Laminar Crossflow Research Articles

Structure of dense plumes from a finite-height cylinder in laminar crossflow

Structure of dense plumes from a finite-height cylinder in laminar crossflow

Numerical investigation on the transverse jet into a supersonic crossflow with different pressure ratios

The jet can be applied to the yaw control of a projectile, however, the complex interaction of the jet with the supersonic mainstream makes the flow field complex and yaw force unpredictable. To reveal the evolution of flow structures under different pressure ratios (PRs), or momentum flux ratios, a transverse sonic jet injected into a supersonic laminar crossflow has been studied numerically. Large-eddy simulations are employed to simulate the flow fields and evolution tendency of flow structures under different PRs of 10, 50, 100, 300, and 500. Our results show clearly the shock and flow structures of the jet interaction with crossflow under different PRs. Moreover, we find that, with the increase of PR, a larger upstream recirculation zone (RZ) and jet shock core appear, which accelerates the transformation of the bow shock (BoS) and the instability of the jet shear layer due to its stronger interaction with the crossflow. In addition, a high PR also accelerates RZ instability and produces a strong compressing effect on the major counter-rotating vortex pair in the jet flow, which makes the streamwise vortex tube stronger in the wake. These findings provide important information for applications of jet control of projectiles.

Inertial capture of aerosol particles using liquid bridges in cross flow

We investigate the inertial capture of aerosol particles, suspended in a laminar cross flow between parallel plates, by stationary cylindrical liquid bridges. We track the motion and fate of individual aerosol droplets (3–9 μm diameter) suspended in a flow moving across a single liquid bridge or two-bridge systems, using high-speed imaging under a microscope. First, we measure the capture efficiency by inertial impaction of an isolated liquid bridge collector as a function of the aerosol particles Stokes number and show that it agrees with the efficiency calculated for rigid particles moving in a potential flow past a solid cylinder. We then consider two-bridge systems, that is two parallel cylindrical collectors oriented perpendicular to the flow, but offset from each other. We investigate the effect that the upstream collector has on the effective capture efficiency of the downstream test collector, depending on the transverse offset and Stokes number. The offset is the relative displacement of the downstream collector normal to its axis and in the direction perpendicular to the freestream flow. For small values of the transverse offset, smaller than the radius of the collector, small (zero) effective efficiencies are measured for the test collector, due to a partial (complete) shielding effect by the upstream collector. The effective efficiency thus increases from zero with increasing transverse offset, above a threshold value for complete shielding. As the transverse offset increases further, effective efficiencies larger than the efficiency of an isolated bridge are measured for the test collector, showing enhanced capture due to the redistribution of particles moving past the upstream collector. The relative increase in the inertial capture efficiency is significant for Stokes numbers around (but below) unity, 0.45≲St≲0.9, with relative gains as large as approximately 50%. There is an optimum offset displaying maximum effective efficiency and larger offset values lead to a slight decrease in measured efficiencies. These results demonstrate the importance of the relative arrangement of individual collectors on the overall inertial capture efficiency of aerosol particles and suggest that an array of bridges in a slanted configuration (with optimal transverse offsets) could be used as a high-performance filtration system for aerosol particles.

A parametric study of rectangular jets issuing into a laminar crossflow

A parametric study of rectangular jets issuing into a laminar crossflow

Flow measurements of jet impingement upon a semicylinder with crossflow

In this work, time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) measurements have been carried out to investigate the structural features of a submerged transverse round liquid turbulent jet discharged into a confined laminar crossflow. The duct Reynolds number based on crossflow velocity is fixed at Re=3000, and the impinging jet is directed to a semicylindrical concave surface located in one of the walls of a vertical square duct. The spatial development and flow dynamics are analyzed along several orthogonal planes parallel/perpendicular to the jet axis for jet Reynolds numbers based on the jet exit diameter of Rej=3000, 6000 and 9000 (jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios of r=3.27, 6.53 and 9.80), respectively. For this purpose, mean and ensemble-averaged velocity and vorticity distributions, turbulent statistics, and Reynolds shear stresses are obtained for various injection rates. Spectral analysis reveals the shedding frequencies of the wake vortices, and the pairing and breakup processes of the evolving large-scale coherent structures have been related to the measured wake Strouhal numbers. Our results indicate that due to the curvature of the target surface and the upwash of the jet impact, the size of coherent structures decreases with increase in the value of Rej. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the flow using the snapshot method is applied to extract the dominant features of the turbulent flow. It is observed that at the symmetry plane and for Rej=3000, 6000 and 9000, the energy collected by the first two dominant eddies contribute to 14.98%, 18.68%, and 17.89% of the turbulence kinetic energy, respectively. Our results show that the evolution of the time-resolved temporal coefficients of degenerate pairs of modes (1, 2) represent the flapping motion of the jet. Moreover, the amplitude of the oscillations of the flapping jet and the complexity of the flow structure increase for increasing values of Rej.

