Lamiaceae Herbs Research Articles

Effects of rosmarinic acid covalent conjugation on the allergenicity and functional properties of egg white protein

Polyphenols can form complexes with proteins, potentially enhancing the properties of egg white protein (EWP) by altering its structure. This study aimed to explore the effect of covalent conjugating with rosmarinic acid (RA), a bioactive polyphenol found in various edible Lamiaceae herbs, on the structure, allergenicity, and functional properties of EWP. The successful preparation of EWP-RA conjugates was confirmed through RA binding equivalent analysis. Fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy collectively indicated that the covalent conjugation with RA led to significant structural alterations in EWP. Furthermore, the conjugation of RA markedly enhanced the antioxidant capacity of EWP, as evidenced by its improved ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS+ radicals. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results indicated a substantial reduction in the binding capacity of EWP-RA conjugates to IgG and IgE, indicating a decrease in the allergenic potential of EWP. Moreover, the incorporation of RA was associated with an increase in the absolute zeta potential, protein flexibility, and free sulfhydryl content of EWP, alongside a reduction in surface hydrophobicity. The findings also revealed that RA enhanced the emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, foaming ability and foaming stability of EWP. Furthermore, the storage performance of EWP improved after conjugation with RA. In conclusion, the covalent conjugation of EWP with RA not only diminished its allergenic potential but also improved its functional properties through structural modification. This study posits that such an approach could be an effective strategy for enhancing the functional properties of EWP while concurrently mitigating its allergenic potential, thereby offering promising applications in the formulation of future food products.

Proximate analysis and antioxidant activities of four popular Chinese Lamiaceae herbs in Malaysia

Chinese herbal plants are known to be among the promising sources of variety of essential nutrients and antioxidant constituents. The objective of this study was to evaluate four Chinese herbs from the family of Lamiaceae which are popular in Malaysia; Plectranthus amboinicus, Vitex negundo, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Scutellaria baicalensis, on their proximate compositions, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities; DPPH and FRAP assays. Results showed that these herbs were relatively significant different from each other for their proximate compositions, TPC, TFC and antioxidant activities. Apparently, P. amboinicus has higher levels of ash (21.46±0.16%) and dietary fibre (41.24±1.25%) while V. negundo contained the highest crude fibre (19.41±1.98%) than the rest of the samples. Salvia miltiorrhiza consisted of high TPC (105.90±3.37 mg GAE/g), TFC (241.55±55.15 mg QE/g), DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC50: 169.10±14.17 µg/mL) and FRAP (103.09±2.84 µg FeSO4/g). Overall, the imported herb of S. miltiorrhiza is a potent natural antioxidant source with extremely low fat content to fight against oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. More studies on the Lamiaceae family plant should be performed to determine more potential bioactivity which is beneficial to human health.

Inhibitory effect of rosmarinic acid on IgE-trigged mast cell degranulation in vitro and in vivo.

Rosmarinic acid (RA), a polyphenol from edible-medical Lamiaceae herbs, is known to possess a variety of pharmacological activity, like anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and immunoregulation activities. Hereon, we investigated the anti-allergic activity of RA on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated anaphylaxis responses in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 mast cell. RA hindered the morphological changes of IgE-induced degranulated RBL-2H3 cells. The release of two key biomarkers (β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX) and histamine) of IgE-induced degranulated mast cells was also remarkably down-regulated by RA intervention in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, RA inhibited IgE-induced ROS overproduction and flux of intracellular Ca2+ in IgE-mediated degranulated mast cells. The q-PCR analysis showed that the expressions of genes (COX 2, PGD 2, LTC 4, HDC, Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1) involved in MAPK and oxidative stress signaling pathways were significantly regulated by RA intervention. Moreover, the degranulation inhibitory effect of rosmarinic acid was investigated on the anti-DNP IgE/DNP-HSA induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mice model in vivo. It showed that RA significantly inhibited the PCA reaction and allergic edema of ears in anti-DNP IgE/DNP-HSA stimulated mice. These findings suggest that RA has the potential to be used as a therapeutic candidate for allergic diseases by inhibiting mast cell degranulation. This indicates a possible role for RA in managing allergic reactions and related conditions.

Catalytic Antioxidant Activity of Two Diterpenoid Polyphenols of Rosemary, Carnosol, and Isorosmanol, against Lipid Oxidation in the Presence of Cysteine Thiol.

