Laminate Veneers Research Articles

Comparison of the Color Change of Porcelain Laminate Veneers Produced by Different Materials After Luting with Three Resin Cements.

This study aimed to compare color change of porcelain laminate veneers fabricated with two lithium disilicate ceramics and a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic material after luting with conventional dual-cure, amine-free dual-cure, or light-cure resin cements using artificial accelerated aging (AAA). Ninety noncarious human maxillary central incisors were embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks to prepare conventional laminate veneers with incisal coverage. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=30) to fabricate laminate veneer restorations using: (1) lithium disilicate ceramic, (2) lithium disilicate ceramic with high-density micronization, and (3) zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic. Impressions of the preparations were taken with a laboratory scanner. Acquired 3D images were processed into a surface tessellation language file. Data were exported for 3D printing on a printer, and laminate veneers were printed in castable wax resin. Ceramic veneers were heat-pressed after investment according to the manufacturer's recommendations and further divided into three groups (n=10) according to luting cement type: (1) light-cure resin cement, (2) amine-free dual-cure resin cement, and (3) conventional dual-cure resin cement. Color measurements were performed from the middle of each specimen with a spectrophotometer before and after AAA for 300 hours with a total energy of 150 kJ/m2. Color changes were calculated with the CIEDE 2000 (ΔE00) formula. Color differences were assessed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α=0.05), and the paired t-test was used to compare the L*, a*, and b* parameters in each group before and after aging. There were no significant differences between the ceramic groups (p>0.05). The color changes of the materials ranged from 2.26 to 3.13. All materials were above the clinically acceptable limit (ΔE00>1.8). The conventional dual-cure resin cement group showed more color change (p>0.05). Color changes were observed in all porcelain laminate veneers after artificial accelerated aging. The zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate veneers showed similar color changes as lithium disilicate veneers; the amine-free dual-cure resin cement showed a similar color change as light-cure resin cement after aging.

Aesthetic Rehabilitation with Veneers Using Digital Precision: A Case Report

Smiling is an essential aspect of daily life, and a confident smile can greatly impact an individual's self-esteem. Aesthetic correction of the anterior teeth poses a challenge in dentistry, particularly in cases where there is spacing between the teeth. This can lead to a lack of confidence and negatively affect a person's self-image. Laminate veneers, a cosmetic dental procedure, involve attaching a thin layer of porcelain or resin composite material to the surface of a tooth. Compared to conventional methods, digital technology offers greater precision and efficiency in placing laminate veneers. Computerised templates guide the teeth preparation process, ensuring minimal tooth structure removal and accurate fitting of the veneers. The present report presents a case (43-year-old female patient) of spacing in the maxillary anterior that was corrected using a minimally invasive technique with laminate veneers and a fully digital workflow using lithium disilicate. The use of this material enhances the aesthetics of the patient's smile, requiring minimal tooth reduction and providing a natural appearance. The paper also includes a nine-month follow-up. Incorporating digital technology in the creation and placement of laminate veneers offers numerous benefits, including improved accuracy, reduced turnaround time, and the ability for patients to preview their enhanced smile.

An in-vitro study comparing the mass of tooth structure removed following different restorative procedures in anterior teeth – An Original Research

Purpose – The aim of this study was to measure the mass of tooth structure removed in - Porcelain Laminate Veneers, Metal ceramic and All-ceramic crown preparation. To compare the mass of tooth structure removed from maxillary and mandibular incisors with canine teeth. Material and Methods – The study was conducted on a sample size of sixty teeth, selected based on the criteria that they had a single intact root, was free of caries, attrition, abrasion, erosion and had no sign of dental restoration. The bucco-lingual and mesio-distal dimensions of each specimen was measured at the cemento-enamel junction by using a thickness gauge and weighed. The specimen teeth were then prepared for receiving Porcelain laminate veneer, conventional metal ceramic and all-ceramic restoration according to pre-determined standardized preparation design. Results – There was statistically significant difference in mean final weight between laminate veneer & metal ceramic. (P value <0.05). In laminate veneers there was significantly less loss of weight as compared to the other types of preparations. Percentage of weight loss in laminate veneer was minimum followed by all ceramic & metal ceramic. The percentage of loss of tooth structure for incisor and canine group for all selected types of restorations were not significantly difference. (P value >0.05). Conclusions – Though the metal ceramic restorative procedure is most widely practiced across the world it demands highest amount of tooth structure removal. So, when clinical condition permits, considering this restorative procedure, the clinician may think over the other modalities of treatment once more.

