Ukrainian Lands Research Articles

Territorial increase of Soviet Ukraine at the beginning of World War ІІ in the journal of the USSR (1939—1941)

The presented article was prepared within the framework of the implementation of the annual plan of scientific work of the State Printing Archive of the Book Chamber of Ukraine: in the current year 2024, we are researching domestic prints of 1940, that is, the period of the Second World War and the post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian SSR. Establishing the thematic and substantive priorities of the periodicals of the time, the author focused attention on such a defining aspect of national state-building as the territorial expansion of Soviet Ukraine at the initial stage of the Second World War. The article examines the problem of Western Ukrainian lands becoming part of the Ukrainian SSR, in particular, Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna. The premise of the event was a bilateral conspiracy between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union regarding the division of Europe into spheres of influence. The Soviet-German treaty of September 28, 1939 became a documentary post-factum confirmation of the event. A feature of the territorial changes of the Ukrainian SSR at that time was the inclusion of lands that, according to the Soviet-Polish treaty of August 16, 1945, Soviet Ukraine lost. We are talking about Nadsiany, Kholm region, Podlasie and Lemkiv region, which in 1939 entered the Ukrainian SSR, and in 1945 became part of the Polish People's Republic. The source base of the presented intelligence was made up of domestic periodicals, namely: the republican magazine "Red cross" for 1939 and the regional literary and artistic almanac "Vilna Bukovyna" for 1940—1941, which tell about the crossing by the Red Army of the Polish-Soviet and the Romanian-Soviet state borders and the events that resulted from it. The purpose of this investigation was to process the mentioned press releases by the method of content analysis. .

On the question of the establishment of modern Ukraine: How all the territories were brought together

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the aggravation of the socio-political situation in the world, as a result of which there is a need for a comprehensive historical analysis of the borders of Ukraine, defining its sovereignty, boundaries, and territorial integrity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the establishment of Ukraine in its modern borders. The leading approach to this problem is the historical and genetic method, which helped to comprehensively consider the topic under study by identifying and analysing the most significant events in the history of Ukraine, which had a predominant influence on the establishment of the territory of the modern Ukrainian state. General research methods were also used – analysis and synthesis, and special ones: systematisation, periodisation and chronological method. A consistent study of the emergence of Ukrainian statehood and the unification of Ukrainian lands has been conducted; the main historical periods of the establishment of the territorial borders of Ukraine have been identified and considered; the borders of the Ukrainian state at different historical stages have been described; the territorial distribution of Ukrainian lands in the Soviet period has been assessed; the prerequisites for Ukraine's declaration of independence have been established. The practical significance of the study of the unification of Ukrainian territories together and the establishment of modern borders of Ukraine lies in the possibility of using the materials of the study in teaching the history of Ukraine in secondary and high schools, including extracurricular activities, and in general courses on the history of Ukraine in universities. The main provisions and conclusions can serve as a basis for further scientific work in the field of studying the history of Ukraine in general and its territories and historical borders, in particular

Prvá svetová vojna a Ukrajina : transnacionálna perspektíva

The article deals with the prospects of research of history of Ukraine throughout the years of the First World War from the perspective of transnational aspect. This educational approach has been a dominant one in Western historical study nowadays. However, in Ukrainian historiography, it has not received such popularity and influence yet. The author tries to demonstrate research prospects of usage of several scientific achievements of Western historians, depicting the connection with Ukraine in the First World War. In particular, this is the Ukrainian issue in international relations in 1914–1918, the history of Ukrainian cities during the First World War, the refugees from Ukrainian lands, violence during the War period 1914–1918, propaganda. On the one hand, these particular stories and plots from the War time show us the need of additional educational investigations done by Ukrainian historians. On the other hand, they convincingly demonstrate the value of Ukrainian narrative of the Great War, that significantly complements transnational history of this global confrontation since the beginning of the last century. Moreover, it outlines the potential perspective of a large-scale scientific project, namely – the rethinking of Eastern European history of the First World War, where the scientists from European countries would be involved.