Lamiaceae herbs such as rosemary have excellent antioxidant properties, and lipidic diterpenoid constituents, such as carnosol, are known as characteristic components to exhibit strong antioxidant activity. This study investigates the effect of thiol compounds on the antioxidant properties of diterpenoid polyphenols. The results concerning the antioxidant activity of polyphenols in the presence of thiol showed that two polyphenols, namely, carnosol and isorosmanol, enhanced antioxidant capacity against the radical-induced oxidation of lipids. Further examination of the mechanism revealed that both polyphenols exhibit excellent catalytic antioxidant activity by using the thiol group as a reduction source. Using density functional theory calculations, we attempted to explain why only these two polyphenols exhibit catalytic antioxidant properties. The calculation results and the assumed reaction mechanism suggested that the orthoquinones produced in the antioxidant reactions of carnosol and isorosmanol are more unstable than the others and that the regioselectivity of their reactions with thiols contributes to their catalytic antioxidant properties.

Neolithic dental calculi provide evidence for environmental proxies and consumption of wild edible fruits and herbs in central Apennines

Looking for a biological fingerprint relative to new aspects of the relationship between humans and natural environment during prehistoric times is challenging. Although many issues still need to be addressed in terms of authentication and identification, microparticles hidden in ancient dental calculus can provide interesting information for bridging this gap of knowledge. Here, we show evidence about the role of edible plants for the early Neolithic individuals in the central Apennines of the Italian peninsula and relative cultural landscape. Dental calculi from human and animal specimens exhumed at Grotta Mora Cavorso (Lazio), one of the largest prehistoric burial deposits, have returned an archaeobotanical record made up of several types of palaeoecological proxies. The organic fraction of this matrix was investigated by a multidisciplinary approach, whose novelty consisted in the application of next generation sequencing to ancient plant DNA fragments, specifically codifying for maturase K barcode gene. Panicoideae and Triticeae starches, together with genetic indicators of Rosaceae fruits, figs, and Lamiaceae herbs, suggested subsistence practices most likely still based on wild plant resources. On the other hand, pollen, and non-pollen palynomorphs allowed us to outline a general vegetational framework dominated by woodland patches alternated with meadows, where semi-permanent settlements could have been established.

The Potential of Lamiaceae Herbs for Mitigation of Overweight, Obesity, and Fatty Liver: Studies and Perspectives.

Numerous plants, plant extracts, and plant-derived compounds are being explored for their beneficial effects against overweight and liver diseases. Obesity is associated with the increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), becoming the most common liver disease in Western countries. Obesity and NAFLD are closely associated with many other metabolic alternations such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Many herbs of the Lamiaceae family are widely employed as food and spices in the Mediterranean area, but also in folk medicine, and their use for the management of metabolic disorders is well documented. Hereby, we summarized the scientific results of the medicinal and nutraceutical potential of plants from the Lamiaceae family for prevention and mitigation of overweight and fatty liver. The evidence indicates that Lamiaceae plants may be a cost-effective source of nutraceuticals and/or phytochemicals to be used in the management of metabolic-related conditions such as obesity and NAFLD. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and SciFinder were accessed to collect data on traditional medicinal plants, compounds derived from plants, their reported anti-obesity mechanisms, and therapeutic targets.

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from six lamiaceae folk medicinal plants.

Essential oils have attracted wide attention in recent years due to their extensive applications in natural functional ingredients, pharmaceutical preparations, biomedical products, and the cosmetics industry. In this study, the chemical compositions and biological activities of essential oils extracted from six Lamiaceae herbs, including Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (PCEO), Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (PFEO), Salvia japonica Thunb. (SJEO), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (ROEO), Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (LAEO), and Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze (AREO), were determined and analyzed. A total of 167 components were identified from the six essential oils by GC-MS analysis, with 35, 24, 47, 46, 54, and 37 components in PCEO, PFEO, SJEO, ROEO, LAEO, and AREO, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis of chemical compositions showed that the composition of the six essential oils was significantly different in content, and they were clearly divided into six classes. However, all of these six essential oils exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 in rats with adjuvant arthritis, among which PFEO had the best performance. In addition, the six essential oils displayed significant cytotoxicity on B16 (IC50 = 86.91–228.91 μg/mL) and LNCaP cell lines (IC50 = 116.4–189.63 μg/mL). Meanwhile, all of them presented satisfactory antioxidant activity (IC50 = 4.88–13.89 μg/mL) compared with Trolox C (IC50 = 13.83 μg/mL), and SJEO (IC50 = 7.93 μg/mL) served as an optimal candidate natural antioxidant by DPPH assay. Taken together, these results indicate that the six Lamiaceae essential oils manifest excellent and diverse biological activities, enabling them to be used as perfect natural functional ingredients in antioxidant, antitumor, or anti-arthritic drugs. This study provides more references for pharmaphylogeny research and drug discovery from folk medicinal plants.

