Laminar Flow Region Research Articles

Effect of Mud Rheology on Cuttings’ Transport in Drilling Operations

Settling of solid particles in drilling fluids represents a major problem, necessitating effective removal of drilled cuttings to the surface of the well to maintain safe and profitable drilling operations. Experiments were conducted using two group of drilling fluids, Newtonian (water, gas-oil, kerosene, and ethyl-glycol) and Non-Newtonian (Carboxyl Methyl cellulose (CMC)) in four different concentrations. Four cutting sizes were used, with diameters 0.212, 0.445, 0.672, and 0.853 cm, taken from the Garraf area of the Nasirya oil fields. The test results showed lower Reynolds numbers within the laminar flow region compared with the Turbulent flow region. The drag coefficients decreased with increasing particle Reynolds number, and small particle sizes gave higher drag coefficients and lower Reynolds numbers, while large particles gave lower drag coefficients and higher Reynolds numbers in both Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids. The results indicate that an increase in CMC concentration will decrease NRep and increase the drag coefficient for different particle sizes. For non-Newtonian fluids, the settling velocity decreases with increases in CMC concentration due to increases in the viscous forces that oppose settling of particles, while in Newtonian fluids, the settling velocity increases with increasing particle size due to gravity forces increasing. The low CMC concentrations (low n, and high k) offer higher settling velocities, while larger particle sizes give lower drag coefficients than smaller ones.

Impact of left ventricular outflow tract flow acceleration on aortic valve area calculation in patients with aortic stenosis

Objective: Due to its circular shape, the area of the proximal left ventricular tract (PLVOT) adjacent to aortic valve can be derived from a single linear diameter. This is also the location of flow acceleration (FA) during systole, and pulse wave Doppler (PWD) sample volume in the PLVOT can lead to overestimation of velocity (V1) and the aortic valve area (AVA). Therefore, it is recommended to derive V1 from a region of laminar flow in the elliptical shaped distal LVOT (away from the annulus). Besides being inconsistent with the assumptions of continuity equation (CE), spatial difference in the location of flow and area measurement can result in inaccurate AVA calculation. We evaluated the impact of FA in the PLVOT on the accuracy of AVA by continuity equation (CE) in patients with aortic stenosis (AS).Methods: CE-based AVA calculations were performed in patients with AS once with PWD-derived velocity time integral (VTI) in the distal LVOT (VTILVOT) and then in the PLVOT to obtain a FA velocity profile (FA-VTILVOT) for each patient. A paired sample t-test (P < 0.05) was conducted to compare the impact of FA-VTILVOT and VTILVOT on the calculation of AVA.Result: There were 46 patients in the study. There was a 30.3% increase in the peak FA-VTILVOT as compared to the peak VTILVOT and AVA obtained by FA-VTILVOT was 29.1% higher than obtained by VTILVOT. p]Conclusion: Accuracy of AVA can be significantly impacted by FA in the PLVOT. LVOT area should be measured with 3D imaging in the distal LVOT.

Boundary Layer Transition Models for Naval Applications: Capabilities and Limitations

We describe the implementation of several recently developed boundary layer transition models into the overset computational fluid dynamics code, REX, developed at the University of Iowa, together with an evaluation of its capabilities and limitations for naval hydrodynamics applications. Models based on correlations and on amplification factor transport were implemented in one- and two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence models, including modifications to operate in crossflow. Extensive validation of the transition models implemented in REX is performed for several 2- and 3-dimensional geometries of naval relevance. Standard tests with extensive available experimental data include flat plates in zero pressure gradient, an airfoil, and sickle wing. More complex test cases include the propeller, P4119, with some experimental data available, and the generic submersible, Joubert BB2, with no relevant experimental data available, to validate the transition models. Simulations for these last two cases show that extensive regions of laminar flow can be present on the bodies at laboratory scale and field scale for small vessels, and the potential effects on resistance and propulsion can be significant. 1. Introduction Progress for prediction of attached, fully turbulent flows for practical aerodynamic and hydrodynamic applications has reached a relatively mature plateau. However, according to a recent comprehensive review of pacing items (Slotnick et al. 2014), the single largest hurdle for incorporating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) into the design process in the near future is the ability to accurately predict turbulent flows with boundary layer transition and separation. Transition can impact skin friction, heat transfer, noise, propulsion efficiency, and maneuverability. This is especially true at model scale and for small craft such as unmanned or autonomous surface and underwater vehicles.

