Landlocked Research Articles

The Relationship Between Cote D'ivoire's Political Situation And Burkina Faso's Maritime Transit Cargo Throughput That Passed Through Ghana

Ghana rose from an insignificant position in 1997/8 to become the topmost maritime transit corridor for landlocked countries in West Africa and particularly for Burkina Faso around 2006. Since then, Ghana's transit corridor has, generally, been recording a declining trend in the yearly percentage throughput of Burkina Faso's maritime transit cargo that is transported along it. Popular opinion in the transit business in West Africa suggests a negative relationship between the level of Ce d'Ivoire's political stability and Burkina Faso's maritime transit cargo throughput that is transported along Ghana's transit corridor. This work, using data drawn from 1998, 2000 and 2002-2014 investigated the empirical veracity of such an opinion. Data were sourced from World Governance Indicators and also through questionnaires that were administered to a sample drawn from five major stakeholder official institutions involved in transit trade in Ghana. The study found a significant negative relationship between Ce d'Ivoire's political stability rank and Burkina Faso's maritime transit cargo throughput that was transported through Ghana's corridor over the specified period. The study, among others, recommends a reduction in the number of transit check points and the associated delays and bribery along Ghana's road corridor so as to make it more efficient and competitive in West Africa. Keywords: Land-locked country; transit; cargo; throughput; corridor; and 'transitor'

Classification of ecomorphotypes of Coilia nasus from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin

长江流域是我国刀鲚（Coilia nasus）分布的重要水域.传统意义上认为，刀鲚存在长颌鲚和短颌鲚2种表现型，其上颌骨的长或短是区分刀鲚溯河洄游、淡水陆封（湖鲚）和淡水定居3种生态型的关键外形指标.然而这种主观分型经验尚需要野外调查数据验证.本研究基于以往研究所获溯河洄游和淡水栖息刀鲚不同的耳石微化学图谱技术，首先对采集自长江中下游及附属湖泊的刀鲚群体共566尾个体有无溯河洄游“履历”进行了分析确认；再对其上颌骨长、头长、全长进行方差分析和回归分析.结果发现长颌鲚、短颌鲚在早期发育阶段，长、短颌特征分化并不明显.当发育至幼鱼阶段时，前者上颌骨长会长于头长；而后者全生活史过程中上颌骨长均短于头长.发育至幼鱼阶段可能是刀鲚长、短颌鲚分型的临界生活史阶段.此外，长颌鲚中同时存在溯河洄游和淡水定居两种生态型个体，其上颌骨长/头长比值（S/H）分别为1.170±0.075和1.165±0.064，两者S/H比值与形态上同为长颌的湖鲚比值（1.178±0.087）无显著性差异.短颌鲚亦同时存在溯河洄游和淡水定居两种生态型个体，两者的S/H比值分别为0.922和0.918±0.062，与上述3类长颌鲚的S/H比值均差异极显著.因此，建议把长江干流及太湖、鄱阳湖、洞庭湖等水域内3种传统生态型的刀鲚细分为溯河洄游型、淡水定居型长颌鲚，溯河洄游型、淡水定居型短颌鲚以及陆封型湖鲚5种生态表型.;The Yangtze River basin is one of the most important habitat for the long supermaxilla (LS) and short supermaxilla (SS) phenotype estuarine tapertail anchovy Coilia nasus in China. Apart from the ecotype of anadromous migratory (AM) C. nasus (with LS), there are two different ecotypes of freshwater resident (FR) type C. brachygnathus (with SS) and landlocked (LL) type C. nasus taihuensis (with LS), which are traditionally believed to be discriminated in accordance with the length of supermaxilla. However, this subjective experience still needs to be confirmed by the field survey data. Therefore, in the present study the ecotypes assumed by supermaxilla approach of 566 different morphotypic C. nasus from different section in the Yangtze River and affiliated lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin were discriminated by the otolith microchemical maps for AM and FR C. nasus obtained in our previous studies at first. Then, the length of supermaxilla, head and total body of the corresponding fish were comparatively studied. The results showed there were no significant differences between LS and SS types during their early development stage. However, the length of supermaxilla of the former would be longer than that of head when developed to the juvenile stage although that of the latter was still shorter than the length of head. Actually, the LS phenotype anchovies included two ecotypes of AM and FR individuals. The corresponding length ratios of their supermaxilla to head (S/H) were 1.170 ±0.075 and 1.165±0.064, respectively. Both of them had no significant difference from those of LL C. nasus taihuensis (1.178±0.087) also with long supermaxilla. Likewise, the SS phenotype anchovies could consist of both AM and FR ecotype individuals. However, the S/H ratios of AM and FR types were 0.922 and 0.918±0.062, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those of the aforementioned three LS phenotype anchovies. Thus, it might be better to classify C. nasus resources in the Yangtze River, Lake Taihu, Lake Poyang and Lake Dongting from traditional 3 ecotypes to 5 ecomorphotypes (i.e., AM and FR LS C. nasus, AM and FR SS C. nasus, and LL LS C. nasus taihuensis).

