Land In Iran Research Articles

Darbandy tribe in south of Kurdistan

This research refers to the details and the origin of Darbandians life, and their first coming in Kirmashan region. This ethnic group perform themselves differently as they compared to their surrounding area in the fields of style and culture. They speak in Kalhurr dialect, They migrated from Nawdarwand of Kirmashan towards the west of Iran border until they arrived their in habited area which includes thirty four villages in different areas, Now, Segrdkan sub-district and its surrounding is considered as the center of Darbandians living. Meanwhile, this research highlights the factors behind the immigration and disperse of Darbandians in the second half of the century and the beginning of the century from their hometown.The main factor can be seen in the conflict between the major authorities on Iran land, the war and the chaos in border districts is another factor and the policy of persecution is another factor. The research also refers to the ways of their coming and arrival to the first settlement place where includes the villages of (Omargwmbat, Gorqaraj, kanilala, and segrdkan), then their spread to the other villages, after that referring to the major clans and the families of darbandians.

Geospatial and common methods for the assessment of land suitability for wheat production in Iran

Wheat is considered the most important crop in Iran; however, not all of the land in Iran is equally suitable for growing wheat. This study aimed to apply a spatial model for land suitability assessment integrated with geographic information system (GIS) techniques for the wheat crop. Climate and Soil parameters were recognized as factors affecting land suitability for wheat crop in the study area. Three indices were used in assessing land suitability, soil fertility, chemical and physical quality indices. The results of the proposed model (LSI) were compared with the square root and Storie methods. The results showed that most of the units fall within the Moderate suitable class (S2) and the Marginally suitable class (S3) which together represent 88.66% of the total area. About 7.08% of the study area was High suitable and About 2.37% of the study area was unsuitable for wheat crops and those areas correspond to the adverse physical and chemical properties of the soil. The comparison of the results of the three approaches used showed that the present model has a Moderate level of agreement with the square root method (0.516) and showed that the present model has a low level of agreement with the Storie method (0.243). Comparing the results showed that the story model has a high agreement with the square root method (0.884). In the current model, the use of different indicators allows for obtaining results that seem to be more consistent with the current conditions of the region.

Physiological and biochemical responses of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) under salinity stress in Iran

Saline soil and water present significant agricultural challenges, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Around 15 % of Iran's land is categorized as saline. Salt stress disrupts various physiological processes in plants, leading to reduced crop yields. Considering the demand for food and the limitation of cultivated areas is rising, the cultivation of salt-resistant crops is gaining attention. This study was conducted to examine the morpho-physiological responses tolerance of a native cultivar of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. White Ahvazi) under conditions of salinity stress. Understanding how this native cultivar responds to salinity stress is crucial for increasing its productivity. The okra seedlings were subjected to seven different levels of electrical conductivity (EC) (1.7 as control, 4.4, 6.2, 8.5, 10.6, 12.5, 14.4, and 15.8 mS/cm) after the appearance of their first true leaves by dissolving NaCl salt in Hoagland's nutrient solution. The results showed that morphological traits in the treated samples were not significantly different from the non-treated samples until EC reached a value of 10.6 mS/cm. The increases in EC from 1.7 to 10.6 mS/cm resulted in a significant rise in the antioxidant capacity and content of biochemical constituents. While salinity stress from EC 12.5 mS/cm onwards caused significant induction of hydrogen peroxide free radicals and peroxidation of membrane lipids. The yield was also significantly reduced at ECs of 12.5, 14.4, and 15.8 mS/cm, which were 31.1, 40.6, and 59.6 % less than control plants, respectively. Increasing salinity stress resulted in a remarkable reduction of photosynthetic pigments in plants as compared to the non-treated plants. Generally, it can be concluded that the White Ahvazi cultivar of okra commonly cultivated in Iran had a moderate tolerance to EC with a threshold of 10.6 mS/cm. Thus, this study can contribute towards enhancing food production in regions facing challenges related to salinity.

