State Land Research Articles

Harvest, Export, Economic, and Legal Status of Land and Sea Snails in Türkiye

Harvest, Export, Economic, and Legal Status of Land and Sea Snails in Türkiye

Smart watering of ornamental plants: exploring the potential of decision trees in precision agriculture based on IoT

Ornamental plant farmers face various challenges due to climate change and environmental stress that significantly affect plant health and growth. This research overcomes these challenges by developing an intelligent watering system that uses internet of things (IoT) technology and decision trees (DTs) algorithms to optimize the use of planting land by ensuring plants grow in the most optimal conditions, both in terms of water and nutrients and increase land productivity. The system is built by integrating various sensors to monitor soil moisture, air humidity, temperature, and light intensity in real-time. The collected data is used to automate watering schedules and provide recommendations on suitable plant species based on the soil nutrient content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The use of the DTs algorithm helps in analyzing the data from the sensors and providing recommendations on the most suitable plants for the land. The smart watering system was tested in three zones, each simulating a different watering scenario, and successfully maintained optimal conditions for plant growth in each zone. The machine learning (ML) model with the DTs algorithm can predict the right type of ornamental plants based on the existing land conditions in three watering zones, with an accuracy of 89 %, 90 %, and 91 %, respectively. Furthermore, farmers can follow these recommendations to minimize damage and death of plants so that the level of productivity on the land becomes optimal.

Soil erodibility results of revegetation using bitti plant at various ages reclamation of quarry a lime stone mine at Pt Semen Tonasa, Pangkep District, South Sulawesi

Background: Limestone mine reclamation carried out by PT Semen Tonasa is carried out periodically as an effort to restore land conditions in a sustainable manner. The reclamation was carried out in the form of revegetation using endemic plants, namely the bitti plant (Vitex cofassus R.) which grows a lot in the southern part of Sulawesi. This study aims to determine the erodibility of the soil in limestone mine reclamation land planted with bitti plants. Methods: The method used is the survey method by determining the location of soil samples using the purposive sampling method based on the reclamation age planted with bitti plants in 2019, 2015 and 2010 and determining the erodibility value using the formula according to Wischmerier and Smith (1978). Parameters used included soil texture, soil structure, organic matter, soil permeability, soil pH, and soil unit weight. Findings: The results of this study indicate that the erodibility of the soil in the limestone mine reclamation land planted with bitti plants is classified as high due to the high dust content which is influenced by the parent material. The results of this study indicate that the erodibility value of the land reclamation in 2019 was classified as moderately low to moderately high, the land reclamation in 2015 was classified as moderate to moderately high, and the land reclamation in 2010 was classified as moderate to high. Conclusion: The factor affecting the erodibility of the soil in the reclamation area is the M value (percentage of very fine silt and sand). Novelty/Originality of this Study: The novelty of this study lies in the examination of soil erodibility changes over different reclamation ages in a limestone mine using endemic bitti plants. This research highlights the unique relationship between reclamation age and soil properties, contributing valuable insights into effective land reclamation practices in tropical karst environments.

Changing Pattern and Drivers of Land Use and Land Cover in Bagmati Province of Nepal

Land use and land cover (LULC) represents the physical component of the Earth's environment, and often changes as a result of natural and anthropogenic activities. This study carried out changing patterns and orientations of LULC types of Bagmati province of Nepal by using satellite images between 1996 and 2016. The study applied a classification scheme through support vector machines (SVM) for the period from 1996 to 2006, and 2006 to 2016. Our study explored that built-up area expansion was the major change witnessed which increased from 85.25 km2 in 1996 and sharply increased and labeled 250.06 km2 in 2016. Similarly, the forest land of the province increased by 329.02 km2 between 1996 and 2016. The status of cultivated land was found slightly decreasing trend, which was noted at 6113.50 km2 in 1996 and labeled at 5725.82 km2 in 2016. The shrubland of the province declined by 272.03 km2 from 1851.67 km2 in 1996 to 1579.64 km2 in 2016. However, the status of snow/ ice cover found at fluctuated form, which was noted 774.27 km2 in 1996, 1297.43 km2 in 2006, and 828.92 km2 in 2016. The increasing population trend is the main driver of the high rate of built-up area expansion and contraction of the cultivated land. Community forestry programs highly supported the expansion of forest cover. The proper implementation and improvement of the existing policy are the major concerns for sustainable LULC management in the province.