National security and information in the early modern state: the case of Ukraine

The system of information support of the authorities of the Ukrainian early modern state, as well as implementing internal and external policies, contributed to protecting Ukrainian lands from external aggression and the expansion of Ukrainian interests in the world. The main purpose of the study is to analyze this statement. The methodological basis of the research is a comprehensive analysis of archival sources and historiography, which is based on the main principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The scientific novelty of this publication is to prove the hypothesis that thoughtful information activity in its various segments was an important component of the policy of the Ukrainian early-modern state and contributed to protecting its lands and interests from foreign encroachments. Conclusions. Information activity was an important component of the security activities of the Ukrainian Cossacks and a means of implementing power policy. The principles and approaches developed in working with information will help reveal the secrets of the Cossacks' information skills and will contribute to the deepening of interest in the study and revival of Cossack traditions, which is necessary both for filling research gaps and for training specialists in the field.

History of appeal of notarial deeds or refusal to perform them in court in Ukraine (late 18th - early 20th centuries)

The article is devoted to judicial control over notarial activities during the times of Austrian and Russian rule on Ukrainian lands (end of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century).
 It is noted that the 19th century is a significant period for the domestic notary, since it is at this time that it is formed as an independent institution in the system of law enforcement agencies. Two types of notaries were built on Ukrainian lands as part of the Austrian and Russian empires: Latin and state. As a result, the author conducts a comparative legal study of the mechanism of challenging notarial actions or refusal to perform them in court in different types of notary offices that were built in Ukraine at that time.
 It is claimed that the Russian notarial legislation was based on the Austrian one, in particular the Austrian Notarial Order of 1855 was laid as the basis of the Russian Regulation on the Notarial Part of 1866.
 It is concluded that it was not possible to build a Latin-type notary in Russia due to the lack of civil society and the prerequisites for its formation, as well as the desire of the state to put notary bodies under its control.
 On the other hand, the mechanism of judicial control over the activities of notaries in the two empires was similar. A notary public could be subject to civil, criminal and disciplinary liability for failure to fulfill his duties. It was within the framework of the latter that the institution of judicial appeal of notarial acts or refusal to perform them developed. Disciplinary proceedings carried out by the courts (in Austria also by the notary chamber as a notary self-governing body) regarding the consideration of such complaints were carried out outside the civil process, but it was possible to file claims to challenge the legal force of notarial acts under the rules of civil procedure. This was allowed by both the Russian Statute of Civil Procedure of 1864 and the Austrian Civil Procedure Code of 1895.

How the Information Warfare Turns Into Full-Scale Military Agression: the Experience of Ukraine

The article analyzes the main ideological components and tools of Russia’s information, hybrid and full-scale war against Ukraine. Since the time of Ivan III, Russia has implemented the model of eastern despotism, which claims a special historical mission (“Moscow as the third Rome”). This model involves imperialism, absolutism, anti-democracy, disregard for human rights and the rights of nations. Throughout its history (Moscow Princedom – Russian Empire – Soviet Union – Russian Federation), the external forms of this model changed, but its essence remained unaltered, which is why it was always hostile to European values.
 From the middle of the 17th century, when Ukrainian lands came under Russian control, it did everything to spread this model to them. To this end, it has taken such actions as rewriting history, banning the Ukrainian language and culture, destroying ethnic self-awareness, as well as repression and genocide against the Ukrainian people. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality.
 With the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), Ukraine got the opportunity to build its statehood on the values of freedom and democracy, and realized itself as a full-fledged member of the European family. Russia perceived Ukraine’s independence as a threat to its mission and moved to an ideological war against Ukraine. All methods of propaganda were employed, including distortion of facts, creation and mass distribution of pseudo-historical narratives, fakes, manipulations and outright lies. During the rule of Vladimir Putin, the doctrine of “Russkiy mir” (“Russian world”) was developed as a neo-imperial myth, and the Ukrainian state was viewed as a historical mistake that had to be corrected through new colonization. When during the Revolution of Dignity (2014) Ukrainians removed a corrupt pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych from power, Russia resorted to the hybrid war during which it annexed Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Although the civilized world did not recognize the Russian annexation, its reaction was too restrained. This gave Putin hope that the world’s response to further aggression would also be weak, and therefore on February 24, 2022, he ordered the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
 The Russian ruler underestimated the will of Ukrainians to fight for their freedom, lives, and European ideals. Putin and his henchmen also underestimated the harsh reaction of the civilized world to Russian barbarism. An unpleasant surprise for them was the unprecedented military and financial aid that the West provides to Ukraine. Russian propaganda cannot hide from the world the terrible war crimes and offences against humanity committed by the Russian military. This war is not just a war between two states – it is a war between medieval barbarism and civilization. Ukraine’s victory determines not only the fate of Ukraine, but also the entire world order.

