Land Consolidation Process Research Articles

Podziały gruntowe i ich wpływ na regres parametrów przestrzennego ukształtowania działek

The results presented in the study concern the analysis and assessment of the arrangement of plots on the example of a precinct that in the 1930s in Poland was subject to a process of partial land consolidation. The aim of the study was to assess the spatial arrangement parameters of the cadastral plots involved in plant cultivation. The research assumed the determination of the degree of defectiveness of the present land layout and the estimation of the degree of deterioration of the arrangement of plot boundaries between the present boundary layout and the boundary layout formed in the previous century. In addition, it was attempted to answer the following question: to what extent does the progressive fragmentation of plots over the years reduce the efficiency of agricultural production carried out in their area. The arrangement of the plots was studied using the ‘Qgis’ software, with the help of which all the necessary parameters of the spatial arrangement of the plots were estimated. In the research process, cadastral data and orthophotomaps, obtained from the geoportal of the Central Office of Geodesy and Cartography in Poland, were used. The assessment of the arrangement of the plots in both old and present variants was carried out through a synthetic measure of their arrangement in the form of the so-called cultivation costs, which depend on the spatial arrangement of the plots. The obtained result provided a basis for indicating the defects of the surveyed layout of boundaries, and for concluding that the defectiveness of the arrangement of plots depends to a large extent on the original layout of boundaries and on the degree of introduced changes in the land layout, which in the surveyed case was estimated at several percentage points.

Sustainable Peri-Urban Area Arrangement Using a Land Consolidation Approach (Case Study: Sanggulan Village, Tabanan Regency)

This research aims to explain the arrangement of peri-urban areas through a land consolidation approach that has been implemented by Sanggulan Village, Tabanan Regency. Land consolidation is an approach in organizing development by regulating land tenure, adjusting land use with spatial plans, procuring land for development purposes and improving the quality of the environment for sustainable development. Sanggulan Village is one of the peri-urban areas in Bali Province that has applied a land consolidation approach since 1984/1985. Despite facing several obstacles, the land consolidation process in Sanggulan Village was finally completed in 2019. Land consolidation in Sanggulan Village has had a positive impact, such as reducing land fragmentation, increasing development potential, improving accessibility, encouraging better property development, minimizing risk and uncertainty, and increasing investment value. This research uses a comparative case study and descriptive approach to find the positive impacts of implementing land consolidation for sustainable development in peri urban areas in Sanggulan Village. The results of this study can serve as an example for the arrangement of other peri-urban areas in Bali Province.

Data classification to improve the algorithm for assessing an external patchwork of land ownership

Research conducted for many years in Poland and around the world has demonstrated that defects in the spatial structure of agricultural land resulting from the common phenomenon of land fragmentation constitute one of important factors that contribute to the lack of rational land management. Reconstruction of the spatial structure of rural areas is essential for sustainable development of these areas. The process of land consolidation and exchange is a tool that can arrange space and lead to the desired structural changes, however, it has to be performed systematically and primarily in those areas where it is most urgently needed. With limited budget resources, it is reasonable to select objects for land consolidation in such a way as to obtain the best possible effect. In case of a selected group of neighbouring villages, a joint land consolidation procedure will enable better consolidation effects, inter alia by eliminating the external patchwork of land ownership. This article describes the modification and improvement in the methodology of designating areas with concentration of the external patchwork of land ownership. It is based on Czekanowski’s diagram and was originally presented in 2017. The applied classification of numerical data enables the elimination of undesirable numerical effects of calculations and simplifies the interpretation of the final results.

Does land consolidation promote livestock production and combat rural depopulation in northern Spain?

