Land Cover Ratio Research Articles

Evaluation of land capability for tourism support facilities in Bandungan Subdistrict, Semarang Regency

Abstract As a leading tourist area in Semarang Regency that offers natural charm and historical heritage, Bandungan continues to experience development every year. As the number of visitors increases each year, more and more supporting facilities are required. The increasing demand has resulted in more land being developed. The determination of land suitability for specific uses is based on various considerations, including physical aspects, to avoid negative impacts from excessive utilization. These negative impacts can include a decline in environmental quality, such as floods, landslides, and a decrease in groundwater levels. This is supported by the news that flash floods have occurred in Bandungan Subdistrict. This study aims to evaluate the land capability for tourism facilities in Bandungan Subdistrict in order to control the development of the district’s strategic areas using land capability analysis. This study uses descriptive quantitative methods by collecting and analyzing data based on numbers and numerical measurements. Presentation of information is done systematically to facilitate understanding and drawing conclusions. The analysis technique used is spatial analysis by utilizing GIS (Geography Information System) analysis tools along with scoring analysis techniques. Based on the analysis, 2% of supporting facilities are in areas that should not be developed, meaning most are suitable for their land capabilities. The dominant land capability in Bandungan Sub-district is medium development capability. According to the land cover ratio, Bandungan can still support development over an area of 675,78 hectares. The total land available for development in Bandungan Sub-district is 2567,52 hectares.

Analisis Kesesuaian Penggunaan Lahan pada Sempadan Danau Batur, Provinsi Bali

Batur lake is one of the lakes designated as world cultural heritage considering the importance and role of Batur lake and its environment culturally, economically and ecologically. Various activities from various sectors grow around Batur lake which could change the land use and have a negative impact on the panorama of the lake. Therefore, this study aims to determine the boundary of Batur lake viewed from the development of water level rise to describe the suitability of land use in the Batur lake border, as well as to develop strategies for land use mismatches that occur. Data were collected through primary and secondary surveys. Statistical-descriptive analysis techniques in the form of data processing digitization with geospatial information systems and land use evaluations were carried out based on land suitability analysis, followed by comparing existing land use with the direction of activities in related regulations. Results shows the direction of land suitability on Batur lake border, are the buffer area and the development of annual plants. The land cover ratio of each direction is still in accordance with the maximum limit. In addition, there are land uses that are not suitable, such as plantation agriculture and non-annual crops, as well as trade and services, in the form of tourism accommodation.

Urbanization effect of mega sporting events using sentinel-2 satellite images: The case of the pyeongchang olympics

This study attempts to understand the impact of mega sporting events on local economies by identifying and comparing the urbanization and economic effects of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games. However, for an accurate evaluation of the effects of hosting the Winter Olympics, it is necessary to consider not only the ripple effect on the local economy but also the increased potential for urban growth from the expansion of social overhead capital. This study calculates the urbanization index and land cover ratio using Sentinel-2 satellite images to examine the urbanization from infrastructure construction for the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. It additionally analyzes the changes in land price and tax revenue during this period to understand the economic effects of the Olympics, and verifies the correlation between urbanization and economic indicators. The study is unique in that it analyzes the impact of a national event on local communities using satellite image data and presents a comprehensive methodology to understand urban sustainability by monitoring urban changes.

Improving urban thermal environments by analysing sensible heat flux patterns in zoning districts

This study developed a method of improving Seoul's thermal environment by focusing on sensible heat flux and types of land-use and cover to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. First, the relationships between the sensible heat flux in summer and (a) the land cover ratio, and (b) the heights and densities of buildings in different land-use zoning districts were identified and analysed. The rationale for improving the thermal environment was then considered based on the physical relationships among heat, space, and the thermal-environment type. Energy budget distribution data were then used to identify an optimised land-use plan to mitigate the UHI effect. Spatial data describing the physical elements in land-use zoning were then generated using high-resolution images of the sensible heat flux distribution and directly correlated to existing land-use and thermal comfort. Finally, a K-means clustering analysis was employed to determine the unfavourable and favourable thermal areas in each zoning district based on correlated sensible heat flux data. The results indicate that the highest concentration of unfavourable thermal areas of all studied zoning districts was neighbourhood commercial districts, which accounted for 9.9% of the total identified unfavourable thermal areas, whereas the lowest level of sensible heat flux was observed in single-family residential areas. This study thus developed a basis for a spatial planning framework that can be used to improve the thermal conditions of cities and encourage summer energy savings using zoning-based requirements. • Seoul's current land use zoning districts do not reflect their thermal environment. • We suggest a way to improve urban thermal environment in terms of sensible heat flux and land use zoning districts. • We extract the unfavourable and favourable thermal areas for thermal zoning map. • Green and residential areas with lower building heights and density have lower sensible heat flux levels. • Thermal zoning can contribute to improving residents' thermal comfort and reduce UHIE, being out of only land use efficiency.