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of flow through immobilized catalyzed packed bed reactor for removal of 4-chlorophenol from wastewater

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the packed bed reactor (PBR) was carried out using ANSYS Fluent software. The various process parameters, such as inlet concentration of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), flow rate, bed height, and porosity, were optimized to predict maximum biodegradation of 4-CP in immobilized catalyzed PBR. The geometrical mesh of the PBR was constructed using Gambit software, and a mesh size of 236995 was selected from the grid-independent study. A laminar flow model was used to understand the hydrodynamics as well as concentration profile of 4-CP inside the PBR using Fluent software. Through CFD, the effect of the flow rate, inlet concentration, and the bed height and porosity of the immobilized catalyst bed on the static pressure, mass imbalance, velocity, and stress-strain field inside the PBR was visualized. CFD simulation study predicted that maximum biodegradation of 4-CP was found in the presence of 500 mg/L of inlet concentration of 4-CP, 4 mL/min of flow rate, 18 cm of bed height and 0.375 of porosity. An experimental study was conducted for wastewater flow through the &lt;i&gt;B. subtilis MF447840.1&lt;/i&gt; immobilized catalyzed PBR to remove the 4-CP in the laminar flow region. It was evident that CFD simulated results agreed well with experimental values.

Interface-resolved numerical simulations of particle-laden turbulent flows in a vertical channel filled with Bingham fluids

In this paper, a fictitious domain method is used to perform interface-resolved numerical simulations of particle-laden turbulent flows in a vertical channel filled with Bingham fluids. The interactions between the particles and the turbulence are investigated at a bulk Reynolds number of 8000 (based on the mean velocity and the channel width), a particle/channel size ratio of 0.1 and a particle volume fraction of 2 %. The Bingham number based on the mean velocity and the channel half-width is 0.0, 0.54 and 3.0, respectively. Both neutrally buoyant and weak particle settling effects are considered. Our results indicate that the yield stress of Bingham fluids has drag-reduction effects by weakening the turbulence, and the addition of the particles enhances the flow friction. The Saffman lift force is important to the particle concentration distribution across the channel. Particle sedimentation attenuates the fluctuating velocity and Reynolds stress, resulting in a smaller flow friction compared with the neutrally buoyant case. When the fluid plasticity is strong, the single-phase flow has considerable temporal and spatial intermittencies. The vortex structures in one half-channel can be stronger than those in the other half-channel for a long period, resulting in the asymmetry of the statistics for a long time. The vortices are preferentially concentrated in streamwise-extended bands. The vortex bands and the laminar flow regions are largely segregated in the spanwise directions, and the vortex bands in the two half-channels are also typically staggered in the spanwise direction. The addition of the particles suppresses such vortex structures, the enormous intermittency and the asymmetry during the transition in the single-phase flow.

Study of the effect of tilting lateral surface angle and operating parameters on the performance of a vertical shell-and-tube latent heat energy storage system

In this paper, a comprehensive mathematical model is developed to study the thermal energy storage performance in vertical shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems with different tilting lateral surface angles. This model integrates heat transfer in heat transfer fluid (HTF), HTF tube and phase change materials (PCM). It is validated using experimental data and then applied to investigate effects of tilting lateral surface angles on the enhancement of natural convection in the LHTES system. The results show that increasing the tilting lateral surface angle largely enhances heat transfer in the melting process whilst it has negative effects on the solidification process. The total melting time reduces by 45% as the tilting angle increases from 0° to 7°. An optimal tilting angle of 4° is identified based on the trade-off between melting and solidification processes. Furthermore, the effect of HTF operating parameters on the performance of the LHTES system is evaluated. It shows that the melting and solidification time of the LHTES system with a tilting angle 4° reduces by 22% and 8.5%, respectively, as the HTF flow Reynolds number increases in laminar and transition flow regions. However, increasing the HTF flow Reynolds number does not show significants effect under turbulent flow regions. The variation of the HTF outlet temperature is also investigated. The temperature difference between the HTF inlet and outlet is found small at all studied HTF flow rates, which indicates that assumption of the constant HTF surface temperature boundary in simulations in the literature is reasonable.