AbstractThis paper evaluates the effect on livestock production and rural population of the land consolidation (LC) processes that occurred over recent decades in Asturias, an autonomous region located in north‐west Spain. We use a novel Difference‐in‐Difference (DiD) model which allows for multiple LCs at different points in time and for spatial spill‐overs. As many parishes have been involved in two or more LC processes, we test whether we can simplify our analysis using a specification for these parishes that accumulates the effect of consecutive, and often distant, LC processes. We find that this simplification can be implemented when we analyse the effect of the LC processes on parishes' livestock production, but not when we examine their effects on parish population. We find that parish livestock production increases on average by about 3% once we take into account spatial effects, and that LC processes have especially attenuated the decline in the number of farms in (coastal) parishes where dairy farms predominate. We do not find strong evidence regarding the effectiveness of LC processes in redressing rural depopulation, except in some of the parishes located in western Asturias.

A comprehensive model for the implementation of agricultural land levelling and consolidation plan in the Abu Fazel region of Ahvaz.

It has been shown that land fragmentation can negatively impact the efficiency of farming. Therefore, experts recommend land consolidation process, as a logical and workable solution to solve the problems and complications caused by land fragmentation. Land levelling and consolidation is a process of land reform that changes the construction of agricultural lands which leads to rural development through reforming farm management. However, a single plan cannot be applied to different regions, even though they might be in the same country. Hence, it is vital to investigate multiple factors in a certain region to devise the perfect consolidation plan. The present study, which is a survey-exploratory research, is conducted to provide a comprehensive model to implement the plan for levelling and consolidation of agricultural lands in the Abu Fazel region of Ahvaz, Iran. This research is an applied field research which uses both library and field methods to collect the required data. The study population is in Abu Fazel in the northeast of Ahvaz in Zargan region. The results of the study show that cultural, social, economic, policy-making, educational, agricultural and managerial factors have an effect on the participation of farmers in the levelling and consolidation of agricultural lands in the study area (p≥0.01). Also, there is a strong positive relationship between these factors and the farmers' participation in levelling and consolidation of agricultural lands (p≥0.01). Among these factors, it is observed that policy is main factor. Policymakers can play an effective role in land consolidation and macro development on the one hand and agricultural and rural development. On the other, by accurately assessing the interactive effect of land consolidation and related factors, along with the effects of this process on the evolution of agronomic systems.

Regres ukształtowania działek po przeprowadzonym scaleniu gruntów

The results of the research presented in this paper concern the analysis and evaluation of the shape of parcels using the example of a precinct that underwent a land consolidation process in Poland in the 1930s. The aim of the study was to assess the spatial parameters of the record parcels involved in the cultivation process. The study included the determination of the degree of defectiveness of the present land layout and the estimation of the degree of deterioration of parcel boundaries between the present boundary layout and the boundary layout achieved after the consolidation. It also attempted to answer the following question: can a post-consolidation site from the last century have a land layout that allows for the current level of mechanisation of field work, and to what extent does the gradual fragmentation of parcels over the years reduce the efficiency of agricultural production in their area. The survey of the shape of the parcels was performed using the ‘Qgis’ software and the ‘SWORG’ Land Configuration Evaluation Support System. Cadastral data was used in the research process. The evaluation of the land parcel layout in both variants after the consolidation and in the present state was done with a synthetic measure of their layout, the so-called cultivation costs, which depend on the spatial layout of the parcels. The obtained result provided a basis for indicating the defects of the examined arrangement of borders and for determining that the defectiveness of the land parcel layout largely depends on the arrangement of borders designed in the consolidation process and on the degree of changes introduced in the land layout, which in the examined case was estimated at several percentage points.

The current and new legal regulations of spatial planning in the legal conditions of the Slovak Republic with an emphasis on spatial planning documents and spatial planning documentation

The subject of the presented article is the analysis of the spatial planning legislation that is currently valid and effective and its comparison with the spatial planning legislation that will come into effect on April 1, 2024, in the legal conditions of the Slovak Republic. The authors of the article focused primarily on the comparison of two basic spatial planning tools – spatial planning documents and spatial planning documentation. The issue of the spatial plan of the municipality is elaborated in more detail, while the article points to changes in its legal regulations in connection with the process of land consolidation and the battle against climate change.