The development of student societies in Eastern Galicia from the second half of the XIX century to the first half of the ХХ century in the historical and legal context

The article raises the question of the historical and legal analysis of the development of Ukrainian societies and unions, which are outlined by the concept of «unification» of Eastern Galicia in the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th centuries. This study is highlighted through the prism of founding documents, through which you can see the structure of these associations, based on the legal basis and specifics of their activities. The main tasks of the student societies of that time are highlighted: to maintain the reading room and library on their own; to hold literary and scientific events; to organize literary, scientific and theatrical gatherings; to help its members financially. Every valid member of the Society was obliged to pay membership fees. Although Ukrainian student associations were founded outside Galicia, for example in Vienna, they spread their activities to Eastern Galicia, trying to create a number of branches in the western Ukrainian lands and being guided in their activities by official documents issued by the Austrian authorities. And indeed, «conceived as a purely student society, the Viennese Sich actually became the first statutory organization of Galician narodivites. Student youth also played an important role in the creation of the «Prosvita» society. However, this organization did not become the main focus of the student movement. Already in 1860-1870, students focused their main efforts on the formation of a new center for their scientific and social life. As a result, two Ukrainian student societies appeared in 1871: «Academic Circle» and «Friendly Moneylender». The life of the Ukrainian student societies of the Lviv Polytechnic was much calmer, because there was a much more liberal atmosphere. For political conflicts on ethnic grounds, there was a lack of a fertile environment, which was provided by the social sciences at the university. In addition, Lviv doctors participated in the education of the rural population. The special commission of the Medical Society together with Prosvita organized popular medical lectures in the villages. Together with the director of Narodna Lichnitsa, Dr. Yevhen Ozarkevich, and the Lviv branch of Prosvita, Ukrainian medical students organized medical educational activities.

Legal regulation of the activity of military justice bodies in Ukraine during the time of the Central Rada

The article analyzes the formation of legal regulation of the organization and activities of military justice bodies in Ukraine under the Central Rada. It is shown that due to political circumstances, in particular, the fact that most of the Ukrainian lands were part of the Russian Empire, the organization of military justice was based on the Russian legislation of the second half of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century. The Ukrainian revolution, which began in 1917, proposed a solution to the issue of the creation of military justice bodies. One of the acute problems was the lack of qualified Ukrainian lawyers. The most widespread at that time were crimes against the state and public order, which posed a danger to the current authorities and revolutionary changes in general. Therefore, on November 13, 1917, the General Secretariat created the Commission for the Protection of Order in Ukraine (the Commission for the Protection of the Territory). It included representatives of individual secretaries, including military, land, food, judicial, and national affairs. In accordance with the initiatives for the development of the Ukrainian judiciary, on December 2, 1917, the General Court of the Ukrainian People’s Republic was created, which performed the functions of the main military court - until the creation of a specialized military court.
 It was revealed that during the formation of military justice under the Central Rada, considerable attention was paid to military prosecutors. The position of prosecutors was quite important during the implementation of military justice. Military prosecutors and their assistants did not conduct preliminary investigations, but supervised compliance with the law. However, they had the right to be present during investigative actions. Persons who held the positions of prosecutors and fellow prosecutors of district courts remained out of state. Upon receiving the materials of the preliminary investigation, the military prosecutor was obliged to decide whether the case is subject to military judicial authority, whether the investigation has been carried out in full, whether the case should be transferred to court, or whether it can be resolved in a disciplinary manner. In the case of incompleteness of the conducted investigation, the prosecutor had the right to refer the case to further investigation. The prosecutor had no right to change the order of jurisdiction. If the commander agreed with the prosecutor’s conclusion that the case was not subject to consideration by a military court, he prepared the corresponding order.
 It is emphasized that the establishment of legal regulation of the organization and activities of military justice bodies at the initial stage of the Ukrainian revolution was a complex process that took place in the context of important political events. One of the important tasks of military justice was to ensure discipline in the army and fight against abuse of power by military officials. The Central Rada’s steps at the initial stage of the Ukrainian revolution were aimed at the Ukrainization and democratization of the court in Ukraine, the development of a number of draft laws that were supposed to outline the judicial system on the basis of autonomy. However, even the Ukrainian People’s Republic, proclaimed in November 1917, recognized Russian legislation as valid, except for cases when this legislation contradicted the law adopted by the Central Rada.
 It has been established that in the initial period of the Ukrainian revolution, a number of laws and other normative legal acts were adopted that determined the activities of the army and only indirectly – military justice. In the Ukrainian military judiciary at the beginning of the revolution, the principles of independence of judges from the administration were established, which was ensured by the procedure of their appointment; the complex procedure for bringing them to disciplinary responsibility; refusal of the inquisitorial type of criminal process; separation of the court from the prosecution (entrusted to the prosecutor’s office); dividing the criminal process into two parts - the investigation and the court itself; providing the accused with the right to defense; publicity, oral and continuous nature of the trial, etc.