Experimental analyses on heat transfer performance of TiO2–water nanofluid in double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger for various flow regimes

Nanofluids are widely used in heat transfer applications. This article presents the effect of heat transfer and pressure drop of the TiO2–water nanofluids flowing in a double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger with various flow patterns. In this experimental work, performance of TiO2–water nanofluid on heat transfer in three different cases such as laminar, transition and turbulent flow region were analyzed. TiO2 nanoparticles with average diameters of 20 nm dispersed in water with three volume concentrations of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 vol% were used as the test fluid. The results show that the heat transfer of nanofluids is higher than that of the base liquid (water) and increased with the increase in Reynolds number and particle concentrations. The heat transfer rate of nanofluid with 0.5 vol% was 25% greater than that of base liquid, and the results also show that the heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids at a volume concentration of 0.5 vol% was 15% higher than that of base fluid at given conditions. Pressure drop of nanofluid was increased with increase in volume concentration, and it is slightly higher than that of the base fluid.

Characterizing Influence of Transition to Turbulence on the Propulsive Performance of Underwater Gliders

Two models of underwater gliders were tested in a wind tunnel: one corresponding to a legacy shape commonly used in contemporary vehicles and the other a scaled down version of a new design. Performance of the two vehicles was characterized over a range of speeds and angles of attack. Particular attention was paid to the effect of sharp features along the hulls of the two vehicles and how they affect the observed flow regime. It has been shown that the new design, which uses a bow shape designed to encourage natural laminar flow, benefits from a 10% reduction of parasitic drag and 13% increase in lift-to-drag when the hull surface is smooth. The legacy glider, made up of a faired bow and a cylindrical hull, suffers from laminar separation and up to 100% increase in induced drag if the flow over its bow is prevented from transitioning to a turbulent state before encountering adverse pressure gradient at lower Reynolds numbers. This results in lowering of attainable speed at shallow glide path angles, whereas the associated parasitic drag reduction is demonstrated to increase the maximum velocity of the glider when moving at glide slopes greater than approximately 30°. 1. Introduction Underwater gliders are autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that rely on using a buoyancy engine to ascend or descend through the water column, and by adjusting their pitch, they can use this vertical motion to develop forward thrust from their hydrofoils. This propulsion method allows them to undertake long-endurance missions, often several months long (Eriksen 2003; Rudnick et al. 2004; Graver 2005). Hydrodynamic performance of an underwater glider is primarily governed by its lift-to-drag (L/D) ratio, which dictates the minimum glide path angle the vehicle may adopt, and drag coefficient, which affects the maximum forward speed the glider may achieve for a fixed amount of vertical force developed (Graver 2005). It is thus important to minimize the drag of the AUV to allow it to perform longer deployments and gather more science data without increasing the size of the engine. Because of the typical Reynolds numbers on the vehicle hulls being less than 106 and of the order of 104–5 on the appendages, laminar and transitional flow regions may occur. Correctly identifying these is critical to achieve a robust performance prediction.

High-Reynolds number transitional flow simulation via parabolized stability equations with an adaptive RANS solver

The accurate prediction of transition is relevant for aerodynamic analysis and design applications. Extending the laminar flow region over airframes is a potential way to reduce the skin friction drag, which in turn reduces fuel burn and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper introduces a numerical framework that includes the modeling of transition effects for high Reynolds number flows in a high-fidelity, Reynolds–averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) aerodynamic design framework. The CFD solver uses a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element approach and includes goal-oriented adaptation. The Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model is used for the closure of the governing equations. In the flow stability analysis, the nonlocal, nonparallel effects that characterize boundary layers are accounted for by using the parabolized stability equations (PSE). Transition onset is obtained through an eN method based on the PSE computations, while a smooth intermittency function includes the transition region length. Numerical results for the NLF(1)-0416 airfoil present good agreement with experimental data, improving the computations when compared to fully-turbulent ones.

