Level Of Gland Research Articles

Taking Stock after 40 Years of Comparative Land Policy Analysis (1980−2020). A Review of the Predictors of Regional Policy Output in Germany

ABSTRACT The number of policy analyses at the Land level has been rapidly increasing, yet we lack a comprehensive and systematic review of this literature. To close this gap, we have collected the entire population of eighty-five analyses of policy output from the last four decades and evaluated their research designs and findings. This evaluation reveals a gap in cultural and law enforcement policies as well as in comparative analyses across several policy fields. Methodologically, there is a need for policy content to be captured in a way that facilitates statistical analysis over time. We then examine to which extent established theories of policy-making predict variance in policy output. The partisan composition of government is clearly the strongest predictor. Since institutions and public opinion are rarely rejected, they should be included more frequently in future policy analyses. Our findings are of interest for both federalism research and policy analysis in general.

Rancang Bangun Grade Monitoring Assist pada D3K Caterpillar Berbasis Mikrokontroler sebagai Akurasi pada Pekerjaan Operator Dozer

In the process of construction work, operators need accuracy in the process of finishing land leveling works such as road highway building, land reclamation, large commercial, landfill installation, so as to increase productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to manufacture and implement a ground leveling finishing tool using Arduino IDE software and Atmega 328 microcontroller on the Dozer D3K Caterpillar heavy equipment unit. The placement of a series of components from the Grade Monitoring Assist includes the ultrasonic sensor on the lift cylinder, gyro and accelerometer at the top center of the blade, as well as a display that displays the results of parameter readings. Connections between components in Grade Monitoring Assist are cables that integrate all installed components. The results of testing the movement of the blade up and down position to get an accuracy value of 97.30% and an error of 2.70%. While the movement of the blade down position has an accuracy value of 96.50% and an error of 2.50%. And Tests by moving the blade according to the implement movement angle at the maximum blade angle position (either side) with an average error value of 1.48o, cutting ditches (angle V) an average error value of 0.676o

Analysis of power requirement of a small-sized tracked-tractor during agricultural field operations

A low-powered and high-efficiency electric tracked-tractor would be a suitable option for aged and female farmers to accomplish agricultural field operations such as grass mowing, land leveling, and chemical spraying. The purpose of the study was to analyze the power requirement of a small-sized tracked-tractor during agricultural field operations. A lawnmower and a rear sprayer-trailer were attached to the tractor base, and the average power requirement was measured. The forward speed was considered during the field experiment up to 6 km/h for four different operating stages. The torque data were obtained for unloaded and loaded conditions through a wireless data logger, and a GPS receiver was used to measure the working speed of the tractor. A data acquisition module was used to acquire the sensor signals. The average power requirements for the empty platform with the driver, a lawnmower, a sprayer-trailer (150-L payload), and a lawnmower and 150-L payload trailer were 0.93, 1.27, 1.45, and 1.70 kW, respectively. The result showed the lowest power was required for operating only the tractor, and it was about 51.15% of the motor rated power, where the maximum power consumed approximately 85% of the total rated power to operate both of the lawnmower and sprayer-trailer. The average power requirements of the tracked tractor varied due to the different payloads and operating stages. The experimental results presented in this study would provide guidelines to improve and commercialize the prototype of the small-scaled tracked-tractor for practical use on the agricultural fields.

Land suitability evaluation for surface irrigation development using parametric evaluation approach: The case of Gudina Wacho watershed, Western Ethiopia

Evaluating land suitability of a given watershed is vital to predict potential and limitation of the land for surface irrigation. The present study was evaluated the suitability of Gudina Wacho watershed for surface irrigation development using parametric evaluation approach. The watershed was classified in to four lands mapping units, based on three soil profile pits were opened at each land mapping unit. Soil samples from each profile pit have been taken to analyze each selected soil physical and chemical properties. Slop analysis of the watershed was computed from the DEM using GIS technique. Results of the land suitability evaluation for surface irrigation showed that, a total area of 3064 ha (72.6%) was slightly suitable (S3) and area of 1154 ha (27.4%) was currently not suitable (N1). The limiting factors were slop, soil texture and drainage. For all land mapping units, chemical soil parameters such as CaCO3, ECe and pH, and the physical parameter (soil depth) were not limiting factors for surface irrigation in the study watershed. Therefore, the area is potential for irrigation production with some limitations and under proper management it can benefit the local community to meet the food demand. In order to sustainably develop the area for irrigation development; land leveling operation or soil conservation work has to be incorporated to break surface slope and to make it suitable for surface irrigation.