Numerical investigation and optimization of laminar cross flow confinement effects and information fusion on heated circular cylinder using TOPSIS method

Numerical investigation and optimization of laminar cross flow confinement effects and information fusion on heated circular cylinder using TOPSIS method

Intelligent VIV control of 2DOF sprung cylinder in laminar shear-thinning and shear-thickening cross-flow based on self-tuning fuzzy PID algorithm

A self-tuning fuzzy PID (ST-FPID) control scheme is implemented within a joint interactive (Matlab/Simulink/Fluent) co-simulation framework for effective two degrees of freedom (2DOF) vortex-induced vibration (VIV) control of an elastically-mounted circular cylinder in laminar cross-flow of incompressible non-Newtonian power-law fluids based on the control action of a single transverse force actuator. The model-free controller, which systematically tunes the control parameters online in real time based on given rules, is well-known to be highly advantageous over the previously employed conventional PID controllers. It is particularly capable of handling the intricate non-linear dynamic effects inherent in the complex fluid rheology of non-Newtonian flow past the cylinder in presence of unmodeled system dynamics, high parametric uncertainties, diverse operational conditions, and time-varying external disturbances and control signals. Extensive numerical simulations reveal that the complex shear-thinning and shear-thickening behaviors of fluid viscosity can substantially influence the cylinder dynamic response, applied hydrodynamic forces, and flow structure. In particular, effectiveness and high performance of the adopted ST-FPID control strategy in substantial suppression of the high amplitude coupled 2DOF VIV of the elastically-mounted cylinder at selected critical reduced velocities in the lock-in region are established for a wide range of power-law index parameters (e.g., up to 83% reduction in RMS value of cylinder cross-flow displacement and up to 35% reduction in RMS value of cylinder in-line displacement for n=1and U* = 5 at Re = 100). Also, the vigorous action of the error-driven ST-FPID controller in forcing the high strength vortex shedding patterns of the uncontrolled cylinder out of the lock-in condition into the classical von Kármán vortex street of 2S-type mode of moderately weaker strengths is verified.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER AROUND AND THROUGH AN ELLIPTICAL POROUS CYLINDER

Convection heat transfer from a heated elliptical porous cylinder in the incompressible and laminar cross-flow is studied numerically. The effects of Darcy number (10<sup>-6</sup> ≤ Da ≤ 10<sup>-2</sup>), aspect ratio (0.2 ≤ AR ≤ 5), Prandtl number (0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 70), Reynolds number (10 ≤ Re ≤ 40), on the average Nusselt number (Nu), as well as the lift and the drag coefficients are investigated. Two types of thermal boundary conditions for porous cylinder are investigated: uniformly distributed heat source and constant temperature. The fluid flow in the porous medium is numerically simulated by the superficial velocity model. Additionally, the energy equation in the porous medium is simplified by the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) hypothesis. It is concluded that the aspect ratio of the elliptical cylinder has a great influence on the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of this problem. Results show that increasing the Darcy number increases the Nusselt number and decreases the drag coefficient of the porous cylinder. Moreover, values of Da smaller than 10<sup>-4</sup> resemble the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of the impermeable solid cylinder.