PRICING SYSTEM IN LAND LEASING IN REVIEW OF IJĀRAH 'ALA AL-MANĀFI' CONTRACT

In the fiqh context of land leasing, there are variations in scholarly opinion regarding the legality and conditions of leasing. Some scholars argue that the leased land must provide direct benefits to the tenant, such as for agriculture, while others allow leasing for commercial activities. Rental pricing is a major concern as factors such as location, economic potential and land condition affect the rental value. This study aims to determine the system of determining land rental prices for business premises in the perspective of the ijarah 'ala al manafi' contract. Qualitative methods are used with observation and interview techniques to understand the practice of leasing in the perspective of Islamic economics. From this research, the results obtained in the practice of leasing land in Krueng Barona Jaya District, the principles of Islamic law, especially in the ijârah 'ala al-manâfi' contract, have generally been followed, including clarity of object, price, and time period. However, there is a discrepancy in terms of land benefits that cannot be obtained directly, which according to the view of the Shafi'iyah scholars, states that the benefits of the lease must be used immediately. Therefore, there needs to be more attention in ensuring the agreement is in accordance with the provisions of fiqh so that all parties get fair rights and obligations, and to achieve blessings in every transaction.

China's onshore wind energy potential in the context of climate change

China has great potential for developing renewable energy to achieve its carbon neutrality goals. Orderly development of renewable energy is essential to enhance resource utilization efficiency and ensure safety during the energy system transition process. This study presents a thorough assessment of China's onshore wind power potential by considering the land suitability, the potential and temporal characteristics, and the impacts of climate change. The high-resolution maps combining wind resources with land conditions and climate scenarios are produced to provide insights into system planning, grid integration, and flexibility management. The results show that the capacity potential of onshore wind energy in China is 9.6 TW with an annual generation of 12.6 PWh, and 83 % of total capacity has a cost advantage with the levelized cost lower than the 60 $/MWh threshold. By comprehensively considering geographical, economic, and social criteria, around 8.1 % of the national territorial area is identified as the most suitable area for wind power development, primarily in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. The annual electricity generation from these areas can fulfill nearly 69 % of the nation's electricity demand. Future climate change projections indicate a remarkable generalized drop by 18 % in the north and a slight increase by 7 % in the south under the RCP 8.5 scenario. However, significant changes in wind resources are mostly within restricted areas, suggesting that future climate change would like to bring negative but limited impacts on wind power production in China.

Remote sensing for rangeland conservation monitoring: Impacts of livestock removal after 15 years

Abstract Degradation from overgrazing of global arid rangelands is of significant concern for this widespread terrestrial ecosystem, and the people who rely on its sustainable use. Addressing this degradation requires a better understanding of how livestock removal and conservation management actions affect the rehabilitation of land condition. However, the dominant effect of climate and meteorological variability on arid vegetation makes isolating management‐induced change a difficult task. We present an analytically simple method for measuring relative land condition by assessing differences in remote‐sensing‐derived persistent fractional vegetation between adjacent stocked and destocked regions over time. The 22‐year observation period focusses on vegetation recovery at a long‐established sheep station after the removal of livestock and the introduction of conservation‐focussed management. The study region, in the southern Australian arid rangelands, comprises sparsely vegetated chenopod shrublands and acacia woodlands across low‐lying plains. Comparison is made to immediately surrounding stocked properties in a spatial design where climate and biogeographic variables remain consistent across the study area. We found an unequivocal relative increase in vegetation cover, and reduction of bare ground cover at the destocked property that became evident approximately 8 years after a reduction in grazing pressure. Distinctly higher persistent vegetation cover was maintained, even during periods of drought. Non‐photosynthetic vegetation cover was most indicative of long‐term change and increased by 1.1% relative to surrounding areas. Photosynthetic vegetation cover increased by 0.5%, while bare ground cover decreased by 2.1%. These cover changes, particularly in the non‐photosynthetic vegetation and bare ground components spatially coincide with the fenced boundary of the destocked property. Synthesis and applications: The ability to quantify management‐related impacts in land condition using freely available remote sensing data could support improved management by all stakeholders in these regions. The method leverages readily available satellite remote sensing data in a study design that is not dependent on large geospatial and climatic datasets that are not necessarily available in remote regions.