Thermal mixing enhancement of liquid metal film-flow by various obstacles under vertical magnetic field

Heat removal techniques of various liquid divertor concepts have been widely studied. In this study, thermal mixing characteristics of the liquid metal film-flow with locally heated on the surface under the vertical magnetic field were experimentally investigated by using various types of obstacles as a vortex generator. Especially, the efficiency of heat transport was investigated by the thermocouples installed on the bottom-wall. The velocity distributions were measured using the electric potential probe rake on the downstream of the channel. A delta-wing, a hemisphere or a cubic obstacle was used as a vortex generator installed at the center of the bottom-wall. The experiments were conducted for laminar flow region where Re = 487–1583 and in the range of N (=Ha2/Re) = 0–149 in the vertical magnetic field in the acrylic rectangular duct. GaInSn alloy was used as a working fluid. According to the comparison of heat flux distributions on the bottom-wall, the entire distributions moved towards the upstream with increasing of the strength of the vertical magnetic field for all cases. This tendency means the heat removal from the free-surface of liquid metal film-flow to the bottom-wall can be shortly achieved in case of the relatively high vertical magnetic field.

Aerodynamic Parameter Prediction via Artificial Hair Sensors with Signal Power in Turbulent Flow

Spatiotemporal surface flow information obtained from distributed arrays of bioinspired hair sensors are capable of predicting the real-time aerodynamic parameters (i.e., lift, moment, angle of attack, and freestream velocity) on a representative wing section. When combined with an appropriate model of the system, these sensors can provide vital information about gust disturbance as well as state estimation of an aeroelastic system, both of which are essential for effective vibration suppression control system design. In a typical aeroelastic system undergoing a periodic change in bending and torsion motion, a number of hair sensors can be in turbulent flow regions at any instant, resulting in random vibration response. This paper specifically investigates the effect in aerodynamic parameter prediction when sensor measurements from both laminar and turbulent flow regions are combined. It also investigates the idea of incorporating the sensor signal power along with sensor information to increase the prediction accuracy in such a scenario. The experimental results show that incorporating sensor response from both laminar and turbulent flow regions improves the prediction for the whole operating region containing both positive and negative angle of attack. Moreover, incorporating the signal power further improves the prediction accuracy and precision.

An innovative study on low surface energy micro-nano coatings with multilevel structures for laminar flow design

Laminar flow design is one of the most effective ways to reduce the drag of a commercial aircraft by expanding the laminar flow region on the surface of the aircraft. As material science develops, the emergence of new materials such as low surface energy materials has offered new choices for laminar flow design of commercial aircraft. Different types of low surface energy micro-nano coatings are prepared to verify the effects on the boundary layer transition position and the drag of the airfoil through wind tunnel tests. The infrared thermal imaging technology is adopted for measuring the boundary layer transition, while the momentum integral approach is employed to measure the drag coefficient through a wake rake. Infrared thermal imaging results indicate that the coatings are capable of moving backward the boundary layer transition position at both a low velocity of Mach number 0.15 and a high velocity of Mach number 0.785. Results of the momentum integral approach demonstrate that the drag coefficients are reduced obviously within the cruising angle of attack range from 1° and 5° by introducing the low surface energy micro-nano coating technology.

Predicting the Pressure Drop of Corrugated Sheet Structured Packings in Deep Vacuum Applications

Advanced corrugated sheet structured packings are considered a natural choice for&lt;br /&gt; deep vacuum distillation. In many of these applications that occur at absolute pressures&lt;br /&gt; below 0.01 bar at the top of the column, the low density gas/vapor driven by pressure&lt;br /&gt; ascends through an irrigated packed bed under laminar flow conditions. This implies that the packing geometry features aiming to reduce the form drag of advanced packing may not be as effective, if at all, as experienced in common applications where turbulent flow prevails. To consider this appropriately, a theoretically founded expression for laminar flow friction factor has been incorporated into Delft model (DM). With this extension, the predicted pressure drop within laminar flow region approaches closely that estimated using well-established empirical model available in software package SULCOL. In absence of adequate experimental evidence, extended DM was validated using newest data obtained at FRI with an advanced wire gauze structured packing in total reflux experiments carried out with paraxylene/orthoxylene system at 0.02 and 0.1 bar top pressure in a column with internal diameter of 1.22 m.