Examining the land leveling impacts on the physical quality of lowland soils in Southern Brazil

The use of irrigation systems in rice and other crops cultivated under aerobic conditions in lowland leveling soils has increased worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of land leveling operations on the soil physical quality (SPQ), mainly on water retention and aeration in a lowland soil in Southern Brazil. A 10 × 10 m-grid was established before and after land leveling in a 1.0 ha-experimental area, where disturbed and undisturbed soil cores were sampled to measure soil texture, organic carbon, bulk density, water retention curve, total porosity, macro, and microporosity at each point location in the 0–0.20 m soil layer. Based on the Spearman correlation results, land leveling negatively affected the majority of the evaluated soil physical properties and SPQ indices. The hydraulic-energy-based indices significantly correlated with other physical properties before and after leveling operations, indicating their capacity to capture the soil structure changes. Likewise, the absolute aeration energy index (Aa-pF) strongly correlated with microporosity emphasizing its application to examine SPQ in land leveling areas. Semivariogram models were fitted to measured data for kriging a spatial variability map for each soil property. Land leveling increased all practical ranges and the goodness-of-fit of the hydraulic-energy indices, decreasing their degree of spatial dependence. The maps of the hydraulic-energy indices were useful to identify regions where key-properties and other SPQ indices presented similar behavior becoming additional tools for farmers to mitigate negative effects of leveling on the SPQ to increase the soil water storage, infiltration, and crop water use efficiency.

Integrated Duflow-Drainmod model for planning of water management operation in tidal lowland reclamation areas

The research objective was to develop field operational model to control water table level at reclaimed area of tidal lowland for food crop cultivation. DUFLOW computer model was used to evaluate the perfomance of water management network at secondary and tertiary levels, whereas DRAINMOD computer model is used to evaluate soil water status at tertiary block. Results of DUFLOW model simulation can be used to improve water management by passing the Secondary Irrigation Chanel (SPD) and Secondary Drainage Chanel (SDU) through tertiary channels, water gate installation of stop-log type and weir construction in Drainage Secondary Channel (SDU). The weir construction has function as long storage and capable to control or maintain soil water level in land not quickly drawdown. Drainmod simulation model is acceptable, this is indicated by the results of statistical analysis where the correlation coefficient value reaches 0.89. Analysis of DUFLOW-DRAINMOD computer model software showed mutually supportive results in which DUFLOW simulation results can provide water potential information in channel for supply purpose. This water level condition is an important part in DRAINMOD model because it has effect on soil water level dynamics as targeted on tertiary block as well as on capacity to applied drainage operation system.

Integrating Ground Penetrating Radar, Induced Polarization and Aerial Photograph to Analyze Land Subsidence in Borehole Mining Operation Area: A Case Study from South Bangka Island

The remaining alluvial tin reserves around large ex-mining area can be an opportunity to optimize the potential reserves using a small-scale mining system. One of the latest breakthroughs in the mining system for the remaining alluvial tin reserves on land is the borehole mining (BHM) method. However, mining operations using BHM have several environmental impacts especially related to its former holes. This study aims to identify the changes in geometry of the former holes both on the surface and below the surface through direct field observations and measurements using geophysical methods. The study site is in the large ex-mining area of Air Nudur Block in South Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The geophysical methods used to identify the changes in the geometry of the BHM holes are GPR (ground penetrating radar) and IP (induced polarization). The GPR method has high resolution subsurface visual capabilities at shallow depths and this method can distinguish between stable and unstable layers. The IP method is used to determine the overburden layer and the condition of the alluvial layer where some of it has become a hole. These two methods will mutually reinforce in interpreting the change in the geometry of the BHM holes. Changes in hole diameter and depth were measured directly in the field within 2 (two) months from the completion of mining operations using the BHM method followed by the periodic topographic measurements using UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle). The results of observations on changes in the elevation of the ground surface around the former BHM hole indicated that the land level subsided by about 1 m. Meanwhile, the results of GPR data processing showed changes in the hole geometry with the hummocky radargram pattern into chaotic. Interpretation of IP data processing shows resistivity values of 250 - 1700 ohm.m and chargeability of 15 - 25 ms in the disturbed alluvial layer around the former BHM holes.

