Coastal Land Areas Research Articles

Seed Halopriming Improves Salinity Tolerance of Some Rice Cultivars During Seedling Stage

BackgroundSaline land in coastal areas has great potential for crop cultivation. Improving salt tolerance in rice is a key to expanding the available area for its growth and thus improving global food security. Seed priming with salt (halopriming) can enhance plant growth and decrease saline intolerance under salt stress conditions during the subsequent seedling stage. However, there is little known about rice defense mechanisms against salinity at seedling stages after seed halopriming treatment. This study focused on the effect of seed halopriming treatment on salinity tolerance in a susceptible cultivar, IR 64, a resistant cultivar, Pokkali, and two pigmented rice cultivars, Merah Kalimantan Selatan (Merah Kalsel) and Cempo Ireng Pendek (CI Pendek). We grew these cultivars in hydroponic culture, with and without halopriming at the seed stage, under either non-salt or salt stress conditions during the seedling stage.ResultsThe SES scoring assessment showed that the level of salinity tolerance in susceptible cultivar, IR 64, and moderate cultivar, Merah Kalsel, improved after seed halopriming treatment. Furthermore, seed halopriming improved the growth performance of IR 64 and Merah Kalsel rice seedlings. Quantitative PCR revealed that seed halopriming induced expression of the OsNHX1 and OsHKT1 genes in susceptible rice cultivar, IR 64 and Merah Kalsel thereby increasing the level of resistance to salinity. The expression levels of OsSOS1 and OsHKT1 genes in resistant cultivar, Pokkali, also increased but there was no affect on the level of salinity tolerance. On the contrary, seed halopriming decreased the expression level of OsSOS1 genes in pigmented rice cultivar, CI Pendek, but did not affect the level of salinity tolerance. The transporter gene expression induction significantly improved salinity tolerance in salinity-susceptible rice, IR 64, and moderately tolerant rice cultivar, Merah Kalsel. Induction of expression of the OsNHX1 and OsHKT1 genes in susceptible rice, IR 64, after halopriming seed treatment balances the osmotic pressure and prevents the accumulation of toxic concentrations of Na+, resulting in tolerance to salinity stress.ConclusionThese results suggest that seed halopriming can improve salinity tolerance of salinity-susceptible and moderately tolerant rice cultivars.

Local oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> outgassing triggered by terrestrial carbon fluxes during deglacial flooding

Abstract. Exchange of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere is a key process that influences past climates via glacial–interglacial variations of the CO2 concentration. The melting of ice sheets during deglaciations induces a sea level rise which leads to the flooding of coastal land areas, resulting in the transfer of terrestrial organic matter to the ocean. However, the consequences of such fluxes on the ocean biogeochemical cycle and on the uptake and release of CO2 are poorly constrained. Moreover, this potentially important exchange of carbon at the land–sea interface is not represented in most Earth system models. We present here the implementation of terrestrial organic matter fluxes into the ocean at the transiently changing land–sea interface in the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) and investigate their effect on the biogeochemistry during the last deglaciation. Our results show that during the deglaciation, most of the terrestrial organic matter inputs to the ocean occurs during Meltwater Pulse 1a (between 15–14 ka) which leads to the transfer of 21.2 Gt C of terrestrial carbon (mostly originating from wood and humus) to the ocean. Although this additional organic matter input is relatively small in comparison to the global ocean inventory (0.06 %) and thus does not have an impact on the global CO2 flux, the terrestrial organic matter fluxes initiate oceanic outgassing in regional hotspots like in Indonesia for a few hundred years. Finally, sensitivity experiments highlight that terrestrial organic matter fluxes are the drivers of oceanic outgassing in flooded coastal regions during Meltwater Pulse 1a. Furthermore, the magnitude of outgassing is rather insensitive to higher carbon-to-nutrient ratios of the terrestrial organic matter. Our results provide a first estimate of the importance of terrestrial organic matter fluxes in a transient deglaciation simulation. Moreover, our model development is an important step towards a fully coupled carbon cycle in an Earth system model applicable to simulations at glacial–interglacial cycles.

Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) laying eggs habitat mapping in Penimbangan Beach, Bali Island

Penimbangan beach is one of the tourist destinations located in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. This beach is also a nesting place for one of the sea turtle species in Indonesia, which is olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea). The problem that exists on the island of Bali today is most of the land in coastal areas were experienced land degradation. This land degradation occurs due to human activities or natural factors, it harms the turtle nesting habitat around the coastal area of Bali Island. Conservation of nesting turtle habitat is needed through spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study uses the parameters of sand particle, beach slope, width beach, humidity, and temperature parameter to determine the suitability of the turtle nesting habitat. Penimbangan beach area which is very suitable for turtle nesting locations has an area of 163,45 m2, suitable for laying eggs 4.886,44 m2, and not suitable for laying eggs 10.201,64 m2. The map of the suitability for laying turtle eggs is dominated by areas that are not suitable because the width of the beach is not too long and the humidity is still relatively high.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL SORGUM PADA PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA DOSIS PUPUK NPK MAJEMUK DI LAHAN PESISIR

[GROWTH AND YIELDS OF SORGHUM VARIETIES TREATED WITH VARIOUS DOSES OF NPK FERTILIZER IN COASTAL LAND]. Sorghum has a potential to be developed in marginal land in coastal area. Drought stress and low availability of utrients in the coastal area are the main problems in growing sorghum. Introducing the drought tolerance variety is one solution to overcome the drought stress in coastal land in order to improve sorghum yields. In addition, the treatment of NPK fertilizer is needed to fulfill the nutrients requirements for growth and yields. This research aims to determine the best sorghum variety and an appropriate dose of NPK fertilizer for the growing sorghum in coastal land. Field experiment was conducted at the coastal area in Bengkulu City from August until November 2021. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Completely Blok Design with two factors. That were sorghum varieties (Numbu, Super 2 and Kawali) and NPK fertilizer doses (150 kg/ha, 300 kg/ha and 450 kg/ha). The results showed that the interaction between sorghum variety and NPK fertilizer dose were not significant on the growth and sorghum yields. Numbu varieties produced the highest panicle weight per plant of 69.42 gram. The research concluded that Numbu variety showed the best growth and yields compare two other varieties. The maximum growth and yield of sorghum in coastal land were observed at NPK 450 kg/ha dose.

Between Natural and Anthropogenic Coastal Landforms: Insights from Ground Penetrating Radar and Sediment Analysis

Both natural and anthropogenic coastal landforms characterize Penang Island. As years have passed it is a challenge to differentiate the genuineness of landmasses created by natural geological formations or by coastal reclamation projects. An account is given of the environmental impact of solid wastes used for reclaiming land in coastal areas of Penang and of the impact of a major sewage outfall in the western channel. Leaching of heavy metals was shown to be one of the main sources of contamination from solid wastes. This paper presents eight lines of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys and sediment analysis to identify the anthropogenic interventions that shaped the urban landscape of Penang Island by excavations, filling, and embankment construction along the coastline and differentiate it from the natural one. The surveys were implemented in two locations, the Batu Ferringhi area, representing the natural coastline, and Persiaran Bayan Indah (the Queensbay Mall area), representing the anthropogenic coastal landform. The apparent depth of penetration that was achieved using a 250-MHz antenna is limited (less than 5 m). The results show between natural and anthropogenic sediment recorded different radar facies. In complement mode, mean grain size distribution, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis graphics of sediment samples from both sites correspond with the GPR data. This technique can likely be applied to the developing coast, where natural and anthropogenic coastal landform data is incomplete, considering future coastline development.