Comparing steady and unsteady rectangular jets issuing into a crossflow

The foundational differences of steady and unsteady jets issued into a laminar boundary layer crossflow are considered. Jets have been used widely for flow control applications, due to their ability to enhance mixing and mitigate separation, but it is unclear what role jet steadiness plays in flow control effectiveness. Here we compare experimentally unsteady (synthetic) and steady rectangular jets issued into a flat-plate laminar boundary layer with varying orifice pitch and skew. The coherent streamwise vortices produced by unsteady jets were shown to be much stronger than those produced by steady jets, despite producing similar flow patterns. These differences are rooted in how vorticity is generated in the orifice, through either a Stokes layer (unsteady) or a Blasius boundary layer (steady). Exploring the time- and phase-averaged vorticity transport equation reveals that the time-varying vorticity term is the reason for the enhanced vortical structure. When considering flow control metrics, we find that the unsteady jet produced greater added momentum in the boundary layer and added vorticity when compared to a momentum-matched steady jet. Both the steady and unsteady jets produced similar jet penetration characteristics.

TR-PIV measurements of turbulent confined impinging twin-jets in crossflow

In this work, time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) measurements have been carried out to study the flow structure and flow dynamics of submerged transverse impinging twin-jet flows discharged into a confined laminar crossflow. A parametric study has been carried out for fixed spacing ratio between the jets of s=L/D=3, fixed jet-to-target spacing ratio of H/D=6.73, fixed crossflow Reynolds number of Re=3500, and two jet Reynolds numbers based on the outlet velocities and jet diameter D of Rej=8670 and 9933 that correspond to jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratios of r=vj/u0=10 and 11.46, respectively. Flow measurements in several different planes of the test section are acquired to assess the confinement effect of the bounded jets. Flow visualization images of the mean velocity, vorticity, strain rate distributions, turbulence kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses have been obtained. The results reveal the dependence of Rej on the trajectory, penetration, crossflow entrainment and lateral spreading of the twin jets. Spectral analysis of the fluctuating velocity components shows the characteristic frequencies related to vortex pairing and vortex breakup, and the shedding frequencies of the upstream and downstream wall jets have also been obtained. The swirling strength criteria has been applied to identify coherent structures, and their development confirms that these structures undergo two or three stages of vortex pairing prior to the vortex breakdown activity. The experimental data has been analyzed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), and the most energetic modes, the relative and cumulative energy contributions, dominant POD modes, and temporal POD coefficients have been obtained. The results show that the for Rej=8670, the first two POD modes account for 16.50% of the total kinetic energy, and the cumulative energy of the first 20 POD modes is 55.10%. For Rej=9933, the first two POD modes account for 17.98% of the total energy, and the sum of energies of the first 20 POD modes is 57.13%.

Effects of force and moment actuation in active two dimensional VIV control of an elastic circular cylinder in power-law fluid flow

The coupled in-line/crosswise (2-DOF) Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) control of a flexibly-supported impenetrable circular cylinder immersed in uniform 2D laminar cross-flow of incompressible non-Newtonian power-law fluids is numerically investigated. Two effective active closed-loop control strategies are separately applied and compared in a real-time collaborative simulation framework that interactively connects the Fluent CFD solver with Matlab/Simulink. Numerical simulations reveal the important effects of power-law rheology and controller configuration on the key cylinder response/aerodynamic parameters and flow structure for a wide range of power-law index parameters (0.4≤n≤1.8). In the absence of the control system, the boundary layer thickness, the attached wake size/strength, and the length/thickness of the associated “shear stretching layer” (vortex shedding frequency) are found to noticeably increase (decrease) with increasing the power law index parameter. As the value of power-law index is largely increased, there is a notable shift of the synchronization (lock-in) region into the higher Reynolds number range besides its marked contraction which can passively complement the cylinder VIV control problem in the highly viscous shear-thickening fluid. When the active control system becomes operative, the superior performance and efficiency of the moment-based controller in effective and rapid mitigation of cylinder VIV and weakening of the vortex intensities through a desynchronization type of action with minimum actuator power requirements is demonstrated.