Locating Forest Management Units Using Remote Sensing and Geostatistical Tools in North-Central Washington, USA.

In this study, we share an approach to locate and map forest management units with high accuracy and with relatively rapid turnaround. Our study area consists of private, state, and federal land holdings that cover four counties in North-Central Washington, USA (Kittitas, Okanogan, Chelan and Douglas). This area has a rich history of landscape change caused by frequent wildfires, insect attacks, disease outbreaks, and forest management practices, which is only partially documented across ownerships in an inconsistent fashion. To consistently quantify forest management activities for the entire study area, we leveraged Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, LANDFIRE existing vegetation types and disturbances, monitoring trends in burn severity fire perimeters, and Landsat 8 Burned Area products. Within our methodology, Sentinel-2 images were collected and transformed to orthogonal land cover change difference and ratio metrics using principal component analyses. In addition, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the Relativized Burn Ratio index were estimated. These variables were used as predictors in Random Forests machine learning classification models. Known locations of forest treatment units were used to create samples to train the Random Forests models to estimate where changes in forest structure occurred between the years of 2016 and 2019. We visually inspected each derived polygon to manually assign one treatment class, either clearcut or thinning. Landsat 8 Burned Area products were used to derive prescribed fire units for the same period. The bulk of analyses were performed using the RMRS Raster Utility toolbar that facilitated spatial, statistical, and machine learning tools, while significantly reducing the required processing time and storage space associated with analyzing these large datasets. The results were combined with existing LANDFIRE vegetation disturbance and forest treatment data to create a 21-year dataset (1999–2019) for the study area.

Correlation analysis of the impact of land cover change and ratio vehicles on the dynamic of land surface temperature: case studies of Cirebon City, Province of West Java

Global warming is causing an increase in surface temperature due to the depletion of vegetation and the increasing number of vehicles. In urban areas, an increase in temperature can significantly be degrading the urban heat island phenomenon, in the long run, it is capable of changing the microclimate. Surface temperature and density of vegetation retrieved from multi-temporal satellite remote sensing data. This research aims to analyze the effect of vehicle and vegetation ratio against the surface temperature in Cirebon town. This research utilizes data Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI who validated with data on the MODIS period in 1998, 2008, as well as 2018. The interaction between surface temperature and density of the vegetation the spatial correlation analysis revealed through. Throughout the years 1998 until 2018 an increase in the surface temperature of 1.18 °C, which in follow with an increase in the number of vehicles at 142,171 unit for eighteen years and decrease in the area vegetation be 12,683 km2. The highest surface temperature is centered on CBD, port, congestion-prone areas, industrial zones, and terminals.

Correlation analysis between the occurrence of safety accidents and land cover ratio: focused on 119 emergency activity data for Ulsan metropolitan city in South Korea

Regional safety index is published annually by ministry of public safety and security. Local governments make an effort to improve the index through the establishment of various safety policies. Nonetheless, in the case of safety accident field local government officials are having a difficult time analyzing the safety accident due to the fuzzy definition for it and different occurrence pattern by accident type. In this study, the characteristic of safety accident occurrence was analyzed by function of Eup/Myeon/Dong using 119 emergency activity data for Ulsan metropolitan city. The result can be used as the basic for establishing the preventive policy of safety accident.