Rural Land Consolidation and Social Consciousness Change: A Case Study of a Land Consolidation Program in Rural Chongqing, China

With the changing relationship between urban and rural areas in China, the rural areas are experiencing rapid social transformation. To ensure successful implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, land consolidation has become a major measure of rural economic reform. Existing research focuses on quantitative studies exploring the relationship between land consolidation and rural economic development, but there is a lack of studies on the relationship between land consolidation and social change. In this study, we utilized Rocha’s conceptual framework for community empowerment and selected Jin’an Village as our study area, using semi-structured interviews and semi-participatory observation to obtain original materials, with the aim of providing a detailed description of the specific practice of land consolidation and analyzing the impact of land consolidation on the transformation of rural social consciousness. The study found that the participatory practices of Chinese rural villagers in the land consolidation process are consistent with the development process of community empowerment. Rural land consolidation involves villagers in the land consolidation process, which can effectively stimulate villagers’ participation in public affairs. Concurrently, the interaction between villagers and outside investors disrupts the conventional socialization model in rural areas and motivates villagers to act in accordance with contractual agreements. The conclusion is that land consolidation in rural areas can enhance the political democracy and legal consciousness of local villagers, which can lead to a change in local social consciousness. Our findings also emphasize the crucial necessity of providing rural villagers with improved accessibility to professional services and information, coupled with the continued promotion of land consolidation to advance modernization in these areas.

Land Consolidation Process Based On Environmental Conservation and Urban Spatial Law

This article explores the benefits and implications of implementing a land consolidation process centered around environmental conservation and urban spatial law. The research in this article will use normative legal research methods with an analytical and descriptive nature. This article concludes that the land consolidation process based on environmental conservation and urban spatial planning law offers a holistic approach to promoting sustainable development. By integrating conservation practices and adhering to urban spatial regulations, the process ensures the preservation of natural resources, controlled urban expansion, sustainable infrastructure development, efficient land utilization, and the conservation of cultural heritage. Collaborative efforts among government, communities, and the private sector are essential for successful implementation. Applying this approach contributes to the overall improvement and preservation of the environment, leading to a more sustainable future.

GIS analyses of land consolidation in case of the highly fragmentated of parcels

Abstract Spatial planning and arrangement work of rural areas is constantly being renovated to improve the living conditions, land distribution and to facilitate work in this area by reducing the costs of transport. The most effective solution is consolidation and exchange of land, which is a difficult and time-consuming process. However, it significantly facilitates everyday functioning of the inhabitants of the village. It assumes reduction of plots of land belonging to the farm by increasing the area of other plots, regulating the shape, ensuring access to the public road and shortening the distances of individual farmland to their habitats (built on site). The purpose of this work was the analysis of land consolidation and exchange process for the village of Lukowa with the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) tools. Primary aim set at the beginning of the project is to compare the state before the land consolidation and the design of the parcel posting after consolidation. QGIS free software has been used to solve this problem. Two basic activities were carried out to compare the distance between built-up land and the remaining farmland. For this purpose, two analyses were performed: network analyses assuming the calculation of distance along the shape of roads and linear analyses determining the shortest distances between plots on a straight line. The work considers the real land distribution, the calculation of which is a time-consuming task. Many factors must be considered to accurately determine the correct distances. It is shown what difficulties and problems occur during the collection of data for analysis, with the correct indication of habitats and indicating the road network or aggregation of adjacent plots of one owner.