Numerical Investigation on Laminar Cross-flow Around a Top Surface Heated Square Cylinder

This numerical study attempts to discuss about the effects in vortex shedding and aerodynamic parameters due to heating the top surface of a square cylinder for various Ri values (0 < Ri < 1) at Pr = 0.71 and Re = 100. Numerical calculations are carried out using a finite volume method based on the PISO (Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators) algorithm. We have used ANSYS Fluent for the numerical simulation. The results in this study are promising and we found that the surface heating would rather changes or modifies the flow field and the vortex shedding phenomenon behind the square cylinder. Also it is observed that heating plays a critical role in the integral quantities such as aerodynamic coefficients, Strouhal number etc.

The interactions of rectangular synthetic jets with a laminar cross-flow

Abstract

Vortex-induced vibrations of two side-by-side circular cylinders with two degrees of freedom in laminar cross-flow

Vortex-induced vibrations of two circular cylinders arranged side-by-side at a Reynolds number of 100 were numerically investigated using the immersed boundary method. The cylinders were free to vibrate in both the in-line and cross-flow directions. The nondimensional center-to-center spacing ratio L⁎ was varied in the range 2.0–5.0, the reduced velocity Ur was 0–10, the mass ratio m⁎ was 2.0, and the damping ratio was set to zero to achieve large vibrations. We found that in the studied parametric space, the responses of the two cylinders can be classified into four different branches. The ranges of four branches varied slightly with L⁎. Soft lock-in and lock-in dominated the initial and the lower branch, respectively, while both the stationary and the desynchronized branch were non-locked. The features of the fluid forces, trajectories, phase lags, and wake patterns were thoroughly explored. Six wake patterns were found. An initial-condition-dependent response stemming from different arrangements of the two cylinders was observed at L⁎ = 2.0 and Ur = 3.8. An asymmetric streamwise vibration appeared in the range 4.0 < Ur < 4.4 with L⁎ = 2.5, showing no variation with an increase or decrease in Ur.

Heat Transfer From a Heated Cylinder Rotating Around Its Axis in Laminar and Turbulent Crossflows of Liquid

Numerical simulation of the three-dimensional flow in the laminar and turbulent regimes around of the heated cylinder rotating around its axis was carried out. Laminar flow of the viscous incompressible fluid is described by the Navier-Stokes system of equations in natural variables. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations together with the Shear-Stress Transport model are chosen for the simulation of the turbulent fluid flow. The results of numerical simulation are compared with experimental and numerical data of other authors in the case of the flow past of the stationary cylinder. The dependences of the drag coefficient of the cylinder and the Nusselt number from the rotation speed are established.

Effect of crossflow regime on the deposit and cohesive strength of membrane surface fouling layers

Acquiring knowledge of the properties of membrane fouling layers is crucial to mitigating fouling and developing cleaning strategies. The cohesive strength of these fouling layers, which determines the cleaning requirement of the membrane, is nevertheless rarely investigated. Here we introduced fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) to the crossflow microfiltration of a wood material, namely microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, nominal particle size 20 μm, 95% (in volume) of the particles are bigger than 5.4 μm and smaller than 56.4 μm), to study in situ the cohesive strength of the membrane surface fouling formed under different crossflow regimes. Using regenerated cellulose membrane with a nominal pore size of 0.2 μm, filtration experiments with FDG measurement show that the crossflow regime can lead to the formation of surface fouling layers with distinct cohesive strength. Fouling formed in turbulent/transitional crossflow (Reynolds number, Reduct = 4170) was stronger and its removal required more liquid shear stress compared to the layers formed in laminar crossflow (Reduct = 1560). The fouling layers that can withstand the minimum shear of 35 Pa from the FDG sensor with turbulent/transitional crossflow were, on average 294 ± 10 μm thick, in contrast to those formed in laminar crossflow, which were significantly thinner (144 ± 73 μm at 35 Pa shear stress, p < 0.05). On the other hand, turbulent/transitional crossflow reduced material deposition significantly (p < 0.05). After 1000 s filtration, 0.117 ± 0.003 kg m−2 MCC were found on the turbulent/transitional crossflow membranes, compare to 0.134 ± 0.005 kg m−2 in the laminar crossflow situation. Moreover, a similar permeate flux was observed in all experiments. Therefore, this work also highlights the necessity of developing membrane cleaning protocols based on the fouling layer properties, rather than on the permeate flux decline.