Momentum and heat transfer from an asymmetrically confined rotating cylinder in a power-law fluid

In the present study, the momentum and heat transfer aspects from an isothermally rotating cylinder immersed in a power-law fluid, confined symmetrically and asymmetrically between two parallel walls are considered. The governing equations are solved numerically for the rotational Reynolds number (10−3≤Re≤40), Prandtl number (1≤Pr≤100), power-law index (0.02≤n≤1), blockage ratio (10−3≤β≤0.9999) and asymmetry ratio (10−4≤γ≤1) to elucidate the role of these parameters on the momentum and heat transfer characteristics. The results reported herein pertain to the two dimensional, steady, incompressible power-law fluid in the laminar flow region. The numerical strategy and method used here are validated by comparing the present results with some of the available experimental and numerical studies, showing good agreements. As far as can be ascertained, it is the first systematic numerical study of a rotating cylinder immersed in power-law fluids elucidating the complex interplay between the rheological and kinematic parameters. The flow field is visualized by plotting the streamlines and, hydrodynamic forces and torque acting on the rotating cylinder are computed. The numerical results are supplemented by a lubrication approximation analysis relevant to highly confined cases, i.e., large values of β. In this case, when confinement increases, the asymptotic scaling of the torque is given by ε−1/2 where ε denotes the non-dimensional gap between the cylinder surface and the nearest wall. The heat transfer characteristics are presented in terms of the isotherm contours, and the local and average Nusselt numbers as functions of the aforementioned governing parameters. The rate of heat transfer exhibits a positive dependence on the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, confinement and the degree of asymmetry while the shear-thinning behavior decreases the rate of heat transfer above the corresponding value in Newtonian fluids. Finally, the present results are consolidated by fitting them in the form of a predictive correlation for the average Nusselt number for different blockage ratios studied herein.

Analysis of natural circulation frictional resistance characteristics in rod bundle channel

A considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the thermal-hydraulics characteristics of rod bundle channels which is of great importance for the nuclear industry. This paper will show that the development of the correlation of the frictional resistance coefficient in rod bundle channels under natural circulation conditions is well understood. This paper presents experimental studies of the single-phase resistance and obtains an improved correlation of the frictional resistance coefficient under natural circulation conditions based upon thermal-hydraulics characteristics which are well understood. It is also shown that this newly developed correlation closely predicts data.The experimental results show that the frictional resistance coefficient of a rod bundle channel under natural circulation is related to the physical properties of fluid and the size of the rod bundle channel. According to different flow regions, the relationship between the frictional resistance coefficient and Reynolds number is discussed separately, and the expressions of frictional resistance coefficient with Reynolds number in laminar flow region and transition region are obtained. After considering the influence of fluid properties on the frictional resistance coefficient, this paper introduces the kinematic viscosity correction factor to correct the frictional resistance coefficient. Finally, the complete expression of the frictional resistance coefficient was obtained. This newly developed predictive expression is in good agreement with experimental data in both the laminar and transition flow regions, with a relative error within ±5%. Thus we now have a predictor of the frictional resistance coefficient under natural circulation conditions based upon more complete thermal-hydraulic parameters in a static state.

Flow effects in the reattachment region of supersonic laminar separated flow

The structure of a laminar separation flow around a compression corner at a free-stream Mach number M∞ = 6 is considered. The existence of a new element in the reattachment area—a high total-pressure layer—is shown. This layer is located downstream from the reattachment line above the boundary layer, and its total pressure is higher than that in either the boundary layer beneath it or the supersonic flow above it. Its appearance is due to the difference in the total pressure losses of the streamlines passing through a compression-wave fan and a shock wave in the reattachment zone. The vortex structure in the area of attachment is considered and the formation of streamwise vortices is shown. The origin of these vortices is similar to that of Taylor–Goertler vortices in subsonic flow. The pressure-pulsation distribution in the reattachment zone is also analyzed. It is shown that the spectrum of wall-pressure pulsations in the separation zone has two local maxima, the first caused by longitudinal fluctuations in the separation region and the second by pulsations of the vortices.