An Exploration of the Knowledge of Healthcare Workers on Kangaroo Mother Care for Low-Birthweight Babies in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Uganda

Worldwide, almost half of all under-five child deaths annually are among neonates in the first month of life; three-quarters (75%) of all newborn deaths occur in the first week of life and LBW is among the main cause of these deaths.1 The majority of these deaths occur in Sub Saharan Africa, where the number of neonatal deaths in 2015 was 917,630.2 Uganda is a land-locked country in Sub Saharan Africa bordering Lake Victoria, the second-largest lake in the world. Around 22% of the Ugandan population are women of reproductive age and the teenage pregnancy rate is currently reported as 25% with the most recent total fertility rate (TFR) documented as 5.9. By 2030, the population in Uganda is projected to rise dramatically by 74%, or by up to 63.4 million people, adding a real burden to the already scarce health resources.3

Leaderships in the Global South: On BP Koirala's Economic Thinking

Political leaderships in the global south emerged in course of anti-colonial movements or movements against domestic authoritarianism. The leaderships in these liberation movements also laid foundation for social and economic development of the respective countries, besides political transformation. This article analyzes economic thinking of BP Koirala of Nepal, who led the land-locked country to transform from Rana oligarchy to political democracy. Information by interviews and narrative analysis show that BP's economic perspectives were in germinal form, though he discussed on varieties of issues such as industrialization, land reform, tax, foreign aid, technology and planning. BP's concept on these economic issues represent desire and aspirations of a land-locked underdeveloped country Nepal in the fifties, which was about to relieve it from Rana oligarchy and embark into socio-economic modernization. His ideas were contextual that refer to his ideals of democracy and socialism and his affiliation with foreign leaderships and institutions. Besides the pursuit of economic development, BP's views on economy represent his political strategies to counteract feudal social and political order, seek his leadership's legitimacy, and build a broader coalition for political objectives. Nevertheless, BP's economic views seem to be people centric and hence tend to influence governments as prescription policies.
 Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 7, Issue-1: 21-29

ZIMBABWE : A Country Profile

Zimbabwe is a relatively small country situated in the southern part of Africa between South Africa and Zambia. It is also bounded by Mozambique in the east and Botswana in the West. This land-locked country occupies about 390,757 sq km of land and its population is about 12.4 million (CIA World Fact Book, 2011). Zimbabwe was a British colony for almost a century and was one of a few countries which belatedly achieved independence after waging a protracted liberation war. Several racial and ethnic groups reside in the county. English is the official language with two dominating native languages, that is, Shona and Sindebele being accorded national language status. Since 2000, Zimbabwe has been embroiled in the worst political and socio-economic crisis of its thirty-one year history as an independent state. Unfortunately, this unprecedented crisis has negatively affected every aspect of the country and every segment of the population. However, in February, 2009, after almost a year of uncertainty following controversial elections in 2008, a semblance of normality seems to have emerged after the main political actors agreed to set up an inclusive government. Despite these promising signs the country is still not out of the woods yet.