A Comparative Analysis of Turkey's and Iran's Land Management Systems and Technological Infrastructure

The comparison of cadastral systems worldwide proves challenging, given the profound cultural, linguistic, technical, and social disparities among countries. This complexity extends to the examination of data, encompassing issues related to land policy, laws, regulations, ownership, management, and technology within each nation's cadastral framework, forming the foundation for numerous studies. This article delves into a comparative analysis of the cadastral systems of Turkey and Iran, two nations sharing a common geography, similar cultures, and identical religious beliefs. The focus lies on content examination, exploring historical development, organizational structure, and the comprehensive status of cadastres across both countries. The study further scrutinizes the technologies employed and the mapping infrastructure integral to each nation's cadastral system. This research offers valuable insights into the similarities and differences between these two countries, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of cadastral systems within a shared cultural and geographical context.

The role of the institutional environment in land use planning in Iran: A conceptual framework

The intricate and multifaceted nature of Land Use Planning (LUP) necessitates a comprehensive exploration of its underlying structuring elements, notably institutions. In Iran, the complex interplay between formal and informal institutions, often fueled by their unrecognized roles, means realizing that effective LUP is fraught with formidable challenges. Our research introduces a conceptual framework for the institutional environment of LUP to gain a deeper understanding of the critical influencing factors and their interconnections in Iran. Exploring the institutional environment allows ways to mitigate the challenges in Iran's LUP to emerge. This qualitative research systematically reviews the literature and draws themes from secondary data. We then categorize Iran's land use challenges into two main areas: content-related and structural. Exploring these challenges can help us to identify the primary issues needing attention in the institutional environment of LUP, bringing us closer to understanding institutional factors in the conceptual model. The proposed framework, recognizing culture as the foundation of informal institutions, outlines formal and informal institutional components, emphasizing their interconnectedness. Subsequently, we explore the framework's significance in addressing the challenges within Iran's LUP system. Focusing on this framework and understanding Iran's institutional environment can reduce uncertainty in decision making. As a result, this research is a step towards the idealization of LUP and a basis for further studies.

Reinvention of Padishah-i Islam in the Visual Representations of Ghazan Khan

This article discusses how the visualization of Mahmud Ghazan, the sixth Ilkhanid ruler, was employed to construct and propagate his image as the Padishah-i Islam (King of Islam), thus justifying him both as king of Iranshahr (land of Iran) and the legitimate successor of the Prophet Muhammad. In a quest for visual translations of the Ilkhanid concept of Padishah-i Islam—an inseparable combination of the Persian notion of ideal kingship and prophethood—several illustrations from the Diez albums representing Ghazan or events of his reign have been identified, two of which have become subject to detailed iconographic analyses. Two approaches to the visualization of Ghazan as Padishah-i Islam can be considered here. The first is Ghazan’s birth scene where the visual narrative is covered in various formal and semantic layers; transformed into a symbolic narrative of a holy birth associated with those of the prophets. The second appears in the scene of Ghazan’s enthronement, probably once illustrated as an unknown manuscript’s frontispiece, the images’ composition and components appear as a visual panegyric poem which applies an elaborate visual language that elevates Ghazan to the level of a divine king.

Reinvention of Padishah-i Islam in the Visual Representations of Ghazan Khan

This article discusses how the visualization of Mahmud Ghazan, the sixth Ilkhanid ruler, was employed to construct and propagate his image as the Padishah-i Islam (King of Islam), thus justifying him both as king of Iranshahr (land of Iran) and the legitimate successor of the Prophet Muhammad. In a quest for visual translations of the Ilkhanid concept of Padishah-i Islam—an inseparable combination of the Persian notion of ideal kingship and prophethood—several illustrations from the Diez albums representing Ghazan or events of his reign have been identified, two of which have become subject to detailed iconographic analyses. Two approaches to the visualization of Ghazan as Padishah-i Islam can be considered here. The first is Ghazan’s birth scene where the visual narrative is covered in various formal and semantic layers; transformed into a symbolic narrative of a holy birth associated with those of the prophets. The second appears in the scene of Ghazan’s enthronement, probably once illustrated as an unknown manuscript’s frontispiece, the images’ composition and components appear as a visual panegyric poem which applies an elaborate visual language that elevates Ghazan to the level of a divine king.