Rosmarinic acid suppresses tau phosphorylation and cognitive decline by downregulating the JNK signaling pathway

Rosmarinic acid (RA), a polyphenol found in Lamiaceae herbs, is a candidate of preventive ingredients against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as it potently suppresses the aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ); however, the effect of RA on tau phosphorylation and cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. The present study revealed that RA intake inhibited the pathological hallmarks of AD, including Aβ and phosphorylated tau accumulation, and improved cognitive function in the 3 × Tg-AD mouse model. Additionally, RA intake suppressed hippocampal inflammation and led to the downregulation of the JNK signaling pathway that induces tau phosphorylation. Feeding with RA exerted an anti-inflammatory effect not only in the central nervous system but also in the periphery. Downregulation of the JNK signaling pathway in hippocampus may be a potential mechanism underlying the inhibition of progression of pathology and cognitive deficit by RA feeding.

Rosmarinic acid protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an extract that can be obtained from Lamiaceae herbs and the Boraginaceae family. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RA on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Embryos were challenged with MPTP and then were treated with RA or brusatol (a Nrf2 inhibitor). Locomotor activity of zebrafish was recorded using a video camera. The swimming distance was analyzed with SMART 3.0 software. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were evaluated. The expressions of proteins in the DJ-1/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway were measured. The results showed that RA not only prevented MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuron loss, but also attenuated the deficit in locomotor behavior. RA attenuated the increases of ROS and MDA induced by MPTP. Treatment with RA augmented expression of glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and GSH. Furthermore, RA increased the expression of DJ-1, p-Akt, Nuclear-Nrf2, HO-1 and inhibited the expression of PTEN. Brusatol partially abolished the neuroprotective effect of RA in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model of zebrafish embryos. The results of this study indicate that RA exerts neuroprotective effects on MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons of a zebrafish PD model. The mechanism underlying the effects of RA is associated with promotion of antioxidant gene expression via regulation of the DJ-1/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Suppression of Fusarium wilt in Cyclamen by using sage water extract and identification of antifungal metabolites

In the present study, the in vitro antifungal potential of seven Lamiaceae herbs against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis were investigated. On the basis of the results, the in vivo antifungal effects of sage water extract on Fusarium wilt in cyclamen were evaluated, and the antifungal properties of the extract were identified. Among the seven herbs, sage water extract (0.5% and 2%, w/v) showed considerable suppression of F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis in vitro. For the in vivo evaluation, cyclamen plants were treated with sage water extract (20%, w/v) two times and inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis. Six weeks after the inoculation, a lower disease incidence and disease severity indices were observed in roots and shoots of the treated plants. These effects could be attributed to reduced Fusarium populations in the plant roots because of the fungistatic and fungicidal effects of the sage extract. Consequently, the dry weights of the shoots and roots treated with the sage extract were higher than those of the control. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was performed, and caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid were identified to be important metabolites in the sage water extract. In addition, the antifungal effects of these compounds against F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis were confirmed using an in vitro test. Thus, it can be concluded that sage water extract can suppress Fusarium wilt in cyclamen and the two identified compounds play key roles in the antifungal properties of sage.

Fusarium wilt control in strawberry by water extracts of several Lamiaceae herbs and antifungal potential of secondary metabolites

Fusarium wilt control in strawberry by water extracts of several Lamiaceae herbs and antifungal potential of secondary metabolites

Lifestyle of a Roman Imperial community: ethnobotanical evidence from dental calculus of the Ager Curensis inhabitants

BackgroundThe analysis of ancient calcified dental plaque is a powerful archaeobotanical method to elucidate the key role of the plants in human history.MethodsIn this research, by applying both optic microscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry on this matrix, a detailed qualitative investigation for reconstructing the lifestyle of a Roman imperial community of the Ager Curensis (Sabina Tiberina, Central Italy) was performed.ResultsThe detection of animal micro-remains and molecules (e.g., hairs, feather barbules, markers of dairy products), starch granules of several cereals and legumes, pollen (e.g., Juglans regia L., Hedera sp. L.) and other plant micro-debris (e.g., trichome of Olea sp., hemp fibers), and phytochemicals (e.g., Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae herbs, Ferula sp., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., wine, and Humulus lupulus L.) in the dental calculus sample demonstrated that plant-derived foods were regularly consumed together with animal resources.ConclusionsThis nutritional plan, consistent with the information reported in ancient written texts, suggested that the studied population based its own subsistence on both agriculture and husbandry, probably also including beekeeping and hunting activities. All together, these results represent proofs for the comprehension of food habits, phytotherapeutic practices, and cultural traditions of one of the first Roman settlements in the Sabina Tiberina area.

