a continuous decrease in the habitat quality index (HQI). (3) Degradation of HQI was from forests, agricultural land, residential land expansion and land reclamation. (4) Population growth, economic development, and national development policies may pose significant future threats to water, land, and marine traffic in the Johor River. Our results show that land-use changes affect HQ and future development of the JRE should integrate the impacts of natural and human factors on LULC changes.

Response of suspended sediment dynamics to human activities in the transitional zone between Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay

The Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay system has experienced river damming and estuarine engineering in the last decades. However, few studies focused on the shifts in its sediment dynamics due to such human activities. In this study multi-decadal development of sediment dynamics in the transitional zone of the two large estuaries was analyzed, based on the synchronous hydrographic data in the winter of 2023, 2014 and 1983. The results revealed significant changes in regional hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport, despite the continuous good correlations between the current velocity, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), water/sediment fluxes and tidal range. Specifically, the current velocity has been decreased by 8 - 21% after 2014, mainly due to the land reclamation (implemented around 2016) with several groins stretching into deep water and altering alongshore hydrodynamics. The SSC has decreased further by 29 - 38% in addition to the significant decrease during 1983 - 2014. The SSC changes are related to the combination of river damming which induced sediment load reduction and land reclamation which enclosed a large amount of sediment. Furthermore, the sediment transport from Changjiang Estuary to Hangzhou Bay decreased by 36% - 53%, explaining the observed bed erosion in the northern bay mouth in recent years. The findings are also relevant for studies on sediment dynamics in other large estuaries worldwide.

Perencanaan Tahapan Persiapan Dan Perhitungan Reklamasi Di Lahan Bekas Tambang Air Rikai PT Timah Tbk Kabupaten Bangka

The research location chosen was the Air Rikai ex-mining land, which is an alluvial ex-mining land within the IUP of PT Timah Tbk. The negative impact that arises from mining is in the form of land damage. This research aims to overcome damage and also ensure that reclamation activities can be carried out well. The method used in this research is a quantitative method. The data taken is in the form of soil samples, soil pH and water pH data, topographic data (x,y,z coordinates) and bathymetric data for the depth of the pit. The results of data processing and analysis show that the condition of the land to be reclaimed has an area of 13 Ha and is divided into 2, namely voids with a total area of 1.57 Ha and land area of 11.43 Ha. Land use is carried out by stockpiling overburden with a required volume of overburden of 35,511.54 m³. Land leveling with a volume of pushed soil of 35,280 m³. Arrangement of the edge of the pit with a volume of soil moved of 230.29 m³. Construction of drainage channels with an excavation volume of 214.59 m³. Installation of concrete buis type culverts with dimensions of 50 x 50 cm and a length of 50 cm. In the revegetation, 1,517 oil palm trees were planted, then 463 sea cypress trees were planted along the underside and LCC seeds to help loosen the soil. Treating acid mine drainage with 350 water hyacinths. The costs required for reclamation are divided into 2, namely, Direct Costs and Indirect Costs. The direct costs required are IDR 679,286,160 and the indirect costs required are IDR 213,975,140. The total costs required for reclamation of land with an area of 13 Ha are IDR 893,261,300.

Transforming ex-Coal Mining Sites into Sustainable Plantations: A Case Study of Food Natural Sustainability Project in Bomba Group

The Ministry of Agriculture (Kementan) is encouraging efforts to convert former mining land into productive agricultural areas to increase national food production and stocks amidst the global food crisis. Land Reclamation Technology is a necessity to reduce the cost of reclamation of ex-mining land into agricultural land. The method of reclamation of ex-mining land by moving top soil from another place is not recommended because this is a step to solve the problem by creating other new problems. Sustainability Business Model for such rejuvenation projects refer to Collaboration and Community Based and must be prioritize all stakeholders (all parties involved and affected by the activities carried out by the business) rather than the interests of shareholders.

On the mechanical behaviour of a coral silt from the South China Sea

During land reclamation on the reef islands, large amounts of silt-sized coral soils were created by segregation and degradation. The accumulation of silt-sized coral soils is fairy uncommon while the research on the geotechnical properties of the coral silt is very limited. In this study, a systematic experimental investigation on the mechanical behaviour of a coral silt obtained from a reclaimed reef island in the South China Sea has been performed, with comparisons to the coral sand collected from the same area. Similar to the coral sand, the coral silt particles also exhibit irregular particle shape and intra-particle pore due to their nature origin. According to the limiting water contents, the coral silt is classified as a low-plasticity clayey silt. Under one-dimensional compression, the coral silt exhibits a much quicker convergence compared to coral sand. Prior to convergence, the compressibility of coral silt is higher. After yielding, the compressibility of coral sand becomes higher due to significant particle breakage. The loose coral silt subjected to undrained shearing at low confining pressures exhibits obvious strain softening behaviour, indicating static liquefaction or flow failure. The peak and critical state friction angles of coral silt are lower than those of coral sand but much higher than those of the other terrigenous clayey silts. A curved critical state line with well-defined horizontal asymptote in the deviatoric stress – mean effective stress plane is identified for coral silt, again indicating higher potential to static liquefaction.

Environmental Crisis in Public Administration Policy Perspective

The environmental crisis has developed into an international and national problem impacting every country, including Indonesia. Factors such as sea level rise, global warming, pollution, and unauthorized land use and reclamation influence this. Excessive land use for housing, agriculture, and other needs causes climate change and environmental degradation due to human activities such as deforestation. The agricultural production revolution policy also caused an ecological crisis. Incorporating the principles into public administration policies is expected to balance economic development, social justice, and environmental preservation. This is expected to have a good and sustainable effect on the environment in the long term. Managing human activities, reducing land degradation, and promoting sustainable development are necessary to overcome the environmental crisis.