Large-eddy simulation of a jet in crossflow using local mesh refinement

A numerical simulation of a turbulent round jet issuing into a laminar crossflow is performed using the method of large-eddy simulation (LES). In order to employ LES efficiently for such multi-scale problems, the code utilises a local mesh refinement (LMR) algorithm and employs a multigrid method to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The accuracy of several LMR implementations is assessed for the Taylor-Green vortex problem. Second order accuracy of the LES-LMR code is achieved when ghost cell pressures are computed through an approximate projection method and velocities are computed using quadratic interpolation. Three different LMR strategies for a jet in crossflow are then setup in order to assess the predictive capabilities of the method. The simulations are validated against similar LES and experimental data and excellent agreement with experimental data is found for medium and fine LMR grids, while the coarse LMR grid suffers from over-prediction of the jet centreline speed.

Effect of rounding on flow-induced forces on a square cylinder

A numerical study has been carried out to elucidate the effects of rounding the sharp edges on flow-induced forces on a square cylinder immersed in a laminar cross flow. Rounding reduces both the upstream stagnation pressure and the downstream base pressure. Consequently, competition between these two pressure reductions yields the minimum drag on the cylinder when its edges are partially rounded. It was also found that the leading-edge rounding is mainly responsible for the topological change thus the drag reduction, while the trailing- edge rounding alone just enhances lift fluctuation. However, trailing-edge rounding plays a role of stabilizing the flow when all of the four edges are rounded.

Effects of Prandtl number on the laminar cross flow past a heated cylinder

Flow past a heated cylinder at constant surface temperature is computationally simulated and analyzed in the laminar regime at moderate buoyancy. The parameters governing the flow dynamics are the Reynolds number, Re, the Richardson number, Ri, and the Prandtl number, Pr. We perform our computations in the range 10 ≤ Re ≤ 35, for which the flow past an unheated cylinder results in a steady separation bubble, and vary the other two parameters in the range 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 2, 0.25 ≤ Pr ≤ 100. The heat transfer from the entire cylinder surface, quantified by the average Nusselt number Nuavg, is shown to obey Nuavg = 0.7435Re0.44Pr0.346 in the mixed convection regime we investigate. For a fixed Re and Pr, the flow downstream of the cylinder becomes asymmetric as Ri is increased from zero, followed by a complete disappearance of the vortices in the recirculation bubble beyond a threshold value of Ri. For a fixed Re and Ri, the vortices in the recirculation bubble are again observed to disappear beyond a threshold Pr, but with the reappearance of both the vortices above a larger threshold of Pr. In the limit of large Pr, the time-averaged flow outside the thermal boundary layer but within the near-wake region regains symmetry about the centerline and ultimately converges to a flow field similar to that of Ri = 0; in the far-wake region, however, we observe asymmetric vortex shedding for moderate Pr. The thermal plume structure in the cylinder wake is then discussed, and the plume generation is identified at points on the cylinder where the Nusselt number is a local minimum. The difference between the plume generation and the flow separation locations on the cylinder is shown to converge to zero in the limit of large Pr. We conclude by plotting the lift and drag coefficients as a function of Ri and Pr, observing that CD decreases with Ri for Pr &amp;lt; Prt (and vice versa for Pr &amp;gt; Prt), where Prt ≈ 7.5.

Experimental study on convective heat transfer from a rectangular flat plate by multiple impinging jets in laminar cross flows

Convective heat transfer from a flat plate impinged by a row of air jets in laminar cross flows was studied experimentally. Several parameters, including the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio (1 ≤ r ≤ 30), Reynolds number (Re = 250–1750), and relative jet height (10 ≤ L/d ≤ 80), were explored. Results show that convective heat transfer can be enhanced significantly by a row of circular impinging jets. A critical jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio exists for each experimental profile. Above this critical ratio, the relative Nusselt number, Nur, increases linearly with the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio. A large Reynolds number results in good convective heat transfer under the condition that the other parameters are unchanged. Furthermore, the relative Nusselt number decreases with the relative jet height when the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio and Reynolds number are small; meanwhile, it increases with the relative jet height initially and decreases afterward when both the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio and Reynolds number are sufficiently large. An empirical correlation, Nur (r, Re, L/d), with an uncertainty of 17.2% was developed.