Antifungal effect of Lamiaceae herb water extracts against Fusarium root rot in Asparagus

In the current study, the antioxidative and in vitro antifungal properties of ten Lamiaceae herbs were estimated. Based on the results, the in vivo antifungal potential of oregano, sage, hyssop and lemon balm water extracts against Fusarium root rot in asparagus plants was evaluated. Water extracts of several herbs (0.5% and 2%, w/v) showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity, and oregano, sage and lemon balm extracts exhibited considerable suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (Foa) in vitro. Regarding in vivo evaluation, asparagus plants treated with water extracts (20%, w/v) of the selected four herbs were inoculated with Foa. Four weeks after Foa inoculation, lower disease incidence and indices were observed in all the extract-treated plants compared to control. These effects could be attributed to reduced Fusarium population owing to fungistasis induced by the extracts in the rhizospheric soil. Consequently, dry weights of shoots and roots treated with herb extracts were observed to be higher than those in control. Evaluation of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid as the possible antifungal properties present in the Lamiaceae herbs also showed a suppressive effect on Fusarium population in the in vitro analysis. From these findings, it can be concluded that water extracts of the selected four herbs have high antioxidative properties and antifungal potential against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi. In this case, the presence of possible antifungal secondary metabolites such as caffeic and rosmarinic acid in the extracts could be related to this antifungal potential.

DEVELOPMENT A VALIDATED HPTLC METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF LINALOOL IN THE OILS AND EXTRACTS OF SAUDI ARABIAN OCIMUM BASILICUM AND LAVANDULA ANGUSTIFOLIA

Linalool is an important constituents found in the many Lamiaceae herbs. Ocimum basilicum and Lavandula angustifolia are parts of the several Arabs foods, traditional medicine and homemade formulations. Though, the lack of operative quality control methods for the selection of quality raw materials and formulations having linalool. A validated high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and applied for the quantification of linalool in the essential oils and alcoholic extracts of O. basilicum and L. angustifolia from Saudi Arab local markets. Silica gel 60F-254 pre-coated plates (10 × 10 cm²) were selected for the separation and analysis of linalool compound. The mobile phase, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (8: 2, v/v), wavelength at 460 nm, and Rf (0.31) value were used for the separation, detection and quantification of linalool respectively. The developed method was validated for linearity (R² = 0.9988), limit of detection (LOD) (6.99 ng), limit of quantification (LOQ) (14.05 ng), accuracy (% recovery =99.58 ± 0.38), and precision (RSD <1%). The amount of Linalool was found to be 170 µg/g and 2900 µg/g in the alcoholic extract and essential oil of O. basilicum and 120 µg/g and 1400 µg/g of alcoholic extract and essential oil of L. angustifolia respectively. The developed HPTLC method was found to be accurate, sensitive, precise, and suitable for the quantification of linalool in the herbal formulations containing these herbs.

Rosmarinic acid inhibits stem-like breast cancer through hedgehog and Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathways

Background: Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenolic acid present in various Lamiaceae herbs. RA shows anti-tumor effects on many tumors but has yet to be tested on triple negative breast cancer and its derived breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs). Objective: This study aimed to detect whether RA could inhibit the proliferation and migration of BCSCs through hedgehog (Hh) signaling while promoting apoptosis via Bcl-2/Bax. Materials and Methods: BCSCs from the human breast cancer cell line MD-MB-231 were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting with the surface markers of CD44*/CD24-/low. The viability, migration, and apoptosis of BCSCs were assessed by the CCK-8 assay, cell wound healing test, and flow cytometry for positive staining for Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodine (PI), respectively. mRNA and protein levels of Hh and Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathways were obtained by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblots. Results: RA inhibited the viability and migration of BCSCs and increased the numbers of late apoptotic cells. Consistent with the increased apoptosis, RA treatment downregulated Bcl-2 while upregulating Bax expression. In line with its effect to limit migration, RA treatment inhibited the expression of Hh-related genes smoothened and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1. Conclusion: The present study suggests that RA exerts anti-cancer effects on BCSCs by inhibiting Bcl-2 and Hh signaling pathways.