Effects of Plant Density and Row Spacing on Yield and Yield Components of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on the Coastal Sandy Land Area in Nghe An Province, Vietnam

Background: Understanding the effects of different plant densities and row spacing on yield and yield components of peanut L14 is essential for designing and adjusting management practices to improve yield. Methods: Five planting densities were tested in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 2019 spring crop on the coastal sandy land area in Dien Chau district, Nghe An, Vietnam. Result: The different density treatments affect the growth, development and yield of the peanut variety L14. With increasing plant density, the number of pod per plant, 100 pods weight, 100 seeds weight decreased, whereas plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production increased. Population yield increased with increasing plant density from the lowest density of 25 plants m-2 (2.78 tons ha-1), reached the highest at 35 plants m-2 (4.53 tons ha-1), then decreasing with increasing plant density. Peanut variety L14 is grown in plant densities and row spacing of 35 plants m-2 (25 cm × 25 cm) and 40 plants m-2 (25 cm × 20 cm) are most appropriate; plants grow, develop better and give a higher yield than other densities under the same conditions.

OsDREB2A Gene Polymorphism Does Not Affect Salinity Tolerance Potency of Local Rice Varieties from Banten

Indonesia possesses vast coastal agricultural land areas with high salinity. This high salinity is a threat to rice productivity which may decrease to 79.8%. Banten province of Indonesia houses many local rice varieties which have salinity tolerance potency based on its agronomical characters. The adaptability of rice plant in high salinity soil can be affected by OsDREB2A gene, which encodes transcription factors from several salt-tolerant signaling pathway genes. The aims of this study were to find out the possible polymorphism of OsDREB2A gene from Banten local rice varieties. The polymorphism of OsDREB2A analyzed by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and possible molecular structure. OsDREB2A gene was amplified using DNA from Tambleng, Bulu Putih, and Pare Caok varieties as templates through PCR method with a pair of specific primers. DNA fragments obtained were analyzed by means of series of analysis software. From those analysis we obtained 840 bp, 836 bp, and 850 bp gene fragments from Tambleng, Bulu Putih, and Pare Caok varieties, respectively. There is polymorphism of OsDREB2A due to some mutation yet does not massively alter its protein structure. From this study, we suggest that Tambleng, Bulu Putih, and Pare Caok varieties potential for salinity stress resistance genetically.

Assessment of coastal inundation cost due to future sea level rise: A case study for Kuwait

A preliminary assessment on the economic loss due to 1.0 m sea level rise induced inundation for the Kuwait is carried out. Kuwaiti coast of 500 km is divided into 162 segments and landward slope of the coast was assessed based on field measurements of coastal profiles. The prevailing cost of coastal land for all coastal segments are used for economic impact assessment. It is found that 29% of the coastal land in Kuwait is in the very low inundation cost category (less than 20,000 Kuwaiti Dinar (KD)/m of coast length (1 KD = 3.3 US $)); 19% is in the low inundation cost category (20,000 to 50,000 KD/m of coast length); 16% is in the moderate inundation cost category (50,000 to 100,000 KD/m of coast length); 14% in the high inundation cost category (100,000 to 200,000 KD/m of coast length) and 22% is in the very high inundation cost category (greater than 200,000 KD/m of coast length). The total inundation cost due to permanent inundation of coastal land area for 1.0 m sea level rise is 58.726 Billion KD (i.e., 193.8 billion US $), which is equivalent to 3.58 years of income for Kuwait due to crude oil export.

Developing payment for ecosystem service schemes for coastal aquaculture in southwestern Taiwan

Taiwan’s aquaculture farms are mostly established along intertidal zones and coastal land areas, and their presence may affect coastal ecosystems and their ecosystem services (ESs). Payments for ecosystem services (PES) represent a potential method of enhancing the provision of ESs for coastal aquaculture; thus, their feasibility should be discussed. In this study, we conducted focus group interviews to identify issues and collect information about coastal aquaculture in southwestern Taiwan, and we developed a PES framework for coastal aquaculture based on our findings. The identification of ESs and the inclusion of a market design (e.g. pricing, incentive, and conditionality) in a PES scheme might be key factors for successfully transforming aquaculture into an ES provider. PES schemes could be applied to coastal oyster farming in Taiwan, and coastal oyster farmers who adopt eco-friendly aquaculture should receive subsidies to secure revenues. The findings presented here will provide important reference information for policy makers and managers to design a feasible PES scheme for coastal resource management.