Potential of an Area in Terms of Pro-Climate Solutions in a Land Consolidation Project

Land consolidation plays an important role in promoting changes in agricultural land use and ensuring national food security. Moreover, it allows the land structure in rural areas to be built anew. By changing the spatial structure of the countryside, it is also possible to implement water and drainage measures as well as ecological and landscape measures aimed at improving farming conditions. At the same time, they have an impact on the climate. This study analysed the potential for the implementation of pro-climate solutions that can be applied when implementing a land consolidation project in terms of reducing wind speed, increasing humidity, and affecting carbon dioxide reduction. The analyses used an indicator of the potential for implementing pro-climate solutions based on an overall synthetic index taking into account 11 attributes. The results show that the micro-location potential in the context of the possibility of applying pro-climate solutions is not homogenous. It is affected, e.g., by the soil quality, the state of farming culture of the land in agricultural use, the resource and advancement of natural landscape components, and the local needs of agricultural producers to introduce environmental solutions that will simultaneously have a positive impact on farming conditions. According to research, peri-tree land can cluster, meaning that its character represents a spatial continuity. During the land consolidation process, this continuity should be preserved, especially in areas with inferior soil quality.

Proposed Algorithm for the Optimisation of the Process of Generating the Geometry of Land Use/Soil Valuation Classes for Land Consolidation

Consolidation of land is one of the main procedures for optimising agrarian structures and creating a space for sustainable rural development. A specific feature of a land consolidation project is its complexity and multiple aspects. The considerable number of complex operations making up the whole procedure implies the necessity of using specialist technical tools to ensure effective surveys. The latest developments in technology are giving way to dedicated solutions that can optimise the working time and quality of the outcomes of respective tasks. This paper outlines a self-designed algorithm for generating the technical layer of land use/soil valuation classes based on layers of soil class contours and land use contours, which are obligatory elements of a digital cadastre database in Poland. The fully automated procedure, next to efficient conversion of spatial data, involves detailed verification of the correctness of input data and elimination of various errors. The tool’s deliverable is a set of data necessary for proceeding with selected elements of the land consolidation process, such as comparative estimates of land value and farmstead designs based on land value. The designed tool was implemented at the Subcarpathian Office of Land Surveying and Agricultural Areas in Rzeszów (Poland). The proposed solutions contributed to considerable improvement in the time devoted to performing selected tasks and the substantive correctness of the results.

Automated Processing of Data in the Comparative Estimation of Land Value during Land Consolidation Works

Estimation of the value of land, underlying the design of constituent plots of the farmstead, is a decisive element of the complex procedure of land consolidation and exchange. Correctly estimated value of agricultural land is a prerequisite for adequate and equitable delimitation of land plots to improve the living conditions of local residents and ensure efficient and profitable agricultural activity. The dynamic development of technology contributes to the development of multiple tools, considerably improving design works and field surveys in the land consolidation process. The world reference literature also gives numerous examples of surveys to optimise the methods for estimating a land value for consolidation projects. However, in our opinion, despite a vast collection of self-designed calculation methods, available sources insufficiently address the optimisation of existing methods based on the current legal framework and implementing practices. This paper presents a self-designed solution for the fully automated performance of complex comparative estimation of land based on the existing cadastral data and a simplified array showing the estimated value. The tool resulted in developing a set of data for directly importing the outcomes of calculations into land surveying software supporting steps of the land consolidation process. Following detailed evaluation, the proposed self-designed solutions were implemented at the Subcarpathian Office of Land Surveying, and Agricultural Areas in Rzeszow for land consolidation works in the Subcarpathian voivodeship in southeastern Poland.

Analysis of Ecological Construction in the Process of Land Consolidation

Ecological environment protection has become a hot spot in the process of land consolidation. Land consolidation is a process of breaking the original ecological environment system and then rebuilding a new system. However, the lack of development of arable land reserve resources, the uneven quality of human settlements, and the lack of ecosystem protection and restoration technologies are still outstanding problems in land remediation. Therefore, attaching importance to land ecological construction plays an important role in promoting the implementation of China's current ecological civilization construction policy. In this paper, the idea of ecological protection and ecological construction should be carried through the whole process of land consolidation, the economic, social and ecological benefits of land consolidation project construction should be considered comprehensively, and the ecological construction problems in the process of land consolidation should be analyzed, and the concrete measures for ecological construction of land consolidation should be proposed. The research results provide scientific theoretical basis for the ecological construction of land consolidation and the development of ecological civilization in China.