Predicting the Impact of Internet of Things on the Value Added for the Agriculture Sector in Iran Using Mathematical Methods

In terms of water resources, Iran has less fresh water than its population demands. Also, due to climate change, inefficient management and excessive consumption of this vital resource, the water shortage situation is becoming more critical day by day. Searching for a solution for sustainable use of water sources, this study proposes utilizing the Internet of things technology in order to implement smart irrigation in agricultural lands in Iran. Investigating the economic impact of the Internet of Things in Iran’s agriculture sector is the purpose of this article. The most important advantages of using smart irrigation are decreasing water consumption and increasing the productivity of agricultural yields (e.g., fruits, vegetables, etc.). This research attempts to predict Iran's economic growth in the event of smart irrigation implementation in agricultural fields and farms. The effect of investment in smart irrigation on water consumption and agricultural production is estimated by regression with cross-sectional data. In the end, by using the information obtained through the mathematical method, Iran's economic growth through GDP growth is estimated in the case if the Internet of things technology is fully implemented and the full benefits of using this technology are gained.

Estimation of greenhouse gas emission flux from agricultural lands of Khuzestan province in Iran.

Greenhouse gas emissions and their effects on global warming are one of the serious challenges of developed and developing countries. Investigating the amount of greenhouse gas emissions of different countries makes it possible to determine the share of countries in the production of greenhouse gases. The purpose of this study is to use DAYCENT and DNDC models to estimate the emission rate of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide greenhouse gases as well as to estimate the global warming potential in Khuzestan agricultural lands in Iran. For this purpose, the gas sampling was done in rice, wheat, and sugarcane fields using a static chamber, and then the concentration of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide was determined by using gas chromatography. In the following, DAYCENT and DNDC models were used to estimate gas emissions and the global warming potential of these gases was estimated. Finally, TOPSIS method was used to prioritize gas emissions. In order to evaluate the modeling accuracy, the statistical indicators of maximum error, root mean square error, determination coefficient, model efficiency, and residual mass coefficient were used. According to the results, the highest measured gas flux was obtained for rice fields at Baghmalek and the lowest for sugarcane in Abadan. The results of DAYCENT model estimation showed that the highest emissions were obtained for methane gas and rice cultivation, and lowest gas emissions were obtained for sugarcane cultivation. The results of DNDC model estimation also showed that the highest flux was determined for nitrous oxide gas in rice cultivation. The results of the estimation of global warming potential also showed that it was the highest in sugarcane cultivation (Shushtar station) and the DAYCENT model, and the lowest was also in wheat cultivation and the DNDC model. The statistical results of the estimation of DAYCENT and DNDC models showed that the DAYCENT model in sugarcane cultivation (Shushtar station) was the most accurate in estimating carbon dioxide gas, and the lowest accuracy was related to the DNDC model and sugarcane cultivation (Shushtar station) in estimating nitrous oxide gas. According to the results of agricultural activities in Khuzestan province, they have made a major contribution to the production of greenhouse gases, which, or the lack of attention to this issue, will have an effect on the future climate of this region.

Proposed diets for sustainable agriculture and food security in Iran

Iran's population is predicted to reach 103 million by 2050. Food for this population and environmental protection are challenging, because Iran's land and water resources have crossed safety boundaries. This study analyzes the impact of current diets and proposed diets on water consumption, land use, and inputs, such as nutrients, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed diets were compared to the current diet and the Ministry of Health's recommended diets. The proposed diets were designed to reduce animal product consumption and place more demand for plant products. A plant-based diet was developed and compared with other diets, and all the proposed diets were designed in accordance with WHO recommendations. In comparison with the current diet, the Ministry of Health's optimal diet requires 10 % more primary resources, increases greenhouse gas emissions by 10 %, and increases the cost of purchasing items from retailers by 13 %. Moreover, plant-based diets require about 30 % of blue water resources based on our designed plan. The required agricultural production for this plan requires 8–12 % less fertilizer and 15 % less energy, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 10–14 %. These diets also cost 20–24 % less; however, adopting and implementing sustainable plant-based diets requires better education. It is recommended that reevaluation of the Ministry of Health's current optimal diet is essential. The results of the current study, which introduces plant-based modified diets, may be able to provide alternative diet recommendations for Iranians.