The Bedrock and Earth Works of Compacted Powder Land in Coastal Areas

Wang, Q. and Chen, G., 2020. The bedrock and earth works of compacted powder land in coastal areas. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 371-374. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The comprehensive evaluation of the site and foundation stability of geotechnical engineering investigation is an important basis for the design and construction of building foundations. Whether it is correct or not reflects the engineering geological conditions and the characteristics of geotechnical engineering, and is related to whether the engineering design and construction are safe and reliable. The measures are appropriate and the economy is reasonable. Aiming at the engineering practice of using compacted fill as the supporting layer of multi-layer civil building foundations in the construction of new rural areas in coastal areas, the engineering mechanics of compacted silt was studied through indoor and in-situ tests of compacted silt Characteristics, the basic physical and mechanical properties of silt as a filling material are analyzed, and the strength and deformation properties of compacted silt and undisturbed silt under different moisture contents are compared. The test results show that the compacted silt with good construction quality control It has better physical and mechanical properties under natural humidity, with higher strength and stiffness, and different moisture content has a greater impact on the strength and deformation characteristics of compacted silt than undisturbed silt, and should be strictly controlled during construction Water content of compacted silt.

Utilization of biomass from Sago (Metroxylon sp) by local ethnic around the Sentani Lake Jayapura-Papua Province

Sago is multi-functional crops for local ethnics living at coastal and low land areas in Papua as main carbohydrate and raw-material of traditional houses. This research is designed to document the utilization and socio cultural values of sago biomass by local ethnic around the Sentani Lake, Jayapura. Field survey and structural interview were used to collect data at Yoboi and Sereh villages. The results indicate that carbohydrates were extracted from pith and other sago’s biomasses were used for green material for various puIDRoses. Leaf are for floor mate, filter starch, carrying bags, housing roof and fishing trap. Sago fronds are for extraction chamber and sedimented starch. Rounded fronds are used for house wall, burning media for lime stone and planting media boxes. Bark of trunks are for flooring and decking their stilts, balcony and firewood. Residual waste from sago pulp are good media for mushroom, planting vegetables, imago inhibitor, and compost. Its fruits are for wall accessories and necklace. Sago lands is also supply animal protein by providing habitat for hunting animals. Socio cultural values mean that sago is ancestor heritage to be saved, utilized, managed proportionally for next generation. This crop is cultural identity contributed to socio cultural and economic values, but these wisdom values are pressuring recently.

Assessment on Shoreline Retreat in Response to Sea Level Rise – Chennai Coast

Dhanalakshmi, S. and Kankara, R.S., 2020. Assessment on shoreline retreat in response to sea level rise – Chennai coast. In: Sheela Nair, L.; Prakash, T.N.; Padmalal, D., and Kumar Seelam, J. (eds.), Oceanic and Coastal Processes of the Indian Seas. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 89, pp. 145-149. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In the present condition, the rise in sea level due to climate change is a serious threat for the environment. Global average sea levels are predicted as 1.8 mm/y during 1870-2009 and nearly 2.8 mm/y along the Indian Coast by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC). Impacts of rise in sea-level will be the loss of land in coastal areas through erosion, submergence of the coastal landscape and the threat of inundation. Shore erosion causes the shoreline to retreat and this leads to affecting the erosion zone by moving the shoreline inland. In this study, the attempt is made to demarcate the impact of sea level rise along the Chennai coast (Tamil Nadu) located along the southeast coast of India. This area experiences threat from many disasters such as storm, cyclone, flood, tsunami and long-term sea level rise. The shoreline has been extracted and using DSAS tool in ArcGIS, long-term (1990-2012, 1990-2013, 1990-2014, 1990-2015 and 1990-2016) were analyzed using Linear regression Rate and Weighted Linear Regression. 36.7% of the coast was seen with eroding condition. Overall long-term analysis trend suggest that more than 60% of the region falls in stable to low accretion. Projection of climate change-induced SLR at different RCPs (2.6, 4.5, 6, 8.5) of IPCC AR5 on different time scale (2025, 2050, 2075, 2100) for the coasts of Chennai. The values range from 7.1 cm to 36.87 cm for RCP 2.6; 7.37 cm to 49.84 cm for RCP 4.5; 7.16 cm to 51.75 cm for RCP 6; 7.38 cm to 77.88 cm for RCP 8.5. Shoreline retreat to an increase in local sea level was mapped using the Bruun Rule. Since the Bruun Rule (BR) has some limitations, the modified Bruun rule was used to analyze the inundation factor. The area of horizontal inundation is estimated as ∼1.6 km (Bruun rule) and ∼1.1 km (Modified Bruun Rule). The required data was processed using GIS environment. Since we adhere to the fact that the coastal change is not a periodical accumulation per year, but that it entraps a value of future crisis assessment and gives a literal warning about the shore to be persevered.