Mongolia’s Transition to Maritime-linked Country from Land-locked Country: Focusing on Artic Route linked with Inland Water Transport

Mongolia is a landlocked country and has a poor environment in terms of logistics. This is limiting the export of Mongolia’s abundant resources at normal prices, and it is in the form of exploitation that can only be cheaply sold between Russia and China. However, due to the global warming, there is a possibility that Mongolia will be developed into a new maritime linked country by utilizing Arctic sea route and Russian inland waterway. Possible routes include the Selenga River in Northern Mongolia, Lake Baikal and Yenisei river-NSR in Russia. This study examined the status and the possibility of linking this route. In the past, Russia and Mongolia signed an agreement in 1925 to link the Selenga-Ulan-Ude-Baikal. One hundred years ago, when global warming was not in full swing, this agreement was intended to link the inland and land / shipping. Global warming may be an opportunity for the development of the region, with better conditions now underway in the commercialization of Arctic routes. Therefore, in order for Mongolia to leap as a maritime nation, the international complex logistics of the new Northern logistics market based on the development of East Siberia of Russia and the activation of the Arctic route, strengthens logistics linkage between Mongolia and Russia, and builds a complex logistics system, it is necessary to establish a system while carrying out a further research.

Logistic Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa Landlocked Countries: Case Study of Chad

Landlocked refers to the geographical position of a country without through access to the ocean. Around one out of five nations on the planet are landlocked. They are sixteen landlocked countries in Africa. Those nations face particular defies. They do not have straight littoral access to the ocean and also to oceanic exchange and facade particular defies. The absence of regional access to the ocean, inaccessibility, also detachment from international trade charges continue to inflict severe restrictions on the most improvement of landlocked countries. Logistics in Chad is considered very poor, low level of development of logistics infrastructure. This paper analyzes the problem of logistic in landlocked countries, taking example of Chad, to evaluate the current status of logistics in Chad and try to give some suggestions to improve logistic in that country.

Land Locked

Land Locked

The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Landlocked States (Comparative Case Studies of CAR and Mali)

Landlocked states are a special category of countries whose economic and social development is associated with a number of additional difficulties due to their geographical location. Among them are: limitation of participation in the international division of labor, high transport costs and costs associated with bureaucratic procedures for crossing the borders of third countries, as well as reducing the competitiveness of exports. The African continent has the largest number of such states. Simultaneously with the indicated political and geographical feature, various sanctions are in force or imposed on a number of this category of African countries, both by the UN and states individually. The sum of these factors negatively affected the development of these states. This article examines in detail two country cases of applying international sanctions against landlocked African countries: the CAR and Mali. The study led to the conclusion that the effectiveness of sanctions imposed against these countries and targeted sanctions against members of their political elites is low. The main damage and negative consequences are for the general population, since they directly relate to everyday life needs and requirements. For a significant part of the population of both countries, the costs of sanctions are compensated by the possibilities of the “economy of war”: illegal extraction of local natural resources, smuggling and speculation of essential goods. Peculiarities of the country’s geographical position, lack of access to the sea, under these conditions, can serve as a factor for further “decoupling” of elites from the sanctions issue and the continuation of their policies.

Quantitative assessment of ionic status of pond water for irrigation and aquaculture usage in the selected sites of Mymensingh areas, Bangladesh