Research on the Design of Aviation and Aerospace Hatch Door Mechanisms and Their Future Bionic Prospects

The design of the space hatch door mechanisms is crucial in the aerospace field, impacting not only durability and reliability but also the life safety of astronauts during space missions. This review extensively researches vehicle doors and hatches in civil and military systems across various environments, including land, sea, deep sea, aviation, aerospace, and extreme conditions. Specially, it focuses on the structural design of hatches and related mechanisms in civil aviation and military aerospace environments, such as opening and closing mechanisms, release mechanisms, locking mechanisms, sealing mechanisms, and the ergonomic design of door structures. The review highlights the integration of bionic design principles with hatch mechanisms to explore future solutions. By systematically examining these aeras, this review addresses the lack of comprehensive studies in previous reviews, which often overlook the interconnectivity and applicability of hatch mechanisms across different fields. The absence of such holistic reviews has led to fragmented knowledge and missed opportunities for cross-industry innovation. This review aims to fill these gaps by providing a wide range of design solutions and offering insights that can enhance the development of more reliable, efficient, and safe hatch mechanisms in aerospace and other high-stakes environments.

Yield and Agronomic Performance of Sweet Corn in Response to Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. under Arid Land Conditions

Yield and Agronomic Performance of Sweet Corn in Response to Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. under Arid Land Conditions

Biophysical Resource Characterization, Identification and Prioritization of Major Constraints and Potentials of Gara Ebanu Community Watershed in Sululta District, Ethiopia

Baseline characterization helps to understand the initial livelihood condition of the people in the watershed before and after the intervention of the project to measure the amount of change attained by the project. The objective of the study was to characterize baseline information on the existing biophysical resource used as benchmark for planning and impact monitoring and to identify and major constraints and potential in the watershed. The watershed was selected depending on agro-ecological representation, prevalence of resource management and land degradation problems and accessibility for intensive follow-up. Based on the preliminary outlet identified during the watershed selection process, the watershed boundary was delineated using GPS data and the map of watershed was geo-referenced and digitized for its contour, roads, rivers, and other features. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study and primary data was collected through field observation, household survey, focus group discussion and interview of the key informants. From the total 103 household heads living in the watershed, 62 household heads were selected as a respondent for the study. The collected data was managed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel 2010. The results of the study showed that about 29.4% of the watershed slope was characterized by flat lands, 45.7% moderate slope and 24.9% steep lands. As well as soil fertility status of cultivated land in the watershed were 33.9% low, 55.9% moderate and 10.2% high. The results of the study showed that the major constraints identified by sampled household heads were decline of soil fertility, soil erosion, climate change, land shortage, and deforestation were significantly contributed to the low crop yield in the watershed. About 27.4% of the sampled households had encountered decline of soil fertility problems, 25.8% of sample farmers encountered soil erosion problem, and 22.6% of sample farmers encountered climate change problem in the watershed. From the identified major constraints, the highest priorities were given for decline of soil fertility, soil erosion problem, shortage of feed and fodder, and decline of crop productivity respectively. In the watershed, immediate short-term actions should be taken particularly participatory integrated watershed management were recommended.