A case of porcelain laminate veneer restoration on the adjacent supernumerary tooth after extraction of a maxillary central incisor with poor esthetics

A case of porcelain laminate veneer restoration on the adjacent supernumerary tooth after extraction of a maxillary central incisor with poor esthetics

Esthetic improvement of discolored teeth using porcelain laminate veneers

Esthetic improvement of discolored teeth using porcelain laminate veneers

Effect of Preparation Depth on Marginal Accuracy of Translucent Zirconia Laminate Veneers

Effect of Preparation Depth on Marginal Accuracy of Translucent Zirconia Laminate Veneers

Clinical Performance of Ceramic Laminate Veneers Made with Celtra Press and IPS E. Max Press Ceramic (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial)

Clinical Performance of Ceramic Laminate Veneers Made with Celtra Press and IPS E. Max Press Ceramic (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial)

Advances in Diastema Closure and Tooth Shape Change

Diastema is a prevalent condition that causes poor aesthetics and increased self-consciousness among individuals. Diastema is defined as a gap or distance of two or more neighbouring teeth. Many patients desire the closure of diastemas for cosmetic reasons. In the event of normal physiological development, diastemas with widths of less than 2 mm in nine-year-old children frequently close on their own. Although if they fail to close split Essix plates or finger springs on a detachable device, they can be used for closure. However, to control the angulations of the crown and roots in adults with broader diastemas, fixed appliances are required for correction. By using a range of alternative treatment procedures, including all-ceramic crowns, metal-ceramic crowns, porcelain laminate veneers, direct composite veneers, and indirect composite veneers, the diastema closure can be conservatively completed without the need for braces. It has become difficult for endodontists to meet the needs of young people who are used to expecting speedier aesthetic outcomes in a set amount of time. A composite resin buildup provides a solution for all of the patients' vivid needs during this crisis. Various prosthodontic rehabilitation, restorative, and orthodontic procedures and their derivative techniques are employed in dental practice for the closure of diastemas. The availability of diverse procedures and techniques in recent times has allowed the patient to achieve an aesthetically pleasing smile. In this paper, we aim to review the existing evidence from the literature for advances in diastema closure and tooth shape change.

Current Ceramic Laminate Veneer Cementation Protocol

Current Ceramic Laminate Veneer Cementation Protocol

Marginal Fit of Porcelain Laminate Veneer Materials under Thermocycling Condition: An In-Vitro Study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cervical marginal fit of porcelain laminate veneer (PLV) restorations made from two different types of CAD/CAM ceramic laminates: CEREC C PC and E.max (LD). Materials and Methods: This in-vitro experiment used a total of 32 human maxillary first premolars that were clean and free of any cracks or caries, extracted for orthodontic purposes. The samples were divided in a random way into two study groups: A and B (n = 16). Each sample was mounted on a dental surveyor and a silicon impression was made to create a silicone index for each tooth in both groups. Standardized preparation was carried out for all the samples by using preparation bur kit for the ceramic veneer system. Subsequently, digital impressions were made for all the samples by using Trios 3 shape intraoral camera (Sirona Dental Systems). The design of veneer restorations was made using Sirona inLab CAD SW 16.1 with CEREC inLab MC XL (Dentsply, Sirona Dental Systems, Bensheim, Germany). The veneer restorations were cemented using 3M RelyX veneer resin cement (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and the samples kept in distilled water for two weeks at 37 °C. All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling in a water bath with temperature varying between 5 °C and 55 °C for 500 cycles. The cervical marginal fit of veneers was evaluated by a digital microscope after sectioning the embedded teeth in acrylic resin. Results: The lowest mean of cervical marginal gap was recorded for Group A (91.59431 ± 1.626069) which was restored with CEREC CAD/CAM veneers, while the highest mean value of the gap was recorded for Group B (106.48863 ± 2.506684) which was restored with IPS E.max CAD. The t-test showed that the type of porcelain veneer restoration had a highly significant effect on the cervical marginal fit (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: CEREC CAD/CAM veneers showed smaller cervical marginal gaps, indicating a better fit compared to the IPS E.max CAD.