Environmental impact assessment of land consolidation

Land consolidation (LC) is an important tool for the improvement of agriculture and rural development, which also includes environmental issues in most of the countries in Europe. This paper presents the most important results of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of land consolidation, conducted in the municipality of Vrsac through a pilot project based on the EU methodology set within the project: ?Strengthening Municipal Land Management in Serbia?, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft f?r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. During the summer of 2018, field survey was carried out at 90 locations, documenting the natural, semi-natural and man-made landscape elements of ecological or cultural values, assessing their quality and estimating the potential harmful environmental impacts of the land consolidation. The already existing negative impacts of intensive agriculture were also registered, such as abandonment or overgrazing of pastures and meadows, converting grasslands into arable land, soil erosion and habitat fragmentation. Although the area of LC is without natural forest and extremely poor in semi-natural elements of rural landscape, the existing entities were revealed as refuges for protected species. Some of the grassland fragments belonged to protected habitat types. The final categorization of the landscape elements was conducted in three levels. Category I landscape elements had to remain undisturbed; Category II landscape elements could be removed with obligatory ecological compensation, while the Category III landscape elements could be removed without environmental compensation. Recommendations were given pointing out the possibilities for improving the environmental characters of the area by the land consolidation process.

Industrial Revitalization of Rural Villages via Comprehensive Land Consolidation: Case Studies in Gansu, China

Although comprehensive land consolidation may stimulate industrial revitalization, the interactions and pathways between land consolidation and industrial revitalization are unclear. Using villages in China as case studies, the historical development process and pathways of comprehensive land consolidation, and rural industrial revitalization, are summarized and clarified. Development processes and pathways for villages in Puhe, Maosi, Dianzi, and Baicaopo in Gansu Province were compared. The comparison suggested the following nested generic strategy for revitalization, comprising: (1). A core strategy for guiding industrial development that consolidates the spatial layout; (2). Strengthening ecological restoration as a key part of the optimization strategy with (1); and (3). Including and enhancing cultural industrialization as a desirable supplement. Our study and worked examples can be applied to other villages or regions worldwide to explore the development path of village industry revitalization under the guidance of our proposed comprehensive land consolidation framework.

Spatial-temporal characteristics of cultivated land use eco-efficiency under carbon constraints and its relationship with landscape pattern dynamics

With China’s rapid urbanization and socioeconomic development, cultivated land has been experiencing continuous reduction, spatial shift, and ecological degradation in the past few decades, coupled with the decreasing and aging agricultural labor force, thus improving cultivated land utilization efficiency while minimizing associated environmental impacts is one of the major challenges facing China. This study first establishes an index system to access the eco-efficiency of cultivated land use (EECLU) considering both carbon sequestration and carbon emissions, next, employs the Super-SBM model to evaluate the spatial–temporal characteristics of EECLU, then, uses landscape metrics to describe landscape pattern dynamics of cultivated land, and finally conducts panel data analysis to investigate the relationship between landscape pattern changes and the EECLU variations. This framework was applied to Jiangsu Province, a major grain-producing area with a developed economy. The results showed that the average EECLU of the counties in rural Jiangsu from 2000 to 2020 slightly decreased, most counties were in the medium–low efficiency range (0.6–0.8), and Southern Jiangsu generally has the lowest EECLU values while Central Jiangsu has the highest. The total area and the average patch sizes of cultivated land have significantly positive impacts on EECLU, while the shape complexity and patch fragmentation have significantly negative impacts on EECLU. Therefore, comprehensive low-carbon strategies and better management and technology in the agricultural sector are needed to further improve EECLU. On the premise of protecting the total area of cultivated land, larger and more aggregated land patches should be promoted in the land consolidation process, and the cultivated land targeted for occupation or compensation should be able to simplify the overall shape of cultivated land patches.