Mapping 30 Years of Change in the Marshlands of Breton Sound Basin (Southeastern Louisiana, U.S.A.): Coastal Land Area and Vegetation Green Cover

Potter, C. and Amer, R., 2020. Mapping 30 years of change in the marshlands of Breton Sound basin (southeastern Louisiana, U.S.A.): Coastal land area and vegetation green cover. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3), 437–450. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This study analyzes the 30-year record of Landsat satellite imagery to better understand the patterns and processes of land loss/gain and recent changes in marshland vegetation green cover in coastal wetlands of Breton Sound basin of southeastern Louisiana. Impacted by both Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Gustav in 2008, this vast estuary area just south of New Orleans was mapped at 30 m resolution in 5-year intervals from 1985 to 2017 using the Landsat Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Results revealed an entirely new picture of marshland change prior to Hurricanes Katrina and Gustav in the Breton Sound basin. Following decades of extensive wetland loss resulting largely from gas and oil well drilling and canal construction, this analysis estimated gains in land area between 1985 and 2005 (pre-Katrina) of 247 km2 across all subbasins of Breton Sound. The largest proportional increases in marshland areas were mapped from dNDWI analysis in the subbasins of Bayou la Loutre, Bayou Pointe-en-Pointe, and Bayou Terre Aux Boeufs, all surrounding the outer Mississippi River Gulf Outlet Canal. Brackish salinity areas were among the first of Louisiana's coastal wetlands to succumb to the hurricane storm surges of 2005 and 2008, as Landsat dNDWI analysis estimated that about 245 km2 of wetlands in the Breton Sound basin were lost to open water from the impacts of Hurricanes Katrina and Gustav. However, combined dNDWI and dNDVI analysis indicated that gains in marshland area and green vegetation cover have occurred at a yearly rate of increase after 2008 comparable to the period between 1985 and 2005. Specific areas of rapid land gain were detected in River aux Chenes and Bayou Bienvenue subbasins, and Bayou Plaquemines and Bayou la Loutre in brackish to saltwater marshland types on the outer margins of Breton Sound basin.

The Extraction of Ocean Tidal Loading from ASAR Differential Interferograms

The spatiotemporal crustal non-tectonic deformation caused by ocean tidal loading (OTL) can reach the centimeters scale in coastal land areas. The temporal variation of the site OTL displacements can be estimated by the global positioning system (GPS) technique, but its spatial variation needs to be further determined. In this paper, in order to analyze the spatial characteristics of the OTL displacements, we propose a multi-scale decomposition method based on signal spatial characteristics to derive the OTL displacements from differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) measurements. The method was tested using long-term advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data and GPS reference site data from the Los Angeles Basin in the United States, and we compared the results with the FES2014b tide model. The experimental results showed that the spatial function of the OTL displacements in an ASAR image can be represented as a higher-order polynomial function, and the spatial trends of the OTL displacements determined by the InSAR and the GPS techniques are basically consistent with the FES2014b tide model. The root-mean-square errors of the differences between the spatial OTL displacements of these two methods and the FES2014b tide model are less than 0.8 mm. The results indicate that the OTL displacement extracted from InSAR data can accurately reflect the spatial characteristics of the OTL effect, which will help to improve the spatial resolution and accuracy of the OTL displacement in coastal areas.