Analisis Daya Dukung Lahan Sebagai Pengembangan Fasilitas Perkotaan Kecamatan Mpunda Kota Bima Tahun 2015 – 2035

<p><em>This study is based on the phenomenon of development in Bima City and affects the physical condition of the region and not evenly of facilities distribution. So that, it is necessary to</em><em> </em><em>analyze the carrying capacity of urban area facilities</em><em> development</em><em> in Mpunda District, Bima City</em><em> </em><em>2015-2035. The aim of this study is to determine the carrying capacity of Mpunda District to provide a suitable area for the development of urban facilities. The analysis uses both qualitative and quantitative description in the Mpunda Di</em><em>s</em><em>trict to describe the general overview </em><em>of </em><em>geographic distribution facilities. The analytical method used is based on Public Works Minister Regulation No.20/PRT/M/2007 about Technical Guidelines for Physical & Environmental analysis</em><em>. </em><em>Analysis facility needs in planning is always based on the development trend of the population. The calculation for projecting the need facilities is based on SNI 03-1733-2004 </em><em>about</em><em> Procedures for Environmental Planning about Housing Design in City and Need of Environmental Facilities. The analysis results</em><em> of the carrying capacity of the urban area facilities development in Mpunda District is by establishing the protected areas based on the physical condition especially for class 4 of land capability which have the lowest ability with the land cover ratio in 2035 is 0%. Controlling as the </em><em>functions of the buffer zone </em><em>must be done for </em><em>class 3 </em><em>of land capability. The development land is directed for the class 1 and class 2 as the cultivation land. </em><em>There </em><em>is </em><em>land development, which is 20%. For the cultivation of land or land suitable for development land directed to land capability and land capability class 1 class 2. </em><em>The r</em><em>atio of </em><em>class 1 </em><em>land </em><em>coverage area</em><em> in 2035 has reached the maximum land cover ratio, </em><em>i.e.</em><em> 70%. While the ratio of </em><em>class 2 </em><em>land </em><em>coverage area in</em><em> 2035</em><em>, </em><em>i.e. 49% of </em><em>from </em><em>the </em><em>50% maximum of </em><em>land cover </em><em>ratio.</em></p>

Landscape composition creates a threshold influencing Lesser Prairie-Chicken population resilience to extreme drought

Abstract Habitat loss and degradation compound the effects of climate change on wildlife, yet responses to climate and land cover change are often quantified independently. The interaction between climate and land cover change could be intensified in the Great Plains region where grasslands are being converted to row-crop agriculture concurrent with increased frequency of extreme drought events. We quantified the combined effects of land cover and climate change on a species of conservation concern in the Great Plains, the Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). We combined extreme drought events and land cover change with lek count surveys in a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify changes in abundance of male Lesser Prairie-Chickens from 1978 to 2014 in Kansas, the core of their species range. Our estimates of abundance indicate a gradually decreasing population through 2010 corresponding to drought events and reduced grassland areas. Decreases in Lesser Prairie-Chicken abundance were greatest in areas with increasing row-crop to grassland land cover ratio during extreme drought events, and decreased grassland reduces the resilience of Lesser Prairie-Chicken populations to extreme drought events. A threshold exists for Lesser Prairie-Chickens in response to the gradient of cropland:grassland land cover. When moving across the gradient of grassland to cropland, abundance initially increased in response to more cropland on the landscape, but declined in response to more cropland after the threshold ( δ = 0.096 , or 9.6% cropland). Preservation of intact grasslands and continued implementation of initiatives to revert cropland to grassland should increase Lesser Prairie-Chicken resilience to extreme drought events due to climate change.