Dynamics modeling of a three-legged sea floor drill rig hard-landing and analysis of influence of landing conditions on its responses

Touchdown is a decisive step in the underwater deployment of the sea floor drill rig (SFDR), but the related research is still in its infancy. Therefore, a spatial seven degrees of freedom (DoF) dynamic model of the three-legged SFDR "Seabull Ⅱ" hard landing was established, and a simulation platform was built. In addition, the influence of landing conditions on the dynamic responses was understood through orthogonal simulations, which indicates that: (a) The maxima of outrigger axial-force-loads are mainly affected by the sediment elastic coefficient; the maximum of connecting strut lateral-force-load is mainly affected by the slope of the landing surface (SLS). (b) The acceleration-load is not a point that requires special attention for SFDR hard landing. (c) For control strategies, it is recommended to set the release height from seabed (RHFS) at 2–3 m, and to choose a smaller leg-opening-angle (LOA) based on the actual sea condition and seabed environment. (d) For the optimal design of the SFDR supporting system, it is advisable to increase the friction coefficient between the footpad and sediments by changing the structure and surface characteristics of the footpad, as well as to add a function of variable support area to the footpad.

Terminal Soft Landing Guidance Law Using Analytic Gravity Turn Trajectory

This paper presents an innovative terminal landing guidance law that utilizes an analytic solution derived from the gravity turn trajectory. The characteristics of the derived solution are thoroughly investigated, and the solution is employed to generate a reference velocity vector that satisfies terminal landing conditions. A nonlinear control law is applied to effectively track the reference velocity vector within a finite time, and its robustness against disturbances is studied. Furthermore, the guidance law is expanded to incorporate ground collision avoidance by considering the shape of the gravity turn trajectory. The proposed method’s fuel efficiency, robustness, and practicality are demonstrated through comprehensive numerical simulations, and its performance is compared with existing methods.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Soft and Reactive Landing of Proteins Desorbed by Argon Cluster Bombardment.

Reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to investigate the soft and reactive landing of hyperthermal velocity proteins transferred to a vacuum using large argon clusters. Experimentally, the interaction of argon cluster ion beams (Ar1000-5000+) with a target biofilm was previously used in such a manner to transfer lysozymes onto a collector with the retention of their bioactivity, paving the way to a new solvent-free method for complex biosurface nanofabrication. However, the experiments did not give access to a microscopic view of the interactions needed for their full understanding, which can be provided by the MD model. Our reactive force field simulations clarify the landing mechanisms of the lysozymes and their fragments on collectors with different natures (gold- and hydrogen-terminated graphite). The results highlight the conditions of soft and reactive landing on rigid surfaces, the effects of the protein structure, energy, and incidence angle before landing, and the adhesion forces with the collector substrate. Many of the obtained results can be generalized to other soft and reactive landing approaches used for biomolecules such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.

Investigating smallholder farmers’ practical experiences, perceptions and response to climate change: An empirical analysis in Cameroon

Climate change is constraining rural wellbeing, agriculture and food security. This necessitates adaptive strategies to overcome negative effects especially at the level of low-income tropical farming households. Using survey data from farming households in the Western Highland and the Bimodal Rainfall Humid Forest agro-ecological zones in Cameroon, this study evaluates the socio-economic and institutional factors associated with farmers’ perception and adaptive response to climate variability and change. We employed a logistic regression model to estimate the drivers of farmers’ perception. Our results show that farmers’ experience and land status (ownership) are positively associated with farmers’ ability to perceive climate change in the Western highlands agro-ecological zone. Access to credit, membership in a farmers’ organisation and gender are significant drivers in the Rainforest agro-ecological zone. Our findings show that different socio-economic and institutional factors drive perception and these factors differ between zones. The findings have important implications for short-term adoption of coping strategies and medium-term adaptation planning. We suggest that farmers’ capacity is improved through early-warning climate information and the creation of farmer field school to vulgarise climate smart farming techniques and supplemented with timely technical support from the governmental extension services.