Ponds are considered to be self-contained, land lock ecosystem which is often teeming with rich vegetation and diverse organismal life. The pond water contains different organic and inorganic components. The experiment was carried out in laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh through collection of pond water from Gouripur and Muktagacha under Mymensingh division for assessment of major ionic status and suitability parameters for irrigation and aquaculture usage in quantitative way. Around 30 samples were collected from different location. On the basis of HCO3 ion, all water samples except 3 samples were not suitable for irrigation because this anion exceeded the acceptable limit (1.5 meL-1). On the other hand, HCO3 ion was not treated as problematic in all samples except 2 samples for aquaculture usages. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, PO4 and SO4 were far below the recommended limit. Considering aquaculture usage, Cl ion was considered as hazardous in all the pond water samples because this anion was above the legal limit (<0.003mgL-1). pH value of pond ranged from 7.02 to 7.87 indicating alkaline in nature and were not problematic for irrigation and aquaculture usage. Among the major ionic constituents, the remarkable significant correlations existed between Ca vs Mg, Ca vs K, Mg vs SO4, K vs Na, Na vs SO4.
 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 301-313, August 2019

TRUCK DRIVER DECISIONS IN PERISHABLE CARGO TRANSPORT: THE CASE OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD TRADE IN EAST AFRICA

he Northern Corridor (NC) is the main route connecting the land-locked countries of East Africa with the port of Mombasa and is heavily used for shipping goods, including perishable cargo. This paper examines how factors pertaining to truck features, job conditions, and truck driver characteristics influence the decision to accept perishable cargo and the size of an accepted perishable product shipment. The decision equation and the volume shipped equation are estimated using survey data collected from truck drivers interviewed at the border crossing between Uganda and Kenya in September and October 2018. Results show that independent truck drivers and drivers who are Kenyan citizens are more likely to accept perishable cargo and ship larger volumes than drivers working for trucking companies. The opposite influence is associated with drivers operating at set schedules and in response to the increasing truck age, possibly due to the risk of malfunction during a trip.

Enhancement of Ethanol Production in Electrochemical Cell by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CDBT2) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (CDBT7)

Bioethanol (a renewable resource), blended with gasoline, is used as liquid transportation fuel worldwide and produced from either starch or lignocellulose. Local production and use of bioethanol supports local economies, decreases country’s carbon footprint and promotes self-sufficiency. The latter is especially important for bio-resource-rich land-locked countries like Nepal that are seeking alternative transportation fuels and technologies to produce them. In that regard, in the present study, we have used two highly efficient ethanol producing yeast strains, viz., Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CDBT2) and Wickerhamomyces anomalous (CDBT7), in an electrochemical cell to enhance ethanol production. Ethanol production by CDBT2 (anodic chamber) and CDBT7 (cathodic chamber) control cultures, using 5% glucose as substrate, were 12.6 ± 0.42 and 10.1 ± 0.17 mg•mL-1 respectively. These cultures in the electrochemical cell, when externally supplied with 4V, the ethanol production was enhanced by 19.8 ± 0.50 % and 23.7 ± 0.51% respectively as compared to the control cultures. On the other hand, co-culturing of those two yeast strains in both electrode compartments resulted only 3.96 ± 0.83% enhancement in ethanol production. Immobilization of CDBT7 in the graphite cathode resulted in lower enhancement of ethanol production (5.30 ± 0.82 mg•mL-1) less than free cell culture of CDBT7. CDBT2 and CDBT7 when cultured in platinum nano particle coated platinum anode and neutral red-coated graphite cathode, respectively, ethanol production was substantially enhanced (52.8 ± 0.44%). The above experiments when repeated using lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate (reducing sugar content was 3.3%) as substrate, resulted in even better enhancement in ethanol production (61.5 ± 0.12%) as compared to glucose. The results concluded that CDBT2 and CDBT7 yeast strains produced ethanol efficiently from both glucose and lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. . Ethanol production was enhanced in the presence of low levels of externally applied voltage. Ethanol production was further enhanced with the better electron transport provision ie; when neutral red was deposited on cathode and fine platinum nanoparticles were coated on the platinum anode.