Soil Organic Carbon and System Environmental Footprint in Sugarcane-Based Cropping Systems Are Improved by Precision Land Leveling

A six-year experiment (2009 to 2015) was conducted on sugarcane-based cropping systems in farmers’ fields to examine the effects of precision land leveling (PLL) compared to traditional land leveling (TLL) in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gas emissions, irrigation water requirements, and system productivity and profitability. Twelve treatments compared different sugarcane sowing regimes and crops in rotation under both PLL and TLL. Spring-sown sugarcane grown in rotation with rice, potato, and wheat under PLL had the highest production (89.7 kg ha−1 day−1) and required 142 cm irrigation water, which was 35.1% less water than a commonly practiced cropping system with late-sown sugarcane grown in rotation with rice and wheat only under TLL). Cropping systems established under PLL had higher land use efficiency (ranging between 64.9 and 86.2%), higher energy productivity (90.7 to 198.6 GJ ha−1), and lower greenhouse gas emissions (5249.33 to 944.19 kg CO2 eq ha−1 year−1) than those under TLL. As well, treatments under PLL had increased levels of SOC, particularly in the upper soil layers, relative to SOC in treatments under TLL. Combining PLL with diversification of crops in sugarcane cropping systems has the potential to sustainably increase farmers’ land productivity and profitability while improving soil health and reducing irrigation requirements. These benefits are likely to have applications in other sugarcane-based cropping systems in similar agro-ecologies.

Effect of Laser Land Levelling on Paddy-Wheat and Cotton-Wheat Cropping Pattern in Haryana

The study has quantified and compared the effect of laser land levelling technology with conventional land levelling in paddy-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping pattern in Karnal and Sirsa district of Haryana state, respectively. Using Bisaliah decomposition model (1977) improved technology and change in input use to enhance productivity under laser land levelling has been assessed. Decomposition of total productivity highlighted that in Karnal district, out of total incremental change in productivity, 8.38 and 5.36 per cent change was contributed only due to change in technology and rest was due to input use in paddy-wheat, respectively. Similarly, in Sirsa district, out of total change in productivity 5.4 and 4.87 per cent change contributed only due to enhancement in technology while rest was due to input use in cotton-wheat cropping pattern, respectively. Further study highlighted that water as well as fertilizer use efficiency was most influenced by use of laser land levelling technology. On the account of results of study, it was concluded that laser land levelling is an effective scale neutral resource conservation technology which has immense potential to cure low water use efficiency and improve fertilizer use in most prevalent cropping patterns (i.e. paddy-wheat as well as cotton) of Haryana state.

Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Land of Different Quality Grades in Yangtze River Delta of China

The distribution of heavy metal pollution in cultivated land is closely related to the quality of the cultivated land. In this study, 533 soil samples were collected from cultivated land in the Yangtze River delta region in China for Cd, Pb, and Hg analyses. Spatial statistical analysis was used to study the heavy metal pollution in the cultivated land, and the driving forces of heavy metal distribution in different cultivated land quality subdivisions were analyzed with GeogDetector. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Among the three heavy metals in the study area, the coefficient of variation of Cd is the largest, and that of Pb is the smallest. The proportion of Cd and Hg exceeding the standard value (the standard of level two in GB 15618—2018) is relatively large, both of which are 5%; (2) From the perspective of the spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution, only four counties (CX, HN, WY, and LH) were free of heavy metal pollution. Soil heavy metal pollution in AJ, SY, QJ, and DS counties is relatively serious, and the pollution may come from agricultural activities, manufacturing, and prevalent coastal shipping industries in these counties; (3) The heavy metal pollution levels of cultivated land with different quality levels are different. The high-quality cultivated land has no high contamination, while the medium and the general cultivated land both have high contamination. High contamination is related to Cd for medium and general cultivated lands, and to Hg in only general cultivated land; (4) The main driving factors of heavy metal concentration in cultivated soil were GDP, followed by soil organic matter, and pH. These results indicate that the spatial distribution of heavy metal concentration in cultivated soil was affected by the level of economic development, followed by the ecological environment, indicating that human activities had a critical impact on the ecological environment of cultivated land.