Heterogeneous oceanic mass distribution in GRACE observations and its leakage effect

SUMMARYSignal leakage between the land and ocean is a challenge in using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observation data to study global mass redistributions. Although the leakage occurs in both directions, more attention has been paid to the land-to-ocean leakage and less to the ocean-to-land leakage. Here, we show that the ocean-to-land leakage is non-uniform and non-negligible and propose a new forward modelling method to fully consider bi-directional leakages with the help of the global Ocean ReAnalysis System ORAS5. This observation-driven model could significantly reduce the variations in ocean grids and thus decrease the ocean-to-land leakage. The results with different treatment of the ocean signal leakage are compared. We find that failing to consider the ocean-to-land leakage will cause an underestimation of ∼20 per cent in the seasonal variation and will introduce a bias of several giga-tons in the secular trend. Although the uniform and non-uniform model have similar results in the global average of seasonal mass variations, the non-uniform ocean model is necessary in most places, especially near the Arctic Ocean, the Sea of Japan and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Despite these achievements, we also point out that there is still much room for improvement in ocean mass models, particularly in long-term trends. Our results indicate the importance of the ocean-to-land leakage correction in the mass estimation in coastal land areas using the GRACE data.

Laju Pertumbuhan Spesifik Rumput Laut Kappaphycus Alvarezii Pada Budidaya Tambak Sistem Intensif

The main issues of seaweed cultivation Kappaphycus alvarezii currently outline are: (a) declining production due to ecological pressure of marine waters, (b) sustainability protection and cultivation business income, and (c) sea space utilization conflicts. To anticipate these problems, one of the strategic alternatives that can be done is to conduct ecologically, technically and socially economically viable cultivation through the utilization of pond land located in coastal land area through intensive cultivation system. This study aims to determine the rate of specific growth (LPS) K. alvarezii. Cultivation conducted in April to May 2018 for 42 days in ponds. The number of expanses 10 spans, each span of 120 dots is 25 cm. with a weight of 100 g per point. During cultivation fertilization, water change, aeration and water quality control. Weights and biomass are measured weekly by the sampling method in each different stretch group. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results showed average LPS obtained is 3.38%/day. Water quality during cultivation is within the range that K. alvarezii can tolerate. Keywords: Relocation of cultivation, Ponds, Intensive System, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Specific Growth Rate (LPS)

Impact of land use on coastline change of island cities: A case of Zhoushan Island, China

Anthropogenic activities have an important effect on the natural coastlines of island cities as a result of urbanization and population agglomeration in developing countries. In order to identify the relationships between land use and coastline changes in the typical island city, this study used land use data, remote sensing technology, and geographic information system (GIS) technology to analyze the land use situation and coastline changes in the coastal zone of Zhoushan Island in China. The results show that, from 2012 to 2017, the coastal land area of Zhoushan Island increased from 121.54 km2 to 126.00 km2. New agricultural land accounted for the highest proportion of total land use growth (46.86%), followed by residential land, land for street, and transportation and industrial land. The length of the coastline increased from 137.98 km to 142.7 km. The indicators of agricultural land, industrial land, land price, and production coastline had a significant positive impact on the rate of coastline changes. Moreover, the coastline was more than just a natural coastline but also had 336 multiple functions in terms of production, daily living, leisure, and transportation. The study found that the rapid growth of tideland reclamation-based, land reclamation-based aquaculture, and the harbour/port construction-based logistics industry are the main reasons for the continuous changes in coastlines.

Indigenous protected areas in Sea Country: Indigenous‐driven collaborative marine protected areas in Australia