Assessment of Land Consolidation Processes from an Environmental Approach: Considerations Related to the Type of Intervention and the Structure of Farms

The process of Land Consolidation (LC) is deemed an important instrument of rural development in many countries, where it contributes to the economic development and viability of their rural areas. This paper aims to analyze three areas of Castilla y León in Northwestern Spain, all having similar agronomic features. The above areas have recently undergone LC processes. This research proves LC can contribute to reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) using the rationalization introduced in the layout of the agrarian exploitations. For this purpose, this paper analyzes the effects of LC actions on the size, shape, and level of scattering of the owners affected and compares the energy consumption in every journey from the exploitation to each plot, as well as the number of row-end turnings within the plots. GHG reductions present significant differences depending on the LC technique carried out, the size of the area consolidated, and the different degrees of intensification of agricultural exploitations. Through the three LC projects analyzed, a reduction in GHG emissions of 23.60% in SA1, 11.46% in SA2, and 9.85% in SA3 would have been obtained. In total, 1067.34 t CO2 of GHG emissions would have been mitigated. In the light of the results obtained, LC can be considered an efficient process in the strategy of GHG reduction, all in line with the current commitments derived from the Paris Agreement. It is also necessary to continue to research the structure and importance of the consumption of fossil fuels in farming and its possible link to emission reduction policies.

Optimising Land Consolidation by Implementing UAV Technology

The increase in population and the growing demand for food that accompanies it drive the need to achieve sustainable agriculture. Technological progress and methodological novelties provide tools that may support the processes of improving the spatial structure of agricultural lands, as well as their management. One of the examples may be the application of photogrammetric and remote-sensing products to facilitate land consolidation. In the following paper, the systematised procedure of conduct is investigated to determine the moments at which these products could be adopted. In identifying the possibilities for implementing the abovementioned tools, we analyse the legal regulations governing the process and the literature on the subject, as well as some practical examples encountered in surveying practice. In addition, the usefulness of such geospatial products is tested on data gathered during an exemplary UAV flight. We then investigate the issues with implementing the abovementioned tools and assess their advantages and disadvantages in smart agriculture. The research proves that reliable elaboration of the consolidation project concept is critical for its correct realisation, while modern measurement methods providing efficient, up-to-date, factual data facilitate the procedures and support rational decision making. Moreover, they enable us to ensure the necessary accuracy of the data for the scope of the land use and avoid analysing a compilation of several cartographic materials concerning the surveyed object. In the present study, the RMSExyz mean square error at the control points for the orthomosaic, generated using the Matrice 210 RTK v2 professional flying platform, is 5.6 cm, while for the orthomosaic created from images from the amateur drone Mavic 2 Pro RMSExyz, it is 9.2 cm. The results obtained also indicate the usefulness of low-budget drones during the land consolidation process.

Social Aspects in Land Consolidation Processes

Land consolidation is an instrument that readjusts land parcel shapes and reallocates land rights in order to minimize farmland fragmentation, optimize agricultural output, and generate optimal living and working conditions in rural areas. The optimization and reallocation algorithms typically rely on monetarized values of land parcels, soil quality, and compensation amounts. Yet, land management interventions also need instruments for socio-spatial optimization, which may be in conflict with the monetary ones. Many non-monetary values are qualitative in nature. Hence, there is a research gap in how such values can be detected and incorporated, such that they can create a multi-dimensional land consolidation outcome. This study applies a situational analytical approach to investigate how, where, and when social values and belief systems play a role in land consolidation cases in three different study areas. This process enables the qualitative detection of which types of social values are central during land consolidations and which ones are most essential when evaluating outcomes of land consolidation. The synthesis derives that the incorporation of aims—such as addressing socio-spatial affinity, need for equity and fairness, human recognition, and good neighborship—is possible through an innovation in land consolidation practices, social valuation methods, and/or socially responsive land consolidation laws.