Multi-Factor Evaluation of RHL Success in Neniari Village, Indonesia

General Background: Forest and land rehabilitation (RHL) is essential for addressing critical land conditions, aiming to transform unproductive lands into areas that can enhance community living standards through increased productivity. Specific Background: In Neniari Village, the RHL program has been implemented with mixed success, utilizing agroforestry systems and involving various species, including both timber and non-timber plants. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies often lack detailed analysis of the factors influencing RHL success at a community and ecological level. Aims: This study seeks to evaluate the overall success of the RHL program in Neniari Village by considering plant survival rates, environmental factors, and community participation. Results: The survival rate of plants averaged 70%, indicating a moderate level of rehabilitation success, which did not meet the targeted benchmarks. Novelty: This research uniquely combines biotic and abiotic factor analyses with community engagement levels to assess RHL outcomes. Implications: The findings highlight the need for enhanced community involvement and improved environmental condition management to boost RHL success rates, suggesting adjustments to future rehabilitation strategies.Highlights: Community Involvement: Higher levels of community participation are directly linked to the success of rehabilitation efforts, indicating the need for more focused engagement strategies. Plant Survival: An average survival rate of 70% among various plant species underlines the challenges of RHL in achieving its goals, pointing towards the necessity for improved environmental management. Agroforestry Benefits: Utilizing agroforestry systems has shown potential benefits in enhancing ecological diversity and economic returns, suggesting its suitability for RHL practices. Keywords: Forest Rehabilitation, Community Participation, Agroforestry Systems, Plant Survival Rates, Environmental Factors

IDENTIFIKASI LAHAN KRITIS SKALA 1:25.000 BERBASIS CITRA SENTINEL 2 DAN DEMNAS RESOLUSI 8 METER (STUDI KASUS SUB DAS CIKAPUNDUNG JAWA BARAT)

Critical land is a condition of land that is no longer able to carry out its functions properly because it has experienced physical, chemical, and biological damage. One area that has the potential to experience critical land problems is the Cikapundung Sub-watershed, West Java. This research aims to identify the existence of critical land in the Cikapundung Sub-watershed area by integrating the Geographic Information System, Sentinel-2 Imagery, and DEMNAS as well as mapping the distribution of land criticality levels in the Cikapundung Sub-watershed at a detailed scale (1:25,000). The research was carried out from May to August 2023. The research was carried out using spatial analysis methods by overlaying thematic maps of each critical land parameter consisting of maps of land cover, erosion, and slope. The results of overlaying all critical land parameter maps were then analyzed using a scoring method to classify the level of land criticality and create a critical land distribution map in the Cikapundung Sub-watershed area. The results of identifying critical land in the Cikapundung Sub-watershed area produced five classes of land criticality, namely uncritical, potentially critical, rather critical, critical, and very critical. The identification results show that there are 4210.94 ha (13.83%) of land identified as critical land in the Cikapundung Sub-watershed area. The results of mapping the level of land criticality in the Cikapundung Sub-watershed show that the Cikapundung Sub-watershed area which is included in the forest area is dominated by the moderately critical land criticality class, while the Cikapundung Sub-watershed area which is outside the forest area is dominated by the uncritical land criticality class.

Daughters and Inheritance: Babylonian Boundary Stone 9 and Numbers 27

Abstract A daughter’s ability to inherit property is treated differently in various ancient Near Eastern cultures. This paper examines the difference between land inheritance by daughters in Israel and Babylon using the text of Numbers 27 and Babylonian Boundary Stone 9. The unique status of land and land allotment in the two societies are explored as well as the implications for the status of daughters. The conclusion from the comparison is that the biblical text excludes daughters because of limited landholdings and the desire to maintain the property inheritance from the initial land allotment event. However, Babylonian Boundary Stone 9 allows daughters to inherit more easily because of fluid landholdings and multiple (royal) land allotment events.