Abstract In many parts of the world, policymakers, legislators, marine managers, and indigenous peoples have attempted to reconcile marine protected area (MPA) governance and management with indigenous peoples' ancient and ongoing traditional ownership of coastal and marine environments. This paper describes a novel approach in Australia to addressing this challenge through indigenous‐led planning and collaborative governance of holistic coastal land and sea indigenous protected areas (IPAs) based on the indigenous concept of “Country”—traditional land and sea estates and their associated cultural, environmental, and other values. To provide context to this approach, the paper explains the concept of “Sea Country” and provides an overview of the relationship between indigenous peoples and Australia's coastal and marine environments, the legal and policy recognition of Indigenous Sea Country rights and interests, and the engagement of indigenous people in the governance and management of government‐led, legislated MPAs in Australia. The paper then describes the evolution of IPAs from being specifically based on indigenous land tenure to being based more generally on Indigenous Country, across multiple tenures, including marine areas. In recent years, IPAs based on Country have enabled indigenous people to lead planning and governance of land and sea areas over which they have limited legal rights, including over existing national parks and marine parks. Using this approach, some IPAs complement existing protected area governance and management arrangements, whereas elsewhere Country‐based IPAs are adding significantly to Australia's MPA estate. The Dhimurru IPA in the Northern Territory and Girringun Region IPAs in Queensland are presented as examples of this Country‐based approach. This indigenous‐driven, collaborative, nonlegislative approach to dedicating, governing and managing coastal areas and MPAs may serve as a model in other nation states for indigenous people wishing to use a protected area governance framework to support the contemporary management of their traditional marine and coastal estates.

Insights into Physiological Mechanisms of Salt Stress Tolerance in Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) Sprouts

Climate change has led to sea level rise and the salinization of arable land in coastal areas, which has affected the production of crops. Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. (djulis) has high nutritional value in Taiwan; however, the salt tolerance mechanism of djulis remains unclear. Therefore, the physiological salt tolerance mechanism of djulis was investigated in this study, which found that after the djulis sprouts were treated with 400 mM NaCl for 5 d, their growth was inhibited; the survival rate decreased by 45%, and the plant height and dry weight decreased by 9% and 36%, respectively. The content of the superoxide anion reactive oxygen species decreased as the treatment duration increased, whereas the H2O2 content increased with the treatment duration. The activity of antioxidants, namely ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase, gradually increased as the treatment duration increased; the ratios of ascorbic acid to docosahexaenoic acid and glutathione to oxidized glutathione also increased significantly. The content of proline increased with the treatment duration. Moreover, the K+ content increased as Na+ accumulated. Accordingly, this study determined 400 mM to be the NaCl threshold level for djulis. Under the salt stress at this NaCl level, the djulis transported Na+ from the roots to aboveground portion and stored it in salt bladders to alleviate the toxic damage of Na+. In addition, proline and K+ were accumulated to adjust the osmotic pressure of cells.

Monitoring Coastline Changes in the Coastal Belt of Chittagong in Bangladesh Using GIS and Remote Sensing

Coastal zones are the most dynamic feature of earth surface in which lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere gets into contact with each other. Such dynamic process should be monitored with great importance as a large portion of the world’s population is living along the coastal zones. This paper focuses on delineation of the changes in the coastal land areas of Chittagong in Bangladesh through the shifting of coastline. Chittagong coastal area is around 245 km with an unbroken 125 km gently slopped sandy sea beach in Cox’s Bazar. However, due to both the natural phenomenon and human interventions, coastline in these areas has been changing gradually. These changes have occurred in relation to land biomass, erosion and accretion rate. Therefore, shoreline geometry analysis can help understand such dynamic coastal process. Several satellite images from Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) were used for the long term coastline change analysis. The digital shoreline analysis (DSA) using ArcGIS 10.1, and image rectification, atmospheric correction, edge separation techniques between earth surface and water surface using ENVI software were used in this analysis. DSAS was used as a reliable statistical approach for the rate of coastline change. The result shows that changes in dynamic changes due to erosion and accretion have been impacting the morph-dynamics in the study area. The maximum accession rate was 3.6 km and 1.9 km at different section points and on the contrary the maximum erosion at several section points was 0.37 km and 3.3 km at the time interval of 1989 to 2009 and 2009 to 2014, respectively. Overall, it was found that the area was affected with huge rate of accretion and increase in the landmass of the Chittagong area till the year 2009 but later on till the date of 2014 the erosion rate of the area again increased. The findings of this study can help policy makers to make decisions in delineating new islands emerging at the sea boundary of Bangladesh and planning for better coastal management.