Securing the Limits of Large Ocean States in the Pacific: Defining Baselines Limits and Boundaries amidst Changing Coastlines and Sea Level Rise

The Pacific Island States and Territories are traditionally described as ‘small island’ nations. However, they are also ‘large ocean’ nations with jurisdiction over substantial maritime spaces stretching to at least 200 nautical miles. The article addresses issues related to baselines along the coast on which these broad maritime claims depend. The article then examines geodynamic considerations coupled with sea and land level projections in the Pacific leading to an assessment of the vulnerability or resilience of atolls in particular. The article then discusses potential implications for the coastlines and baselines of the Pacific Island States and Territories, the limits of their maritime entitlements and both delimited and undelimited maritime boundaries. Potential response options, prospects, and concluding thoughts are then offered.

Measuring liquidity in agricultural land markets

PurposeLiquidity is an important aspect of market efficiency. The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, this paper aims to discuss indicators that provide information about liquidity in agricultural land markets. Second, this paper aims to reflect on determinants of market liquidity and analyze the relationship with land prices. Third, this paper aims to conduct an empirical analysis for Germany that illustrates these concepts and allows hypothesis testing.Design/methodology/approachThis study reviews liquidity dimensions and measurement in financial markets and derives indicators applicable to farmland markets. In an empirical analysis, this study exhibits the spatial and temporal variability of land market liquidity in Lower Saxony, a German federal state with the highest agricultural production value. This study uses a rich dataset that includes 72,547 sale transactions of arable land between 1990 and 2018. The research focuses on volume-based (number of transactions, volume and turnover) and time-based (trading frequency and durations) measures. A panel vector autoregression and Granger causality tests are applied to investigate the relation between land turnover and land prices.FindingsThe paper confirms the thinness of farmland markets but also reveals regional and temporal heterogeneity of land market liquidity. This study finds that the relation between market liquidity and prices is ambiguous. This study concludes that a high demand from expanding farms absorbs supply shocks regardless of the current price level in agricultural land markets.Originality/valueEven though the relevance of agricultural land markets’ thinness is widely acknowledged in the literature, this paper is one of the first attempts to measure liquidity in agricultural land markets and to explain its relationship with land prices.

Investigation of random runway effect on landing of an aircraft with active landing gears using nonlinear mathematical model

Random runway roughness effect on the dynamic response of an aircraft with landing gears has been investigated using nine degree of freedom nonlinear mathematical model. The developed mathematical model incorporates nonlinear characteristics of air spring stiffness, landing gear damping, tire stiffness and damping of the oleo pneumatic main landing gears and nose gear. Equation of motion for aircraft and each landing gear have been written considering heave, pitch, roll of aircraft and three vertical motions of landing gears respectively for landing response analysis. The equations for longitudinal motion of each landing gear are also written from the mathematical model will be helpful for longitudinal dynamics. The aircraft touchdown and roll on with variable decent velocities on Grade E random runway represented by nonstationary random process. The excitation of different grades of random runway can be considered as stationary random process when the aircraft landing at constant sink velocity. This work mainly focused on finding the dynamic responses of the aircraft such as heave, pitch, roll acceleration, vertical forces and all the three landing gears vertical vibration levels while landing on random runways. The active landing gear system performance is compared with passive landing gear system by numerical simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The investigation using nonlinear model predicted that the effect of active control landing gear provides significant reduction in vibration levels and vertical reactions during landing at various vertical velocities on random runways. To validate the above mathematical model a multi-body dynamics (MBD) model has been simulated in ABAQUS/CAE and the dynamic responses of landing gear forces are compared with those obtained from the nonlinear mathematical model. The nonlinear model responses are also compared with the results of other authors. This study is more useful to adopt active control landing gear in the aircraft to reduce the landing loads transmit on aircraft structure and landing gears due to landing impact. The reduction of vibration levels and vertical forces by the active system increase the fatigue life of landing gears and structural life of airframe.