О некоторых дискуссионных сюжетах относительно похода Чормагана в Иран в мусульманских источниках

Research objectives: The Mongol-Khorezm war of 1219–1221 affected mainly the lands of Khorasan, Transoxiana and modern Afghanistan, while the Iranian territories did not experience the horrors of the invasion, except during the campaign of Subedei and Jebe. As a result, after 1223, the lands of Iran either became part of the state of khorezmshah Jalal al-Din Mankburni, or local ruling elites were formed there. This fact was the main cause of the campaign of Mongol commander Chormagan in the lands of Iran, and then in the south Caucasus. Despite the existing research dealing with Chormagan’s biography and activities, certain narratives related to him in Muslim sources continue to be a matter of debate. This study is devoted to their analysis. Research materials: The author sought to use the entire corpus of Muslim sources, which reflected the biography of Chormagan and the Mongol actions on the territory of Iran and neighboring regions in the 1220s and early 1230s. Special attention is paid to the information from the texts belonging to the genre of “local histories”, much less often used by researchers to solve similar scholarly issues. Research results and novelty: The analysis of information from the Muslim sources in this article allowed, first of all, to cast doubt on some conclusions present in the most famous reconstruction of Chormagan’s biography, written by Timothy May. They are related to the date of the beginning of the Chormagan’s campaign, which ended with the subjugation of the Iranian lands and led to the Mongol invasion of the South Caucasus. In addition, taking into account the data provided in this article, it should be noted that the reconstruction of the route taken by the Mongol detachments also requires a significant revision. Finally, it should be recognized that some military formations of the conquerors operated in various regions of modern Iran before and simultaneously with the beginning of the Chormagan’s campaign.

A country-wide assessment of Iran's land subsidence susceptibility using satellite-based InSAR and machine learning

Land subsidence (LS), which mainly results from poor watershed management, is a complex and nonlinear phenomenon. In the present study, LS at a country-wide assessment of Iran was mapped by using several geo-environmental conditioning factors (namely, altitude, slope degree and aspect, plan and profile curvature, distance from a river, road or fault, rainfall, geology and land use) into a machine learning algorithm-based artificial neural network (ANN), and a powerful group method of data handling (GMDH). The total dataset includes historical LS and non-LS locations, identified by the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). The whole dataset was divided into two subsets at a ratio of 70:30 for training and validating the model, respectively. ANN- and GMDH-based LS maps were evaluated using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves. The information gain ratio (IGR) was calculated to determine the relative importance of the conditioning factors. The results showed that all of the considered factors contributed significantly to the LS mapping in Iran, with geology having the strongest impact. According to the ROC curve analysis, both ANN and GMDH-based LS maps were accurate, but the map obtained by the GMDH approach had a higher accuracy than that of ANN. Southwestern, northeastern and some parts of the central region of Iran were shown to be susceptible to LS in the future. According to the GMDH susceptibility map, 10% of Iran exhibits high or very high susceptibility to LS in the future. The provinces of Hamedan and Khouzestan had the highest percentage of areas at risk of LS. According to the InSAR deformation map, 39%, 20%, 25%, 13% and 3% of the investigated areas are subject to a yearly LS of −1 to −2.5, −2.5 to −5, −5 to −7.5, −7.5 to −10 and −10 to −20 cm, respectively. The province of Razavi Khorasan in the northeast of Iran had the largest area (about 3500 km2) vulnerable to LS occurrence. Based on the LS susceptibility map, the provinces of Ardebil, Kurdistan, West and East Azerbaijan, Sistan and Baluchistan and Kermanshah, although not currently undergoing a high rate of LS, will be at high risk of severe LS in the future.

A new approach to estimate and delineate the geothermal gradient of Iran

In spite of numerous deep wells drilled for oil, gas, deep water and geothermal purposes, and several local geothermal studies carried out using geochemistry analysis in Iran, lack of a comprehensive geothermal map is palpable. In this paper, nominated reliable surface and subsurface thermal data are gathered, examined and corrected to be involved in mapping process. In order to do so, 107 drilled wells accompanying with geothermal gradient data extracted from geothermometry analysis (available in hot springs) were nominated based on data quality and a proper dispersion. All selected points were evaluated and eventually, a real temperature gradient together with a temperature log were calculated in every location. Therefore, convergent interpolation technique was applied to estimate and distribute the temperature data points to the whole surface. According to the final proposed map, geothermal gradient is increased around geologically active areas such as quaternary volcanoes and active faults such that it is evidently possible to segregate high gradient areas into two major parts including volcano-related and active-fault related areas. Approximate average geothermal gradient in non-volcanic basins like Zagros, Kopet-dagh, central Persian Gulf, Qom, Moghan and Zabol regions are determined as 21 °C/km, 30 °C/km, 31.5 °C/km, 26.7 °C/km, 30 °C/km and 25 °C/km respectively and it reaches to about 149 °C/km around volcanic areas like Sabalan stratovolcano. Undertaken comprehensive survey will be of great assistance in future exploration of geothermal resources in Iran land.