도시지역의 토지피복유형이 지표면온도에 미치는 영향: 경기도 일산 신도시를 중심으로

콘크리트와 아스팔트가 상당 부분을 차지하는 도시의 물리적인 환경은 도시열섬효과를 일으키는 주요 원인이며, 일차적으로 토지이용 또는 토양피복에 따른 지표면온도의 상승으로 나타난다. 본 연구에서는 도시의 토지피복유형이 지표면온도에 미치는 영향을 공간해상도가 다른 MODIS, Landsat ETM+과 RapidEye 위성영상을 사용하여 비교 분석해 보았다. 연구대상지인 일산 신도시지역의 지표면온도는 토지 이용에 따라 뚜렷이 구분되는 패턴을 보여주었는데 건폐율이 높은 저층단독주택지구보다 건폐율이 낮고 녹지율이 높은 고층 아파트단지의 지표면온도가 현저히 낮게 나타났다. 토지피복유형과의 관계는 건물이나 도로 등 도시화지역의 면적이 증가할수록 기후존의 지표면온도가 증가하고, 식생과 수면, 그림자 지역의 면적이 늘어날수록 지표면온도는 떨어진다. NDVI와 지표면온도 사이에도 음의 선형상관관계가 나타나지만, 계절적 영향을 배제하기 어렵다는 단점이 있다. The physical environment of urban areas covered mostly by concrete and asphalt is the main cause of the urban heat island effect, primarily becoming apparent through increased land surface temperature. This study examined the effect of different urban land cover types on the land surface temperature using MODIS, Landsat ETM+ and RapidEye satellite data. As a result, the remote sensing based land surface temperature showed a marked difference according to the land use pattern in the case study of Ilsan new city. The high-rise apartment residential districts with less building-to-land ratio and higher green area ratio revealed lower land surface temperature than the low-story single-family housing districts characterized by relatively high building-to-land ratio and low green area ratio. From the view of climate zone and land cover types, there is a strong linear correlation between the impervious land cover ratio and the land surface temperature; the land surface temperature increases as the impervious built-up areas expand. In contrast, vegetation;water and shadow areas affect the decrease of land surface temperature. There is also a negative (-) correlation between NDVI and land surface temperature but the seasonal variation of NDVI can be hardly corrected.

APPLICATION OF AHP (ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS) FOR DETERMINATION THE AFFECTING MAIN FACTORS IN SOIL EROSION AT SONG BE BASIN

Soil erosion is a global environmental problem. The affecting main factors for soil erosion processes are different due to the specific areas. The calculated results of soil erosion, by Ha Quang Hai and Tran Tuan Tu, demonstrated that Song Be basin is eroded very huge, about 321 tons/ha/year. The article is based on factors proposed by R.P.C Morgan in 2005, using the analytic hierarchy process AHP (Thomas L. Saaty, 1970) to determine the weights for these factors. Since then, the article concluded main factors affecting soil erosion at Song Be basin. Research results showed that the Terrain factor has the largest weight (0.30), followed by two factors: Plant cover (0.29) and Rain (0.28). The article also identified four main factors impacting on the soil erosion at Song Be basin, including: slope, land cover ratio, intensity of rainfall and slope length. These results will be the basis for subsequent studies to adjust USLE model more applicably for erosion characteristics in the researched area.

Relationship Between Land Cover Ratio and Urban Heat Island from Remote Sensing and Automatic Weather Stations Data

Urban heat island (UHI) effect has a close relation to land covers type. This paper investigates the relationship between land cover ratio and UHI in Guangzhou, south of China using remote sensing and automatic weather stations data. The temperature data were obtained by Automatic weather stations (AWS) of Guangzhou in October, 2004, at the same time with the CBERS remote sensing image acquired. Firstly, the hourly mean temperature was computed from hourly AWS data. Secondly, the CBERS remote sensing image was classified using support vector machine (SVM) and land covers classification were output. Thirdly, the classification result was overlapped with a round buffer with 1.5 KM radius centered on the AWS, and then the land cover ratio, Edge Density (ED) and Mean Fractal Dimension (MFRACT) of buffers were computed out. Finally, the correlation coefficient between hourly mean temperature and land cover ratio, ED and MFRACT was calculated. It concluded that UHI intensity was heavier during nighttime than daytime. Stations with higher vegetation ratio and higher ED had lower heat island effect. On the contrary, stations with higher impervious ratio and lower ED had more serious heat island effect. The positive–negative of correlation coefficient between hourly mean temperature and vegetation ratio during 11:00–17:00 h (local time) was opposite to that during other time. ED was negatively correlated with hourly mean temperature except during 11:00–17:00 h. On the contrary, MFRACT was positively correlated with hourly mean temperature. It implied that fragmentations of patches were favorable to UHI alleviation, and complexities of patch were unfavorable factors.