The recent digital resources of websites Internet auctions as a research source for the circulation of the Prague groschen in Ukraine

The article was aimed at updating the content of digital and digitised numismatic data of the Ukrainian segment of the Internet, in particular the antiques auction website “Violity”, for searching, identifying, processing, grouping and researching information on the findings of Prague groschen in Ukraine in 2019-2024. The research methodology was based on an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the subject matter and tasks of specific research practices in numismatics and the history of monetary circulation with historical science methods, source studies and mathematics. In particular, the study used the digital data analysis and synthesis methods of numismatic sources, their quantitative content analysis, classification methods and source criticism. The study had shown that in the notional category of the Late Middle Ages treasures, Bohemian groschen thesauri occupy a leading position. There is a relatively significant number of offers of entire treasures of these coins, which are evenly distributed throughout the territory of the Prague groschen circulation in Ukraine. The digital data sample analysis by the criterion of “location” allowed obtaining conditionally reliable data on the number of new finds of Prague groschen in certain regions of Ukraine. The finds geographical distribution practically coincides with the area of the coinage type circulation in the Ukrainian lands in the 14th-15th centuries. The digital data sample content analysis by the issuer criterion showed the absolute predominance of coins minted by Wenceslas IV (1378-1419). The second largest group of coins is the coinage of Charles I (1346-1378), and the third is the issue of John I of Luxembourg (1310-1346). The finds selection of clipped Prague groschen based on the criterion of “location” indicated that they belonged to John I and Charles I and originated from Lviv and Khmelnytskyi regions within the historical regions of Galicia and Podillia. A small group consists of coins with countermarks of German cities, which are recorded exclusively on the coins of King Wenceslas IV (1378-1419). The practical significance of the study lies in the introduction of a group of digital data from the newest numismatic sources into scientific circulation, which allows to clarify the geography and chronology of the Prague groschen circulation in Ukraine in the 14th-15th centuries

Чехи в Україні в другій половини ХІХ – на початку ХХ століття

Background. More than 100 different nationalities live on the territory of modern Ukraine. This diversity was formed under the influence of economic and socio-political changes that have taken place in Europe in recent centuries. The article identifies the main regions of settlement and residence of Czech colonists within the modern borders of Ukraine, the differences in the conditions of resettlement, settlement, and farming, taking into account the state policy of settlement on Ukrainian lands, makes a comparative analysis of the socio-economic situation, and indicates possible directions for new research. Methods. Using general historical methods – comparative and synchronous, the principle of historicism – the transformational phenomena are considered and analysed taking into account the historical context of the development of social relations; the method of comparative and analytical analysis is used to form a holistic view of understanding the common and distinctive components of socio-economic phenomena In the process of processing the sources, an integrated approach and a comparative method are applied. Results. The author identifies the individual regions of Czechs' settlement in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The conditions of resettlement are indicated and the characteristic features of the socio-economic and legal status of the Czechs, depending on the region of their settlement, are investigated, as well as the contribution of the Czechs to the formation of socio-economic, scientific and cultural potential for the development of Ukrainian lands in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Conclusions. The migration processes of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were the result of the intensive development of a new economic formation in Europe. In search of better living conditions, the process of resettlement of Czechs from Bohemia and Moravia intensified at that time. The settlement boundaries covered not only the territories of the Austrian Empire, but they also colonised the Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire. The resettlement of Czechs from their historical homeland to the Ukrainian lands within the Austrian and Russian empires in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was caused by various factors and preconditions. The process of Czech colonisation of the South of the Russian Empire took place in waves. Most Czechs settled in Volhynia, as well as in the Kyiv and Podillia provinces. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Czechs had become an integral part of the population of the Ukrainian lands