Determination of the stress field in the Kopeh Dagh and Eastern Iran regions

The land of Iran is situated in a compression zone with a high seismicity rate due to the convergence of Arabian and Eurasian plates. In this study, the stress field of two provinces of Kopeh Dagh and Eastern Iran, which are located in the east and northeast of Iran, has been studied and compared. These two provinces are different in terms of seismicity patterns so that Kopeh Dagh is much more active than Eastern Iran. To achieve this goal, the iterative joint inversion method for stress and fault orientations developed by Vavryčuk (2014) has been used. The average direction of the maximum principal stress (σ1) and the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the study area are estimated to be N30.1°E and N12.1°E, respectively. These directions are in agreement with the convergence of the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate. The value of the optimal friction coefficient was determined for both regions and it was found that this coefficient is lower in Kopeh Dagh than in Eastern Iran. This indicates a potential relationship of the fault friction with the activity pattern and seismicity of in the region.

Life and activity of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

At the beginning of the VII century in the political life of the Near and Middle East, fundamental changes have taken place. The Arabs conquered a colossal territory, which included the lands of Iran, North Africa, North-West India, the Asian provinces of Byzantium, most of the former Roman Empire. In the conquered cities of the caliphate, observatories, madaris, libraries were built. At the end of VII century, the first scientific center, an academy, the House of Wisdom, was founded in Baghdad, in which scholars who spoke different languages were assembled. Here the translation and commentary activity were very developed, the main works of ancient thought, such as the writings of Aristotle, Ptolemy were published in the 9th century in the Arabic-speaking world. For two centuries from 750 to 950 years, the works of ancient authors on philosophy, mathematics, medicine, alchemy, and astronomy were translated into Arabic, which indicates the high scientific potential of that time in the East. At the same time, in the XII century, Ibn Rushd composed 38 commentaries on the works of Aristotle, the “Republic” of Plato, the treatise “On the Mind” of Alexander of Aphrodisias, which subsequently had an important influence on the work of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. Thus, this period in the history of Eastern scientific thought is marked by high intellectual potential. To this day, historians of medieval Arabic literature face a sufficient number of difficulties, since the vast majority of manuscripts remain inaccessible to them. The works of many renowned Arab authors of the middle Ages are more than 1000 years old, so it seems obvious that the manuscripts of the vast majority of authors have not survived to this day. The researchers of the history of Azerbaijan and neighboring countries in the middle Ages, with all the variety of available sources on which they rely, still attract little factual material related to the Arabic-language works of the historical and scientific genre. Undoubtedly, a comprehensive study of the entire complex of information of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi on the history of science in Azerbaijan is of great importance.

Antibiotic Treatment of Anaerobic Infections: Uncharted Land in Iran

The article's abstract is no available.

Impacts of wind erosion and seasonal changes on soil carbon dioxide emission in southwestern Iran

Wind erosion is one of the main drivers of soil loss in the world, which affects 20 million hectare land of Iran. Besides the soil loss, wind erosion contributes to carbon dioxide emission from the soil into the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate monthly and seasonal changes in carbon dioxide emission in four classes i.e., low, moderate, severe and very severe soil erosion and the interactions between air temperature and wind erosion in relation to carbon dioxide emission in the Bordekhun region, Boushehr Province, southwestern Iran. Wind erosion intensities were evaluated using IRIFR (Iran Research Institute of Forests and Ranges) model, in which four classes of soil erosion were identified. Afterward, we measured carbon dioxide emission on a monthly basis and for a period of one year using alkali traps in each class of soil erosion. Data on emission levels and erosion classes were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with twelve replications in each treatment. The highest rate of emission occurred in July (4.490 g CO2/(m2·d)) in severely eroded lands and the least in January (0.086 g CO2/(m2·d)) in low eroded lands. Therefore, it is resulted that increasing erosion intensity causes an increase in soil carbon dioxide emission rate at severe erosion intensity. Moreover, the maximum amount of carbon dioxide emission happened in summer and the minimum in winter. Soil carbon dioxide emission was just related to air temperature without any relationship with soil moisture content; since changes of soil moisture in the wet and dry seasons were not high enough to affect soil microorganisms and respiration in dry areas. In general, there are complex and multiple relationships between various factors associated with soil erosion and carbon dioxide emission. Global warming causes events that lead to more erosion, which in turn increases greenhouse gas emission, and rising greenhouse gases will cause more global warming. The result of this study demonstrated the synergistic effect of wind erosion and global climate warming towards carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere.