Effect of secondary metabolites in lemon balm on anthracnose control in strawberry

In strawberry cultivation, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is difficult to control in the major strawberry-producing regions of Japan, and has caused great losses in nurseries and during fruit production. The antifungal functions of herbs of the family Lamiaceae have been exploited in medical and food applications. However, the antifungal effect of Lamiaceae herbs on plant diseases remains unclear. In this study, the antifungal effect of the Lamiaceae herb lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on anthracnose and changes in antioxidative ability in strawberry plants were investigated. Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. 'Tochiotome') runner plants were treated twice with a shoot extract (2%) of lemon balm. The plants were then inoculated with 10 mL C. gloeosporioides (10(5) conidia mL(-1)). The incidence and severity of symptoms of anthracnose were alleviated in strawberry plants by the application of a shoot extract of lemon balm. No difference was observed in dry weight of shoots and roots between treatments. On the other hand, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ascorbic acid content increased in lemon-balm-treated plants. From these findings, lemon balm extract shows an anthracnose-suppressant effect in strawberry plants.

A kinetic study of essential oil components distillation for the recovery of carvacrol rich fractions

The distillation kinetics of the different essential oil components from four Lamiaceae herbs was investigated. Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum, Origanum onites L., Origanum dictamnus L., and Satureja thymbra L. (harvests of 2013–2015), that present similar composition of essential oil were distilled in a laboratory-scale steam distiller. The recovery of the essential oil (EO) and its components was adequately described by non-steady state diffusion kinetics. The results clearly evidenced that the components present different distillation rates, thus resulting in variation of the EO composition during the process. The distillation rate constants decreased with the increase of the individual components boiling points, therefore, the heavy volatiles, such as carvacrol, could be recovered separately after the distillation of the most volatile compounds. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed for O. vulgare and S. thymbra; the separate fractions were obtained from 40 and 50 min respectively up to the end of distillations. GC–MS analyses of the fractions revealed very high carvacrol content that amounted up to 92.5% for O. vulgare. The procedure could be applicable in industrial practice in order to recover fractions with pre-designed quality characteristics.

Application of chemometrics for identification of chemical constituents of essential oils of importance for biological activities of selected aromatic lamiaceae species

Essential oils (EOs) extracted from natural products are made up of large number of chemical constituents. Being natural mixtures of very complex nature, essential oils may consist of about 20-60 components at quite different concentrations. Essential oils are characterized by two or three major components being present at fairly high concentrations (20-70%) in comparison to other components that are present in trace amounts. From that reason one plant can provide a pool of chemical ingredients that cause a whole range of activities. The present paper analyzes the activities in the space of the chemical constituents of EOs of 7 medicinal plants from Lamiaceae family known as peppermint, oregano, thyme, rosemary, sage, basil and lemon balm. The hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was applied to explore the similarities and dissimilarities between the 7 Lamiaceae herbs, and chemical constituents of their EOs together with their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. More in-depth examination of the data was achieved by color map. HCA indicated the uniqueness of each essential oil considered. The high content of certain compounds, as well as the unique presence of other chemical constituents were identified for each EO. HCA grouped the studied EOs into two clusters: one with peppermint, oregano and thyme, and the other with rosemary and sage, while basil and lemon balm were non-clustered.

Rosmarinic acid: modes of action, medicinal values and health benefits.

The supplementation of livestock rations with herbs containing bioactive components, such as rosmarinic acid (RA), have shown promising results as a natural feed additive in promoting growth, productive and reproductive performance, feed utilization, fertility, anti-oxidant status and immunologic indices. Furthermore, RA reportedly reduces the risks of various animal diseases and mitigates side effects of chemical and synthetic drugs. RA is a natural polyphenol present in several Lamiaceae herbs like Perilla frutescens, and RA is becoming an integral component of animal nutrition as it counters the effect of reactive oxygen species induced in the body as a consequence of different kinds of stressors. Studies have further ascertained the capability of RA to work as an anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, hepato- and renal-protectant agent, as well as to have beneficial effects during skin afflictions. Additionally, RA is favored in meat industries due to enhancing the quality of meat products by reportedly improving shelf-life and imparting desirable flavor. This review describes the beneficial applications and recent findings with RA, including its natural sources, modes of action and various useful applications in safeguarding livestock health as well as important aspects of human health.

Antifungal effect of Lamiaceae herbs on Fusarium wilt in strawberry

Antifungal effect of <i>Lamiaceae</i> herbs on Fusarium wilt in strawberry