Evaluation System Transformation of Multi-Scale Cultivated Land Quality and Analysis of Its Spatio-Temporal Variability

To master the transformation method and spatio-temporal variation characteristics of cultivated land quality at multiple scales, this paper constructed three spatial scales (Laixi city, Qingdao city, and Shandong province) and two temporal scales (the second survey (2007) and the third survey (2020)), and used a linear model to transform the evaluation system. Descriptive statistics, area statistics, spatial distribution, and aggregation analysis were used to explore the spatial scale variability, and the dynamic variation characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that (1) the R2 of scale transformation models are more than 0.826, which has a simple structure and strong universality; (2) with the administrative scale increases, the evaluation units’ number decreases, the spatial distribution is generally similar but progressively approximate, the high and low land levels gradually change to medium-level land, and the spatial aggregation degree is county-scale > provincial-scale > city-scale, with significant scale effect; and (3) in the past ten years, the average grade has increased from 6.26 to 6.13 in Laixi city, but still has much room for development. This study puts forward a method of spatio-temporal scale transformation and scale effect analysis for cultivated land quality, which has positive significance for improving the evaluation system, promoting land protection, and regional sustainable development.

Effect of Some Seed Bed Preparation Systems on Wheat Yield Under Raised Bed-Mechanical Drilling Method

This study aimed to good seedbed preparation systems and the best sowing methods on some varieties of wheat. The main experiments were carried out three seed bed preparation systems, three sowing methods and three varieties of wheat. The results showed that best preparation systems were ploughing the land with T3, moldboard plough followed by chisel plough (2passes)followed by rotary followed by land leveler(mb+2ch+R+Ll). The maximum germination percent recorded 94.5% for seeds before sowing and manual method (broadcasting).The greater average of height of wheat stem was 99cm of Gemiza11 under T3(mb+2ch+R+Ll) and drilling on raised bed. Whereas the greater average number of spike per m2 was 403.6 for Gemiza9 above conditions. The productivity increased of 15.6 and 24.5 % when sowing by drilling on raised bed compared to drilling on surface and manual broadcasting, respectively under different preparation, the highest varieties in response to sowing on raised beds were Gemiza11,Gemiza9 and Misr1 its productivity reached 4.14, 3.77 and 3.2ton/fed, respectively. The lowest energy per unit of production was 20.7 kWh/ton using modified seed drill under T1 chisel plough (2passes) followed by land leveler(2ch +Ll) with Gemiza11. Finally, it is recommended to apply the modified seed drill on raised bed under T3(mb+2ch+R+Ll) for Gemiza11variety.

Classification of dry land and ocean landscapes

The paper presents the elaborated unified classification of the landscapes of different spheres: dry land (terrigene), oceanic, river, lake (aquatic); subterranean and mud flow, and also natural and anthropogenic. The landscape is viewed as a three-dimensional geosystem at all the taxonomic levels. At the level of the division the three-dimensionality is manifested by the formation of the landscape levels of the continents and oceans. The paper distinguishes the landscape levels of the dry land (hydromorphic, foothills, middle mountain, and highland) as well as of the ocean landscape (shelf, mainland slope, ocean bed, oceanic trenches). The following taxa are the basis for the classification: the landscape sphere – the environment contacts (atmo-, litho-, hydrosphere); order – the prevailing system generating component: liquid or solid; divisions – landscape levels of the continents and oceans; section – the differences at the level of landscape (geographic) zones; family – the degree of the illumination; class – morphostructural megarelief; subclass – morphostructural macrorelief; type – zonal differences; genus – morphology and the relief genesis (genetical landscape type); subgenus – lithology of the surface deposits; kind – the similarity of the prevailing countries. Each taxon considers the degree of the anthropogenic landscape transformation.