Arsenic heavy metal mapping in agricultural soils of Alborz province, Iran

ABSTRACT Soil is continuously polluted via the entrance of pollutants and so crops cultivated in these land are exposed to heavy metals pollution. In this research, the concentration of arsenic was evaluated in agricultural soils of Alborz province, Iran. Achieving this goal, 254 soil samples were taken from the soil surface (0–30 cm) and soil texture and chemical characteristics were measured. The spatial distribution of arsenic was evaluated using Gaussian model and the map of arsenic pollution was prepared using Kriging method in ArcGIS. After determination of effective parameters on total arsenic using PCA analysis, a linear regression relationship between arsenic and other important parameters was introduced. Based on the prepared map, about 80% and 15% of the total cultivated area of Alborz land had arsenic lesser than 10 and 10–20 ppm, respectively. Only 5% of cultivated land located in the south-west of Alborz province had arsenic about 20–21.63 ppm. Because this area is located in vicinity of industrial town of Alborz province and industrial and urban waste waters entered in agricultural land. About 99% of studied soil samples had Igeo <0 which classify as practically uncontaminated. On the other hand, 96% and 4% of soil samples had CF<1 and 1–3, which indicate low and moderate contamination, respectively. The amount of potential ecological risk of arsenic was between 0 and 16.64 demonstrating all studied soil samples had a low one. Accordingly, the maximum rate of total arsenic reported in agricultural soils of Alborz province was 21.63 mg kg−1 which is lower than the allowed limit for agricultural land of Iran.

Generating Electricity Using Geothermal Energy in Iran

Given that fossil fuels will end one day and these types of fuels have a lot of pollution, Each country should look for new ways to generate energy that is needed by its people in proportion to its energy resources . Given that Iran is geographically located in an appropriate region of the earth ,it has great potential for using of renewable energy . In this study, sources and uses of Iranians geothermal energy has been studied , All of which indicates that Iran has a very good potential for electricity production using geothermal energy . According to the study, Iran has one geothermal energy plant in Meshkin shahr city and this plant power with capacity of 100 megawatts is an active power plant in Iran. Also The potential of geothermal power generation was verified in Khoy located in Azarbaijan Gharbi province, Sabalan Ardebil province, Sahand in Azarbaijan Sharghi and Damavand in Tehran province Examination verified that around 8.8% of total land in Iran is capable of geothermal energy production

Response of two halophyte plants (Nitraria schoberi and Halocnemum strobilaceum) to potassium sulfate under saline condition

Due to the desertification development and consequently the increase of saline lands in Iran, the use of resistant plants in such conditions to reduce its effects seems necessary. Hence, this study has tried to investigate the effect of potassium sulfate treatment on dry matter and Na and K content and physiological properties of foliar tissue of two halophyte species (Nitraria schoberi and Halocnemum strobilaceum) under different saline conditions. According to the results all studied parameters were significantly affected by plant species, potassium sulfate and NaCl treatments. Plant species and NaCl interaction and triple interaction showed significant effect on dry weight, sodium and potassium content of shoot and leaf chlorophyll content, also plant species and K2SO4 interaction has significantly effect on plant height and sodium, potassium and flavonoid content of shoots. High levels of K2SO4 treatment (135 Kg ha-1) significantly affected potassium content of N. schoberi in 100 and 200 mM NaCl treatments and increased its content more than 27 and 28% respectively compared with control. Also, application of K2SO4 affected accumulation of flavonoids in both plant but the response of N. schoberi still significant. According to the mean comparison, N. schoberi showed more than 12% scavenging activity than the H. strobilaceum. It seems that H. strobilaceum has strategies beyond the antioxidant capacity to adapt to the stressful environment condition, which are seemed much more efficient than increasing antioxidant capacity.