Freehand vs. depth-gauge rotary instruments for veneer preparation: A controlled randomized simulator study.

To investigate whether depth-gauge burs in veneer preparations influence preparation depth in a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial and whether inexperienced operators can perform adequate veneer preparations. Participants were 20 undergraduate dental students with no prior veneer preparation experience. The instruments used were the "Laminate Veneer System" (LVS), "Keramik-Veneers. de" (KVD), and a "Freehand" group (FH) for reference. All participants prepared three educational acrylic resin maxillae and three mandibular central incisors mounted in typodonts in patient simulators. The objectives were to achieve a preparation depth of 0.6 mm (tooth 11) and 0.4 mm (tooth 31). The sequences of the instruments used and prepared teeth were randomized. The measurements were performed using a laser triangulation coordinate-measuring machine. The data were stratified according to tooth location. The preparation depths of both depth-gauge-instrument-groups LVS and KVD achieved the objectives significantly better than did the instruments from the "Freehand" group (P < 0.001). The differences between the depth gauge groups were insignificant, although the maximum preparation depths were smaller in the KVD group. Regarding the prepared teeth, the preparation depths in the mandibular incisors were lower, and the differences were smaller. The use of special depth-gauge burs for initial veneer preparation leads to significantly lower preparation depths than "Freehand" preparations. The tapered instruments resulted in a lower incidence of extreme preparation depths. The inexperienced operators performed veneer preparation remarkably well.

Examination of the Shear Force Resistance of Laminate Veneers Adhered with Different Resin Cements

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the mechanical properties of laminate veneers to determine their resistance to the shear force of three different types of cement used in the restorations. MATERIAL and METHODS: Laminate veneers were prepared using the standard tooth preparation methods for 30 extracted maxillary central incisors. To standardize the depth, guide burs were used to prepare a depth of 0.5 mm from the buccal angle. The samples were allocated into three randomized groups (n = 10): Group A (resin using the total etch method and Variolink Esthetic DC resin cement; Group B (resin using the PANAVIA F2.0 self-etch method; and Group C (self-adhesion bonded with Rely X U200 resin cement). The prepared specimens were stored in distilled water for one week before a shear test was used to determine the resistance of the veneers to the bonding. The obtained data were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: The values of the shear bond strength were statistically significant depending on the type of resin cement that was applied (p ˂ 0.05). The specimens that were cemented using the total-etch method (18.79±4.48 MPa) had the lowest shear force value. The obtained data were evaluated statistically by Tukey multiple comparison test (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The cement is a highly effective factor in the bonding between fixed prosthetic restorations and the abutment tooth, and the cement used must have sufficient resistance to shear forces.

Effect of ceramic and resin cement type on color stability and translucency of ceramic laminate veneers for diastema closure: an in vitro study