Comparative Study on Energy Consumption in the Asian Landlocked Countries

This paper focuses on the present and future of the residential energy consumption in the Asian landlocked countries: Laos (Lao PDR) and Nepal. Although Laos and Nepal are classified as the least developed countries (LDCs) and share many similarities in terms of geographical and socio-economic features, energy use, especially electricity use, is very different. In 2016, the residential electricity consumption (per capita per annum) of Laos and Nepal are 256.8kWh and 79.5kWh, respectively. The regression analysis and the Granger causality test show that there is quantitative and causal relationship between the economic growth and residential electricity consumption. The difference in the electricity consumption is thus able to be illustrated by their economic disparity. And moreover, if the linear relationship between the per capita GDP and residential electricity consumption continues in Nepal for many years to come, Nepal can catch up with Laos in terms of residential electricity use when the level of economic development reaches to that of Laos. However, a detailed consideration draws attention to the fact that Nepal is way behind in the electricity generation capacity per capita as compared with Laos. The limitation of installed capacity may suppress the growth of ownership of home appliances and the residential electricity use in Nepal in the near future despite of the high access to electricity and their abundant water resources.

A Study on FTA Partner Selection: A Focus on a Land Locked Developing Country, Mongolia

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) account for roughly ninety percent of the total Regional Trade Agreements in force. However, FTAs have always encountered frequent criticism since not all parties to these agreements have attained success. This is particularly true for developing and least developed countries that are engaged in FTAs with developed countries. Thus, less developed countries such as Mongolia should strive to find the most appropriate FTA partners in order to make the agreement successful. This study identifies the most appropriate FTA partners for the landlocked developing country of Mongolia. In doing so, this study organizes basic criteria considering various dimensions and makes several recommendations for policymakers as they consider further signatories. The identified criteria detail who should be the most appropriate partner country for Mongolia and also show when the agreement can be enacted for Mongolia. Finally we reveal that an FTA-oriented policy is not the right path for Mongolia with its relatively weak position and suggest that the country should avoid enacting FTAs until it improves and diversifies its industrial base. The methods used in this paper may also make a significant contribution to other landlocked developing countries like Mongolia that are also determining their appropriate FTA partners.

Growth, Nature, and Scope of Food Processing Industries in Punjab

Punjab is a landlocked state that used to perform reasonably well in terms of agriculture and industrialization until a few years back. It is today facing numerous problems in both these sectors. Researchers have already raised apprehensions about the sustainability of agriculture in the state. Economic benefits offered by other states remained successful in getting the industries shifted from Punjab. At this juncture, policy makers are increasingly focusing on the development of food processing industries that can be a catalyst in reviving the lost glory of the state. This study attempted to empirically find out the performance and prospects of food processing industries in the state. Specifically, I endeavored to find out the dominance, growth, and competitiveness of food processing industries in Punjab since 1980 - 81 besides identifying the nature of food processing industries. Three - digit level data which is issued by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, New Delhi for different industries throughout India is used for the purpose of analysis after working out the concordance to facilitate comparison. On the basis of results, appropriate conclusions were drawn and recommendations were extended for the development of food processing industries in the state.

Freedom of Transit

Nearly one-fifth of the states of the international community are without access to the sea i.e. they do not possess a coastline. By virtue of their geographical location, these states do not have access to marine resources and encounter severe limitations in their participation in international trade. The states without access to and from the sea are described as land-locked states. For these land-locked nations free access to the sea is linked to the question of transit. Goods originating from these states or entering into these states must pass through the territory of their neighbouring states. The neighbouring states through whose territory these goods pass are known as the transit states. Since the land-locked states have to borrow the territory of their neighbouring states, they are dependent on them for providing them with adequate means of transport facility for transit of their goods. But the land-locked states do not have any control over these transport facilities and transit countries have sometimes used their strategic position as an economic and political lever against the land-locked states. As mentioned above the free access to the sea is linked to the question of transit therefore, freedom of transit should exist for the land-locked states. Freedom of transit in general terms means the freedom to pass through the territory of any other state in order to have an access to the sea or to reach markets. Since, most of the land-locked states are either developing or least developed; freedom of transit is of utmost importance to them as it will help boost their economy. Land-locked states have always demanded an unconditional right of access to the sea and transit states have always countered this with the argument of state sovereignty. The importance of right of access to the sea for the land-locked states cannot be undermined but for their right the transit states cannot be put at stake. So, for the protection of the transit states there are certain situations under which transit can be refused like to protect the sovereignty, maintenance of public order, to protect the animal, plant or human life, etc.