Modelling land change: the issue of use and cover in wide-scale applications

In this article, the underlying causes for the apparent mismatch between land cover and land use in the context of wide-scale land change modelling are explored. A land use–land cover (LU/LC) ratio is proposed as a relevant landscape characteristic. The one-to-one ratio between land use and land cover is revoked by the multiple uses related to one cover type. The introduction of a secondary land use function next to the main primary function is relevant for the characterization of the resulting land cover. Secondary land use poses certain constraints to the productivity of the primary land use. Hence, the secondary land use has implicit land claims and requirements. We propose to relate the LU/LC ratio to the multi-functional nature of land cover, so that trade-off analyses between the primary use and the secondary use become possible. This will allow more realistic land cover projections in large-scale European land use assessment models.

공원녹지의 토지피복비율과 기온간의 요인분석

The present study examined the relation between land cover condition and temperature in various types of urban green spaces. The diagram of temperature distribution showed that high-temperature zones are formed around paved areas, and low temperature zone around planted areas and grassy areas. Even in planted areas where low-temperature zones were formed, temperature was different according to hierarchical structure. That is, temperature was relatively low in areas covered with arbor + sub-arbor. With regard to land cover ratio, the increase of planted areas and grassy areas had an effect on the fall of temperature and the effect was higher in order of planted areas and grassy areas. On the contrary, paved areas and bare areas had an effect on the rise of temperature. According to the results of factor analysis, in case of the highest temperature, planted area and grassy area were put together into a factor lowering temperature, paved area and temperature into a factor raising temperature, and bare area alone into a factor of low significance. In case of the lowest temperature, grassy area and bare area were put together into a factor, and the validity of the factor analysis was proved by the analysis of urban heat islands. An increase in the number of trees by height was effective in lowering temperature, and the effect was high in order to arbor and sub-arbor, and the source of coldness in planted area was tall trees.

都市域の樹林地および樹林地を取り巻く空間の環境条件と鳥類群集との関係

We examined relationship between bird species richness in urban woodlots and the conditions of matrix areas surrounding the woodlots as a case study. We surveyed bird communities and vegetation structures in 10 woodlots (2.26 - 2.78 ha) and 64 points in their matrix areas in Tokyo Metropolis during both wintering and breeding seasons in 2006. We measured area, latitude, and longitude of each woodlot by GIS, and estimated quality of the matrix areas surrounding each woodlot, using land cover ratios in 500 m and NDVI in 2,500 m buffers of each woodlot calculated from aerial photos and EOS-Terra/ASTER satellite imagery. We constructed multiple regression models explaining bird species richness in woodlots, using woodlot area, latitude, longitude, matrix land cover ratio, and NDVI, and that in matrix areas, using latitude, longitude, and land cover ratio. According to the models, it was suggested that open water in matrix areas influenced positively on migrant bird species richness in wintering season, and that agricultural and grassy land cover in matrix areas influenced positively on resident bird species richness in breeding season. In matrix areas, it was suggested that the amount of wood cover influenced positively on resident bird species richness in both seasons.

Methane emission from small wetlands and implications for semiarid region budgets

Despite considerable research, large uncertainties exist in the various area‐scales budgets of CH4 flux between soils and the atmosphere. We postulated that small wetlands greatly contribute to the CH4 budget in semiarid regions, where wetland contributions are often assumed to be insignificant. To test this hypothesis, small riparian mires of the Xilin River basin in Inner Mongolia were selected as a case study for weekly measurements of in situ CH4 flux. Average CH4 fluxes were 234.3 and −1.9 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 for the riparian mires and the upland grassland, respectively, during July–October 2003. Although the riparian mires cover only 0.4% of the Xilin River basin, their total CH4 emission was about half of the amount of CH4 consumed by the upland grassland with 89.7% land cover ratio. Our results indicate that estimated CH4 budgets for semiarid regions should include an assessment of small wetlands.

466各種土地被覆情報との分析による都市地表面アルベドの特性に関する研究

The urban surface albedo was estimated using four methods; 1) Panchromatic, 2) NVI (Normalized Vegetation Index), 3) Land cover ratio calculated by the constrained least square method, 4) Detail mesh data on land uses. The methods 1) -3) were derived from Landsat TM data. The histgram s of the estimated albedo were compared with each others. The result estimated by the panchromatic method was best. The result estimated by Detail mesh data on land uses had a problem based on the discrete values.