To investigate the effect of resin cements on the color stability and translucency of ceramic laminate veneers used for diastema closure. Sixty resin abutments were prepared for ceramic laminate veneers and divided into six groups according to the ceramic type (lithium disilicate, zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate, and translucent zirconia) and the cement type (Variolink Esthetic LC and RelyX Veneer). Color coordinates and translucency were analyzed after cementation and after soaking in the coffee solution. Differences in color and translucency were estimated, and results were statistically assessed (α = 0.05). Ceramic materials showed a significant impact on color changes after soaking in coffee within Variolink Esthetic groups. Translucent zirconia showed the highest color change, followed by zirconia reinforced lithium silicate and lithium disilicate. Ceramic materials showed a significant impact among the RelyX Veneer groups. A significant interaction in color changes was found between ceramic types and cement types after cementation, and after soaking in coffee was found. All groups showed a clinically acceptable difference in translucency parameters after soaking in coffee. The resin cement affects the color and translucency of ceramic laminate veneers used for diastema closure, and ceramic laminate veneers bonded with Variolink Esthetic LC resin cement are more translucent, while ceramic laminate veneers bonded with RelyX Veneer resin are more resistant to coffee staining. The lithium disilicate laminate veneer is more resistant to coffee staining than zirconia reinforced lithium silicate and translucent zirconia laminate veneers used for diastema closure.

Digitally designed and additively manufactured tooth reduction guides for porcelain laminate veneer preparations: A clinical report

Porcelain laminate veneers are a conservative treatment to enhance esthetics, tooth shape, color, and contours. Enamel preservation during tooth preparation is essential for the long-term success of these micromechanically retained partial coverage restorations. Different methods have been described to clinically assess tooth preparation relative to definitive restorative contours. This clinical report describes a digital workflow to fabricate 3-dimensionally (3D) printed tooth reduction guides based on digital esthetic planning. These 3D printed reduction guides help clinicians visualize and gauge tooth preparations relative to the desired restorative contours, aid in enamel preservation, and overcome some of the limitations associated with conventionally fabricated tooth reduction guides.

Er:YAG Laser Debonding of Lithium Disilicate Laminate Veneers: Effect of Laser Power Settings and Veneer Thickness on The Debonding Time and Pulpal Temperature.

Introduction: Er:YAG laser is a non-destructive tool for debonding of laminate veneers. This study investigated the effect of different laser powers on the pulp temperature and the time required to perform the debonding of lithium disilicate laminate veneers with different thicknesses. Methods: The labial enamel of 48 maxillary central incisors was flattened and polished. The teeth were restored with flat lithium disilicate ceramic veneers (4.0 mm×6.0 mm) with one of two different thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm). Veneer debonding was performed with an Er:YAG laser with a wavelength of 2940 nm, pulse duration of 100 μm (VSP mode), 10 Hz, and one of the three laser power settings: 1.5 W (150 mJ), 3.0 W (300 mJ). and 5.4 W (540 mJ) (n=8). Veneer detachment time and intra-pulp temperature change (ΔT) were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test (α=0.05). The correlation between debonding time and temperature change was calculated using Pearson's correlation. Results: The longest time was recorded to remove the 1.0-mm veneer at 1.5 W (P<0.05) and the shortest time was recorded when deboning the 0.5 mm veneer with 5.4 W (P<0.05). ΔT decreased significantly with increasing laser power. A low correlation was found between time and ΔT (R2=0.113). Conclusion: Laser power and veneer thickness are important factors for veneer debonding; thinner veneers are removed faster. When debonding thick veneers, 5.4W laser power is more efficient and causes fewer changes to the pulp temperature.

Computer-aided design expertise affects digital wax patterns of CAD/CAM laminate veneers more than single crowns.