Neural-network-based error reduction in calibrating utility ultrasonic flow meters

In this paper, a Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) based calibration is proposed for a utility ultrasonic flow meter. The measured flow range is from 0.2 to 4 m3 per hour. Due to the presence of transient flow in a significant portion of the flow range, as well as very low flow velocity in the laminar flow region, nonlinear effects appear that cause a variable bias error with fluid flow changes. Therefore, in order to reduce the bias error and increase the accuracy of the flow meter measurement, the use of neural network is considered in the flow meter calibration due to its nonlinear mapping ability. Neural network training is done based on input and target data. The sing-around method is used to measure signal time of flight. In this study, the goal is to achieve an error of less than 1.5%. To evaluate the suggested method, two-point calibration and bracketing method were also used and the results were compared. Since calibration equations is a mapping between the flow meter and prover or master meter reading, the objective is to reach a method that is able to predict or map the flow rate with a smaller error. Although the two-point calibration method resulted in good statistical agreement between the flow computer output and base values at data collection points, it failed in attaining the above objective, but the bracketing technique worked with a prediction error slightly better than 1.5%. On the other hand, using a MLPNN produced a maximum prediction error of 1.21%, and thus, the best output. This shows that the use of Artificial Intelligence as an efficient calibration tool is worth further exploration.

Numerical investigation into power extraction by a fully passive oscillating foil with double generators

Abstract A new concept of energy conversion system based on fully passive oscillating foil with double generators to extract energy from pitching and swing motions respectively is proposed and numerically tested. The shedding vortices in the wake drive a C-shape foil to pitch around a pivoting axis, and the resulting periodic lift force drives the foil to swing around an arm. Two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes simulations under Re from 1100 to 11000 are carried out to study the fluid-foil interaction. The effects of pitching damping factor, swing damping factor and incoming flow speed are systematically studied. Numerical results demonstrate that the use of pitching generator not only provides extra pitching power, but also improves the swing power. It is also found that the maximum power coefficient and efficiency increase with flow speed slightly in the laminar flow region, but the influence of Re is very limited. The analysis of the correlation between pitching and swing motions shows that the energy conversion system possesses the possibility of connecting pitching motion with swing motion and further simplifying the system.

Safety profile characterization of a cosmetic silanol compound in vivo

The heat transfer process to a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid inside a scraped surface heat exchanger has been experimentally analysed. The scraping device consists of a rod with semicircular pieces mounted on it, which are in contact with the inner surface of the pipe. The whole moves axially and thus, the pieces scrape the inner surface of the pipe, in order to avoid fouling formation and enhance heat transfer.Pressure drop, heat transfer and power consumption measurements, using non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids, have been carried out in static and dynamic conditions of the scraper. Four flow regions have been identified: attached laminar, detached laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regions. A generalization method for the fluid viscosity that includes the effects of the non-Newtonian behaviour has been used. Friction factor and Nusselt number have been successfully correlated by employing the generalized viscosity on pressure drop and heat transfer results, both in static and dynamic conditions, for three of the four identified flow regions (it was not possible to get correlations in the transition to turbulent flow region). The study shows that, despite the high power consumption of the scraping movement, the device is suitable for an industrial process using non-Newtonian fluids, since it prevents fouling, increases heat transfer, provides flexibility and enhances the final product quality. Furthermore, the obtained correlations are a valuable tool in the design of heat exchangers.

Bio-inspired self-agitator for convective heat transfer enhancement

Convective heat transfer plays an important role in both the fundamental research and the development of high-performance heat exchangers. Inspired by blades of grass vibrating in the wind, we developed a self-agitator for convective heat transfer enhancement. Because of fluid-structure interactions, the agitator, with self-sustained vibration, can generate strong vortices to significantly break the thermal boundary layer and improve fluid mixing for enhanced convective heat transfer. In particular, we establish a methodology to link the vorticity field at a preferred frequency to the optimal improvement in the convective heat transfer. To identify the self-agitator preferred frequency, mode analysis is performed with simulation results using dynamic mode decomposition. Experimental results are also obtained to further validate the proposed approach. These results show that the proposed self-agitator design can improve the convective heat transfer by 120% in a conventional heat exchanger without additional pumping power requirements and can achieve a Nusselt number of up to 30 within the laminar flow region, which is improved by 200% with the same Reynolds number compared to the clean channel.