Scientific and applied principles of inventory of territorial communities' lands in Ukraine

The article examines the process and stages of land inventory. The Resolution of the CMU dated June 5, 2019 No. 476 "Procedure for Land Inventory" was analyzed. The territory of a part of the settlement, which is subject to inventory, and the effectiveness of land resource management measures have been analyzed. The components and essence of land during the inventory were studied. Proposals for improving the scientific and applied principles of land inventory are offered. The land-resource potential and the efficiency of its use within the settlement, which is the object of the study, were investigated and studied. It is proposed to improve the scientific and applied principles of land inventory as a result of the establishment of security zones, restricted zones around regime-forming objects, and the establishment of the settlement boundary. The process of carrying out topographical and geodetic works, the types of surveys used for the inventory process were investigated. It is proposed to improve measures to save resources and time for work during the update of the cartographic base by combining surveying methods. The analysis of the data of the State Land Cadaster and the database of state acts of the self-governing body, which can increase the effective management of land and improve the state of land use, was carried out. The necessity of carrying out a land inventory in order to study land resources to simplify the land management and urban planning process, effective implementation of land management by creating an electronic resource with survey materials and the results of topographical and geodetic works is substantiated. Determined: boundaries of land plots based on the results of the inventory; boundaries of land plots with an assigned cadastral number; boundaries of lands granted ownership; boundaries of land plots used without documents certifying property rights to them; boundaries of lands not granted for ownership or use. It is proposed to improve the scientific and applied principles of land inventory, due to the creation of an electronic resource for the publication of the results of land management works, with the aim of increasing the investment attractiveness of the community, effective management of community lands and significantly simplifying the search for plots for various needs.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ШОТЛАНДЦЯ ПАТРІКА ГОРДОНА У КИЄВІ (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ЩОДЕННИКА 1684–1685 рр.)

Patrick Gordon entered the history of Eastern Europe as a companion of Peter I, commander of the Chyhyryn campaign of 1678, one of many foreign officers who formed regiments of foreign troops in the Muscovite state. Patrick Gordon came from a wealthy family in Aberdeen County, Scotland. Patrick’s childhood took place during the Civil War in England 1642–1651, so at the age of 16, Gordon’s parents sent Patrick to study at the Jesuit college in Braunsberg (now the city of Braniewo, Poland). Later, Patrick Gordon began his military career in the Swedish and then in the Polish armies and distinguished himself in important battles of the Northern War of 1655–1660. After the end of the hostilities, he received an offer from the Moscow envoy Vasyl Leontiev to serve in the Moscow army. Patrick Gordon agreed and, starting in 1661, served in Muscovy. The period of the 70s – 80s of the 17th century. in the life of Patrick Gordon is closely connected with the Ukrainian lands and the city of Kyiv. Patrick Gordon’s Ukrainian period is poorly researched, and most of the records representing the Scotsman’s stay in Ukrainian lands in 1667–1677 and 1678–1684 have been lost. The main source in the study of the biography of Patrick Gordon and the history of Eastern Europe is the unique diaries written by him. Volume 1 (1635–1659), Volume 2 (1659–1667), Volume 3 (1677–1678), Volume 4 (1684–1689), Volume 5 (1690–1695) have been preserved and published, Volume 6 (1695–1698). The diaries cover his entire life, from childhood to the beginning of 1699, a few months before his death. Volume 4 (1684–1689) testifies to Patrick Gordon’s stay in Kyiv. This scientific article aims to investigate and reveal Patrick Gordon’s stay in Kyiv during 1678–1684, his role in the construction of new defensive fortifications in the city based on the materials of the preserved diaries. As an engineer, P. Gordon organized the construction of a system of ramparts around Pechersk, Upper Town and Podil. At the end of the long work, in 1695, Colonel Ivan Ushakov compiled a map of the renewed Kyiv fortifications, the main role in the construction of which was played by Patrick Gordon. The article highlights the main districts of Kyiv at that time, explores the social topography and stratification of the city, highlights important events in the life of Patrick Gordon, presents events from the history of the Kyiv Metropolis and its annexation by the Moscow Patriarchate. The article is based on the materials of diaries that were published by historians during the 19th – 21st centuries.