There is controversy in the literature regarding clinical outcomes of CAD/CAM laminate veneers. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of different levels of CAD expertise and different software programs on the reliability and reproducibility of digital wax patterns of laminate veneers and single crowns. The present preliminary in vitro study was performed on 10 prepared maxillary central incisors available in dental study models. Of the total, five central incisors were prepared with shoulder finish lines for single crowns, whereas the other five underwent incisal shoulder preparation for laminate veneers. The models were scanned using an intraoral scanner. Four dentists (group DENT) and four CAD dental technicians (group CAD) with expertise in different software programs performed digital diagnostic waxing on all prepared teeth. The resulting digital wax patterns (n = 80) were exported as standard tessellation language (STL) files and superimposed on gold standard digital wax patterns (obtained from the original shape of the teeth before preparations). 3D mesh deviations at the cervical margins as well as distal, mesial, and incisal/palatal surfaces between each STL and the gold standard digital wax patterns were calculated in millimeters using a CAD software program. The mean time required by each operator to perform digital waxing was also recorded. Paired comparisons between groups DENT and CAD as well as between nondental and dental software programs were performed for the crowns and laminate veneers using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and paired t tests (α = 0.05). For group DENT, median deviations for single crowns were 0.15 mm (range: 0.08 to 1.05 mm) and for laminate veneers they were 0.15 mm (range: 0.08 to 0.76 mm). For group CAD, median deviations for single crowns were 0.16 mm (range: 0.09 to 0.73 mm) and for laminate veneers they were 0.10 mm (range: 0.06 to 0.53 mm). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a statistically significant difference between groups DENT and CAD (P = 0.041) and between the software programs (P = 0.029) for laminate veneers, but not for single crowns (P > 0.05). Furthermore, mean times required for group CAD and for dental software programs were significantly shorter than those for group DENT (P = 0.001) and for nondental software programs (P = 0.001), respectively. Within the limitations of the present study, the findings suggest that CAD expertise and the software program significantly affect digital wax patterns for laminate veneers, but not for single crowns. (Int J Comput Dent 2022;25(4):361-0; doi: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3555819).

Marginal Adaptation of Veneers: A Systematic Review.

This study aimed to systematically review the literature to evaluate the marginal adaptation of veneers using different fabrication methods, namely, conventional feldspathic porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs), computer-aided design-computer-aided machining (CAD-CAM) veneers, and pressed veneers.A comprehensive literature search was performed using electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) as well as hand searches to identify all relevant studies related to veneers and marginal adaptation. The identified studies were screened for assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included articles were then subjected to data extraction and analysis. The search resulted in 130 articles, of which six were included in this systematic review. All included articles were assessed for adaptation of margins. Based on the findings of this systematic review, no significant differences were found in the marginal adaptation of CAD-CAMand conventional feldspathic PLVs. The marginal fidelity of ceramic veneersissuing from the various fabrication techniques was clinically acceptable.

Clinical report and fractographic analysis of a fractured partial laminate veneer

Ceramic partial laminate veneers represent a conservative option for the correction of morphological abnormalities, diastemas, and fractured anterior teeth, with minimal or no tooth preparation. The present clinical report describes the use of a partial laminate veneer to correct the shape of a maxillary right central incisor to match the restoration of the more damaged adjacent tooth. The failure of the partial laminate veneer after only 18 months was analyzed using a systematic fractographic approach, identifying critical considerations that should be addressed when providing this type of restoration.

Damage resistance and open-hole strength of thin veneer laminates: Adopting design and testing principles from fibre-reinforced polymers

Bulky, thick solid wooden parts are typically used despite the fact that such cross-sections do not yield the optimal load transfer. This study investigates thin quasi-isotropic [90/45/0/−45]s Beech veneer laminates subjected to a range of mechanical tests derived from fibre-reinforced counterparts. The results of standard tension, open-hole tension and compact tension tests in combination with digital image correlation and cross-sectional microscopy reveal that Beech veneer laminates can be tested and analysed in the same manner as fibre-reinforced laminates, leading to consistent values of strength and damage resistance as a result of reliable and repeatable damage patterns. It is found that modulus (5.5 GPa), tensile strength (70 MPa) and open-hole strength as well as translaminar fracture energy (5 – 14 kJ/m2) are one order of magnitude lower compared to fibre-reinforced polymer composites.

Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Anterior Malalinged Dentition with E-Max Laminate Veneers-A Case Report

Various different procedures have been advocated in literature to correct dental anomalies specially in the aesthetic region such as discolouration of tooth due to fluorosis or spacing in dentition due to change in shape of tooth like peg laterals. One of the most common treatment modalities to treat such cases are using VENEERS. This case report presents conservative and aesthetic procedure in the management of malalinged anterior teeth with E max lithium disilicate laminate veneers.