Improvement of superior soybean variety, Biosoy-1 for aluminium tolerance character

Abstract Indonesia has lot of sub-optimal land, especially outside Java, but generally the land is acidic, contains lots of heavy metals and is poor in nutrients, making it less suitable for agriculture, including soybean cultivation. Efforts to improve land conditions through the application of liming are quite helpful, but are inefficient because they are easily washed out by rainwater and require expensive labor and costs for large areas. The use of tolerant and adaptive varieties for acidic land are effective solutions. Biosoy-1 and Biosoy-2 are new superior soybean varieties released by Ministry of Agriculture which have high yield potential (more than 3 tons/ha) and big grain, but are less adaptive to sub-optimal land so that the planting area is still limited. Efforts to improve the Biosoy variety for aluminum stress tolerant have been carried out through the introgression of the MaMt2 gene from transgenic soybean lines into the Biosoy variety. Thirty of F1 soybean seeds have been produced and 24 plants of them were positive for carrying the MaMt2 gene. Furthermore, the F1-MaMt2 plants were backcrossed to Biosoy several times in order to obtain a soybean line with high yield and tolerance to aluminum stress. Currently, a total of 16 number of BC3F1 seeds are being planting in confined screen house for molecular analysis and following by backcrossing to Biosoy-1 variety to produce BC4F1 seeds.

ANALISIS DAYA DUKUNG LAHAN PERTANIAN SEBAGAI UPAYA MENDUKUNG KETERSEDIAAN PANGAN DI KAWASAN SLEMAN TENGAH

The Central Sleman area is a peri-urban area directly adjacent to Yogyakarta, making land conversion increasingly prevalent and unavoidable. In comparison, the Central Sleman area has a role as one of the food barns due to fertile land conditions and is suitable for agriculture. Intensive conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land will result in the loss of productive agricultural land, resulting in decreased rice production. This will result in high rice imports and reduced employment in the agricultural sector. This research aims to analyze the development of agricultural land use, its projection, and the carrying capacity of agricultural land in the Central Sleman Region. The calculation of the agricultural land carrying capacity is based on Odum, Howard, and Issard. The results showed that the Central Sleman Area has a decreasing rate of change in the agricultural land area every year in Kapanewon. The calculation results of agricultural land's carrying capacity show that in 2020, land's carrying capacity exceeded 0.83. The results of the projection calculation in 2024 found that 4 out of 5 Kapanewon in the Central Sleman Region cannot achieve food self-sufficiency. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land, mainly through increasing the productivity of food crops and protecting agricultural land from land conversion.

Analysis of Carbon Flux Characteristics in Saline–Alkali Soil Under Global Warming

ABSTRACTThe carbon cycle of saline–alkali ecosystems will be affected to some extent in the context of future global warming. Therefore, we investigated the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of three typical crops (wheat, maize and soybean) in the saline–alkaline land of the Yellow River Delta. To further investigate CO2 fluxes, NEE was decomposed into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re). In terms of seasonal variation, wheat and soybean were carbon sources in the early and late growth periods, and carbon sinks in the rest of the period, whereas maize was a carbon sink in the majority of the period, and maize had good carbon sink potential. The cumulative NEE during the growth periods for wheat, maize, and soybean were 414.86, 258.24 and 228.92 g cm−2, respectively, and the daily variation showed that the peak NEE values for the three crops preceded the peak values of both GPP and ecosystem respiration, occurring approximately at 12:00 a.m. In the correlation analysis, NEE and GPP of the three crops were well correlated with photosynthetic photon flux density and net radiation, whereas Re was significantly correlated with air temperature. Through a comparative analysis of CO2 fluxes within various agricultural ecosystems, our findings indicated that wheat demonstrated moderate carbon sequestration capabilities, whereas maize and soybean exhibited strong carbon sink characteristics. Notably, saline–alkali crops exhibited lower Re, whereas GPP levels remained at a moderate range. Therefore, under the global warming trend, the respiration of saline crops and soils will be affected and may change the original carbon sink into a carbon source. Hence, implementing suitable measures targeting saline–alkali areas, such as the establishment of an effective crop rotation system and the enhance saline–alkali land conditions, can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, thus reducing the pressure of global warming and maintaining a stable carbon cycle in saline–alkali land.