A signature dish of Bihar: Litti and Chokha

Bihar is a land locked state lying in the eastern part of India. The word Bihar comes from the Sanskrit word Vihara meaning Buddhist Monasteries. The Mauryan Empire rose from Magadha. Buddhism, which is one of the biggest religions in the world, originated in Bihar and it is also home to the ancient Nalanda University, which was a centre of learning established during the 5th century. Litti Chokha a remarkable dish which comes from the state of Bihar is not only popular in India today, but has also made a special mark globally. Litti and Chokha are absolutely delicious and is the rustic way of cooking.

Assessing India’s Engagements in the INSTC and Analysing its Implications on India’s Commercial and Strategic Interests

The INSTC formalised by India, Iran and Russia at the start of the new millennium to develope an alternative transport system linking India with Central Asia and Eurasia floundered for long due to scepticism and neglect by its member states. However, the withdrawal of the UN sanctions against Iran, the steady expansion of the Chinese influence in the region through the OBOR, and the urgent requirement of the land-locked Central Asian countries to gain maritime access offer new incentives for the member states to reinvigorate the project. This article explores the commercial and the strategic implications of the INSTC for India in the present context. .

The Effects of Intermodality on Transport Routes Choice from West African Ports to Landlocked Countries

The paper studied 5 transport corridors in West Africa, from the ports of Abidjan, Cotonou, Lagos, Lomé, and Tema, to the landlocked countries (LLCs) of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. The study found 15 transport routes available from these ports to the LLCs. It used two modes of transport with their respective transport costs as variables influencing shippers in their choice of corridor route. In regards to the modes of transport, the study chose the unimodal road transport and the intermodal transport as the combination of the rail and road transport, with a projection of the cargo volume demand in 2023 from the LLCs. In addition, a survey conducted on the Togolese corridor with the aim to find from users’ perspective the adequate intermodal terminal location, identified the city of Mango as an ideal host. As for the transport cost analysis attached to each of the modes of transport, the results of this study revealed that in the case of the unimodal road transport, shippers from Burkina Faso would rather choose Tema port in Ghana as optimal route, while shippers from Mali would rather choose Abidjan port in Ivory Coast, and shippers from Niger would choose Cotonou in Benin as the optimal route. Consequently, the study also found that the added parameter of the intermodal terminal of Mango on the Togolese corridor would change the routing habit of the LLCs shippers. In fact, with this parameter in line, the Togolese corridor would be optimal in terms of transport cost minimization for the Niger and Burkina Faso shippers. Based on these findings the study highlights the benefits of the intermodality which it presents to the policymakers.

Intermodal Terminal Localisation Using a Linear Programming Approach: The Case Study of Togo and West African Landlocked Countries

In this paper, four potential cities to host an intermodal terminal for containers flowing through the Togolese transport corridor are examined. The transport cost minimization through the corridor is the main objective. Consequently, the transport modes that offer the least cost to the transport supply chain are proposed. To attain this goal the paper aims to identify the optimal location for an intermodal terminal on the Togolese corridor, by using the mathematical linear programming model. For this, three transport scenarios are analyzed, the rail, the road, and the combination of these two transport modes to each of the landlocked countries (LLCs) capital cities of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. Data of the average transport cost per mode, the cargo demand of the LLCs, and the distances from origin to destinations are input in the LINGO software. Based on the optimization results, we find that among the preselected terminals, the city of Mango located at 550 km in the northern part of the country is the optimal host location for an intermodal terminal along the Togolese corridor. The results of this study may be helpful to transport policy makers in the quest of rendering better servicing to the landlocked countries.