ІММІГРАЦІЯ ЧЕХІВ НА УКРАЇНСЬКІ ЗЕМЛІ В ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХІХ СТ.

The late 60s and early 70s of the nineteenth century were a favorable period for the settlement of Czechs in the Volyn lands. The immigration of Czechs from Moravia to Volyn was caused primarily by economic factors. The impoverishment of Czech peasants, artisans, and workers forced them to seek a better life outside of the Czech lands. Ukrainian lands, in particular Volyn, became one of the destinations of emigration at that time. The appearance of Czech settlers in Volyn was connected with the desire of some Polish nobility to get rid of their property and leave the Russian Empire. The situation in the Ukrainian lands after the January Uprising opened up the possibility for Czechs to buy land for settlement. At first, land purchases were uncontrolled and often took place in violation of the law. Unfair treatment by intermediaries who tried to profit from those wishing to buy land was not uncommon. For the Russian authorities, the appearance of Czechs in Volyn became a form of pressure on Catholic Polish people. Support, benefits, preferences, and accelerated acquisition of Russian citizenship by the Czechs were steps taken by the Russian government. Separate settlements and districts were created for the Czechs. As for the religious issue, there was a “soft coercion” to convert from the Roman Catholic to the Orthodox Church. However, the Czechs were not particularly concerned about the religious issue, as the arrangement of their own economy, the establishment of private small industries, and the creation of decent living conditions were the priority tasks they set for themselves. Over time, the Russian authorities began to gradually limit benefits and reduce concessions to the Czechs. Seeing that the political plans to create a powerful anti-Catholic force out of the Czechs did not materialize, in 1884 a decree was issued prohibiting Czech immigrants from buying land in Volyn. For a time, Czech immigration to Ukrainian lands stopped, but at the same time, Czech immigrants who had already settled down became an important component of the development of industry and entrepreneurship in the late nineteenth century.

«The Call of the Ukraine» (1941–1942): shaping the image of Ukraine in the information space of East Asia

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the attempts of the founders of the Ukrainian newspaper The Call of the Ukraine (Shanghai, 1941-1942) to form the image of Ukraine in the English-speaking information space of East Asia. The article examines the features of the presentation of Ukraine and the Ukrainian idea by the authors of this periodical. Relevance of the study. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the Ukrainian foreign-language press, which was published outside the Ukrainian lands in the first half of the 20th century, still remains outside the active scientific discourse. The purpose of the article is to study the content of the newspaper The Call of the Ukraine as a promoter of Ukraine and a presenter of the aspirations and goals of the Ukrainian people in the English-speaking environment of East Asia. Methodology. In order to study the problem, a set of general scientific and special research methods (historical and bibliographic method, historiographic, comparative, textual analysis, content analysis, etc.). The results. It was found that the materials published in The Call of the Ukraine were aimed at forming the image of Ukraine as an independent (spiritually, politically, economically) state, as a subject of international relations, and Ukrainians as a self-sufficient nation with a rich historical past in the English-speaking environment of East Asia. The authors of the periodical emphasised the struggle of the Ukrainian nation for independence and the historical mission of the Ukrainian people in Eastern Europe. Conclusions. The Call of the Ukraine is a short-term Ukrainian press project. The main task of this periodical is to present Ukraine in the English-speaking information field of Shanghai and East Asia in general. The study found that the texts published in the periodical are divided into six conditional groups according to their thematic focus: 1) the system of values of the Ukrainian people and its historical past; 2) political and social relations of Ukrainians with other nations; 3) economic potential of Ukraine; 4) crimes against humanity of the Russian communist regime on the territory of Ukraine; 5) the situation on Ukrainian lands in the realities of the German-Soviet war; 6) life of Ukrainian communities in Harbin and Shanghai. The results obtained are important for further research on the Ukrainian press in China in the first half of the twentieth century.