317Neighbourhood built and social environmental attributes associated with frailty among mid-to-older aged Australian adults

Abstract Background Little is known about to what extent neighbourhood built and social environmental factors are associated with frailty among community-dwelling mid-to-older aged adults. Methods Participants of our cross-sectional study were adults aged 50-74 years residing in Brisbane, Australia. Frailty was assessed by a frailty index (FI), consisting of 32 items. Five built environmental attributes (population density, density of 4-way intersections, area of retail land, area of park land, and area of land for recreational facilities) and three social environmental attributes (safety, cohesion, and socio-economic status [SES]) were included. We performed multilevel logistic regression analysis to examine the associations between those attributes and frailty. Results Of 4,176 eligible participants (56.8% women), we found that 437 (10.5%) were frail (FI ≥ 0.35). After adjusting for potential confounders, one standard deviation (SD) increment in intersection density and retail land area was associated 26% (95%CI: 1.12, 1.41) and 18% (95%CI: 1.07, 1.30) higher odds of being frail, respectively. One SD increment in safety and area-level SES was associated with 24% (95%CI: 0.69, 0.84) and 30% (95%CI: 0.62, 0.79) lower odds of being frail. Conclusions This study found that mid-to-older aged adults with frailty are more likely to live in areas with higher intersection density, greater area of retail land, poorer safety, and higher levels of deprivation. Key messages There is spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of frailty. Future research should investigate behavioural mechanism for the distribution.

Cotton cultivation under colonial rule in India in the nineteenth century from a comparative perspective

AbstractIndia has played an important role in recent debates on the development of agriculture during colonial rule, and on the performance of US cotton plantations during the nineteenth century. The debates suffer from a lack of quantitative evidence on the productivity of Indian cotton cultivation. In this article, we examine levels of land and labour productivity in cotton cultivation in nineteenth‐century India, and compare this data with corresponding productivity figures from the US. Average yields in India were much lower than previous research would suggest, and trends were generally stagnant or even negative. The difference between the cost of labour in India and the US was also lower than previous research would suggest.

Evaluating Sustainable Development of Land Resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China

The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is one of the most economically active regions in China, where an imbalance between the demand for land and the non-renewable is increasingly prominent. We present the patterns of land use in the YREB, then construct an evaluation index based on the Pressure-State-Response model. The TOPSIS model is used to evaluate sustainable land development in the YREB, and the spatial deductive characteristics of sustainable development levels are analyzed using three aspects: global spatial correlation, local spatial correlation, and regional difference. The results about the YREB show that: (1) The comprehensive sustainable land development score is average, indicating moderate sustainability with a fluctuating upward trend and good prospects. (2) The sustainable development levels of land have strong positive spatial correlation and agglomeration; the agglomeration characteristics follow a pattern similar to that of the status of economic development. (3) Sustainable development levels of land in the provinces and cities show great spatial differences.

Thermal reduction-desorption of cadmium from contaminated soil by a biomass co-pyrolysis process

Thermal desorption is one of the methods commonly used for the remediation of contaminated soil. However, its suitability for the treatment of widespread Cd-contaminated soil was seldom investigated, because the desorption of Cd was found to be difficult, even at a high heating temperature. In the present study, a biomass co-pyrolysis (BCP) method is proposed for the thermal treatment of Cd-contaminated soil. The results showed that, when the mixture of biomass and contaminated soil was pyrolyzed at ~550 oC, the gaseous pyrolytic products (such as CO and hydrocarbon gases) from the biomass could chemically reduce the Cd(II) into volatile Cd0, thereby allowing the evaporation of vaporized Cd0 from the soil within a short operating time. The BCP method can achieve a highly efficient removal of Cd from the soil samples spiked with a large amount of Cd(II). The remediated soil, containing the remaining biochars, showed a good regreening potential and a significant decrease in Cd bioavailability. It also showed a good performance for the remediation of field soils from four contaminated sites (>92% removal efficiencies), and one of the treated soils could even meet the Cd screening level of agricultural land of China.