Суспільно-політичні та духовно-культурні передумови поширення бароко на українських землях

Background. The Baroque era, which is characterized by its grandeur, dramatic color and exquisite ornamentation, left a bright mark on Ukrainian lands. However, the spread of Baroque architecture, art and culture was not only a stylistic phenomenon; it was deeply intertwined with the contemporary social-political and spiritual-cultural development. Understanding the deep factors that contributed to the spread of Baroque in Ukrainian territories requires the study of the multifaceted dynamics that shaped the culture of this era. Methods. A systematic review of the literature related to the Ukrainian Baroque in order to collect and generalize the existing knowledge about this period. Comparative analysis, comparing Ukrainian baroque with other national baroque schools and highlighting common and unique features. Results. It is revealed and outlined that the Ukrainian Baroque is an important period in the cultural history of the country, which combines national and pan-European influences, religious and social aspects, as well as the interaction of various cultural currents. Reflecting the diversity and complexity of Ukrainian society and its cultural traditions. Conclusions. The spread of baroque in Ukrainian lands was not a monolithic phenomenon, but a complex interaction of socio-political, religious and cultural factors. The adoption of Baroque aesthetics served many purposes, including the assertion of political power, the expression of religious piety, and the cultivation of cultural identity. Ukrainian Baroque appeared as a dynamic synthesis of local traditions and external influences, personifying the richness and diversity of the region's historical and cultural heritage

Protection of lands in Ukraine: scientific and management solutions in the conditions of military actions

The research by the authors reveals that after the legislative definition of land protection content in Ukraine, neither scientific nor managerial support for the implementation of the defined tasks has been organized. To date, land protection standards have not been developed, and neither land planning nor economic instruments are being implemented. Furthermore, the situation concerning land protection has deteriorated due to ongoing military actions on Ukraine's territory. During research, the authors calculated the amount of damage from soil pollution according to the Methodology proposed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine dated 04.04.2022 No. 167. According to the calculations, the amount of damage to 1 hectare of arable land contaminated with petroleum products will be 506 thousand UAH/ha, while the norm for the Kyiv region as of December 18, 2023 is 2,362 thousand UAH/ha, which is 4.66 times higher. The authors proposed approach to assessing the damage caused to land resources that were damaged by military actions on the regional territories and for territorial communities. Furthermore, it has been observed that for carrying out restoration works to eliminate the consequences of armed aggression and combat actions in the respective territories of Ukraine, there remains an important task of scientifically substantiated development and adoption of relevant regulatory and methodological documents. It is proposed to determine pilot projects and foreign grants for their development.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ САМОСІЙНИХ ЛІСІВ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЛІСОВИХ НАСАДЖЕНЬ ПРИРОДНОГО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ

In the presented material, an attempt was made to generalize the existing regulatory and legislative basis of Ukraine regarding the increase of forest cover, protection and preservation of self-forested areas of state and communal ownership, as well as to form the main practical problems and prospects in their use. For this, the author considered the unique importance of self-seeding forests in the context of ensuring the ecological properties of forest plantations, in particular, carbon deposition and oxygen production; the scale of self-forested lands is determined; a quantitative assessment of the areas of self-seeded forests transferred to permanent forest use to the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine" from the united territorial communities is given, using the example of the Chernihiv region; the existing trend of exceeding the volume of emissions from the increase in arable land in Ukraine over the volume of absorption from forests, swamps, and steppes is noted. The article presents a number of negative trends regarding the increase in the volume of wood harvesting, including for military needs, which causes the felling of forest plantations of natural origin. The shortcomings of the existing legislative mechanisms regarding the lack of restrictions on the activities of agricultural producers on pastures, hayfields, coastal strips, floodplains and other carbon-rich ecosystems are indicated. Ways to increase the volume of sold wood for the national economy in the conditions of a full-scale invasion due to effective anti-corruption, restriction of wood exports and effective functioning of the State Environmental Inspection of Ukraine are presented. An analysis of the legislation of the European Union regarding mechanisms for the preservation and restoration of carbon-rich ecosystems, including the restoration of most drained peatlands, the introduction of restrictions on access to the EU market for agricultural products and wood, the production of which has led to deforestation, has been carried out, which should be a reference point for the state leadership in the declared European integration path of Ukraine's development.

Balanced use of agricultural land affected by war in Ukraine as a prerequisite for sustainable development

The issue of ensuring the sustainable development of humanity is recognized as one of the most urgent problems facing society today. The article is devoted to the generalization of the features of the development of sustainable land use and the definition of the main problems of the sustainable use of agricultural land in Ukraine during the period of European integration, reforms of local self-government in the country, martial law and post-war recovery. The work highlights the main principles and goals of sustainable land use, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. According to the authors, the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable land use requires determining the priorities of the use of agricultural land, and above all, ecological land. It was noted that the state of land resources in Ukraine was characterized as tense, due to the irrational use of the country's land resource potential, excessive plowing and land degradation. The authors note that organic agriculture has been developing in Ukraine in recent decades, but as a result of full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022, the issue of organic production in Ukraine took a back seat. The most acute environmental problems are the development of degradation processes on the arable lands of Ukraine, which causes the mining of territories, the formation of craters from shelling, and landslides. Proposed priority areas of development of sustainable land use in Ukraine, which will allow transition to a model of sustainable development

MODERNIZATION OF THE CONTENT OF HISTORICAL EDUCATION: STEREOTYPES OF NATIONAL HISTORY – «KHORTYTSIA SICH»

The proposed article highlights the genesis of the Zaporozhian Sich, on the clarification of which the approach to the coverage of the history of the Zaporozhian Cossacks largely depends. The purpose of the article is to refute the stereotype of national history about the «town» of Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi as the first Zaporozhian Sich and to reflect the relevant terminology in school textbooks and manuals in order to modernize historical education. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and a dialectical approach to the analysis of historical phenomena. It is emphasized that the emergence of the Cossack center on the southern border was due to the growth of its numbers and the need to protect Ukrainian lands from Tatar expansion. No direct evidence of the functioning of the Sich in the 50s of the 16th century has been found in written sources, only the presence of a «town» or «castle» in Zaporizhzhia is recorded. Hence, the idea of identifying Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi's «town» with the so-called Khortytska Sich seems doubtful. At the same time, the representative of an aristocratic family made great efforts to defend Ukrainian lands, thus contributing to the consolidation of the Cossack population. This is the outstanding role of Prince Knight Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi in national history. And the castle he built on the Kichka Cape of the Dnipro River, also recorded in the sources on the island of Mala Khortytsia, became a kind of prototype of the fortification of the Zaporozhian community, which, having established itself on the island of Tomakivka in the 80s of the sixteenth century, was called the Zaporozhian Sich. Thus, the study refutes the stereotypes of national history in order to modernize historical education.

РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКА ВІЙНА 2014–2024 рр.: ЖІНКА В ТИЛУ

The relevance of this work is expressed in the coverage of the problems faced by women during the Russian-Ukrainian war. This issue is quite acute now, because since 2014, the war with Russia has been going on in Ukrainian lands, namely, on February 24, 2022, active hostilities began throughout the territory of Ukraine. In my research, I would like to draw attention to the specific and special role played by women in the home front during the war, as well as to the problems they face. After all, women are one of the most vulnerable population groups during war. In addition, women are active members of the volunteer movement. After all, as of the beginning of 2014, the army was looted and practically did not exist. And for years, almost without any support from the state, the fighters were provided by volunteers. And now, without exaggeration, almost every Ukrainian has become a volunteer. Whether it is the dissemination of information on social networks, or material assistance with things, or financial assistance to fighters. In recent decades, the idea of gender equality has been increasingly affirmed in Ukrainian society. We see that certain transformative changes are being observed in the gender policy of Ukraine. The successful implementation and regulation of gender relations in society involves the affirmation of the value of gender equality both in society in general and in its various institutions in particular. This is, first of all, the prevention of gender discrimination, ensuring the equal participation of women and men in making socially important decisions (first of all, in the sphere of politics and in general in the labor market), ensuring equal opportunities for women and men to combine professional and family responsibilities, preventing manifestations of gender-based violence, etc. But the problem of sexism is still acute for Ukrainian women. Even public figures and politicians allow themselves sexist expressions. It is not surprising that women also face sexism during protest activity, volunteering and military operations. Undoubtedly, the war between Russia and Ukraine is a war between two cultures, two different civilizations. In a country whose leader says «like it, don’t like it, bear with me, my beauty», which causes an association with the process of rape, both men and women demonstrate a high level of aggression and cruelty. The aggravation of gender stereotypes regarding the role of women in society provokes the aggravation of sexualization and objectification. Even in Aristophanes comedy «Lysistrata» of the 5th century BC, although women are depicted as peacemakers – but according to the plot of the comedy, women refused to have sex with men until they stopped the war.