Lakh Tonnes Research Articles

Status of Value Addition and Export of Moringa Produce in Tamil Nadu A Case Study

Moringa is widely used as vegetable and grown commercially for its edible pods and leaves. Moringa oleifera is an important food commodity which has had enormous attention as the ‘natural nutrition of the tropics’. The leaves, fruit, flowers and immature pods of this tree are used as a highly nutritive vegetable in many countries particularly in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Hawaii and many parts of Africa. India is the prime producer of Moringa (Drumstick) with an annual production of 2.2 million tonnes of tender fruits leading to the productivity of around 51 tonnes per ha. Tamil Nadu is one of the largest producers of Moringa with an annual production of 6.71 lakh tonnes of tender fruits from an area of 13042 ha. An aggregate sampling to the tune of one hundred farmers whom are cultivating Moringa in their farms and 20 Traders forming a sum of 120 samples. Besides a Case Firm is also contacted which is involved in Manufacturing and Export of value added products of Moringa. The name of the case firm contacted is M/s. Miracletree Life Science has its headquarters at Madurai. The Firm has its own plantation in and around Madurai which is established in an organic way. There were 18 products to their credit manufactured by them. M/S Miracle Tree Life Science firm is concentrating international markets by sending some of their products abroad. Among the various products, the Moringa Wunder Mix is exported to Germany and has received good repute to the firm. One hundred gram of Wunder Mix is priced at Rupees seven hundred which is equivalent to $ 10.77. The firm has gained FSSAI certificate, HALAL certificate, Good Management Practices Certificate and Organic Verification Certificates to its credit. The need of Value added products of Moringa is growing alarmingly both in Regional, National and International Markets and hence the technology and infrastructure support must be provided with a focus on precision farming technologies for enhancing higher productivity from the level of 28 tonnes per ha. For that an organizational intervention is needed and hence a “National Research Centre for Moringa” or a Commodity Board on the lines of “Tea Board” may be established and pronounced as a “Moringa Board” for tapping its potentials both in production, processing for value addition and Export.

Assessment and Characterization of Agricultural Residues

This paper deals with the estimation of availability of agricultural residues in Karnataka state and experimental characteristic analysis of these residues. Estimation of agricultural residues in Karnataka state shows that three agricultural residues chilli stalk, redgram stalk and soyabean stalk are major contributors, generating residues about 10 lakh tonnes per year. The characteristic analysis includes elemental analysis (CHNSO) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). These agricultural residues having the moisture 4 to 7% which is within range of gasification and carbon 46 to 49% gives better energy. The lower nitrogen 3% and negligible sulfur content will reduce the pollution.

Recent advances in the production of pomegranate fruit crop

India is the world’s largest producer of pomegranates produced over 1.31 lakh ha area with an annual production of 13.46 lakh tonnes and productivity of 10.27 t/ha. In spite of this, India exports only 2.55% of its total production. There is a tremendous potential for exports of pomegranate from India. In India, Maharashtra is the main pomegranate producing state. It observed decreasing trend in area, production and productivity since 2009-10 owing to mainly the oily spot infestation and various other reasons. Since 2012-13, an increasing trend is witnessed. In the present study, efforts have been made to present and discuss recent technologies followed in the production of pomegranate fruit crop, various concepts and techniques of growing the pomegranate fruit crop i.e . propagation methods, planting systems, flowering and fruiting aspects of crop regulation, training and pruning, stress factors and their management, water and nutrient management, total quality management, etc.

Association between selected personal variables of the respondents with their level of adoption of improved rice production technology by the farmers in Dungarpur district of Rajasthan

India is the second leading producer of rice in the entire world, preceded by China. Rice remains a staple food for the majority of the world's population. More than two-thirds of the world relies on the nutritional benefits of rice. Rice is naturally fat, cholesterol and sodium free. It is a complex carbohydrate containing only 103 calories per one half- cup serving. Rice is primarily a high energy or high calorie food. It contains less protein than wheat. The protein content of rice is usually 6 to 7 per cent. In Rajasthan rice is grown on an area of 131126 Lakh hectares with a production of 265545 lakh tones (Anonymous, 2010-11). The major rice growing districts in Rajasthan are Banswara, Dungarpur, Kota, Bundi, Sriganganagar and Hanumangarh. The present study was conducted in Dungarpur district of Southern Rajasthan. There are total four tehsils in Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, out of which two tehsil namely Simalwara and Dungarpur have been selected on the basis of maximum area under cultivation of rice. Five villages from each identified tehsil were selected on the basis of maximum area under rice cultivation. Thus, in all 10 villages were selected for present investigation. For selection of respondents total 120 rice growers (60 small and 60 marginal farmers) were selected on the basis of random sampling method from the identified villages for the present study. It was found that personal characteristics viz., age, education, family income, size of land holding, extension contacts, cosmopolitan outlook and economic motivation were not significantly associated with adoption of improved rice production technology. It means that there was no effect of these personal variables on adoption of improved rice production technology.

Transformation of Agriculture in Jharkhand

The study on “Transformation in agriculture in Jharkhand” revealed that the cropping pattern has shifted from lower value crop to high value crops in the state. The area under paddy crop is declining continuously, but acreage under wheat crop is increasing in the state. The study further shows that the minor millets crops area is declining in the state continuously and reached to a negligible level. The performance of pulses and oil seeds crops are improving year after year as indicated by increase in area, production and productivity in the state. The vegetable crop’s area has contributed significant in cropping pattern showing nearly 11% during 2012-13 which was near about 7% in year 2000. The fruit acreage has also increased during 2000 to 2012 in the state. The rate of growth was near about three times in the state during this period. It was also found that there have been significant changes in consumption of chemical fertilizers (NPK) in the state showing near about three times higher from the base year 2001. The consumption of NPK was about 85 Kg, 30 Kg., and about 9.0 Kg. per hectare of cropped area making total 124 kg. The farmers also prefer high yielding varieties and hybrid varieties of any crop in the state. The milk production has also increased from about 9.5 lakh ton to near about 18 lakh tons during 2002-03 to 2012-13. Similarly, the fish production has strongly increased during 2001-02 to 2013-14 which is nearly more than five times from the base period (2001-02). The improved technology in agriculture has considerably increased the total food grain production in the state. On the whole, it is clearly indicated that technology transformation in agriculture has been taken place in the state.

Growth and Instability of Foodgrains in Telangana: A State Level Analysis from 1955–56 to 2015–16

Agricultural sector plays the pivotal role in the overall development of Telangana economy. Nearly 62 percent of Telangana’s population lives in rural areas and 55 percent of the workforce actually engaged in agricultural activities. Agricultural sector is a major source of livelihood for a large majority of the State population. In this study, an attempt has been made to know the performance of agriculture sector in Telangana state by knowing the growth trends and instability in area, production and yield of foodgrain crops in the state for the period 1955-56 to 2015-16. It has been observed that the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of foodgrains production, area and yield showed a decreasing trend. The production of total foodgrains has the negative growth rate of -0.94 percent during the overall study period. The overall average production of total foodgrains is 41.92 lakh tonnes and area under total food crops is registered 34.77 lakh hectares. However, in the case of instability, Standard Deviation (absolute change) for overall period in the production of foodgrain is registered 20.74 lakh tonnes which are about 49.30 percent (Coefficient of Variation). Likewise, the total absolute change (Standard Deviation) in the area under cultivation of food grain crops is only 5.39 lakh hectares which is about 15.49 percent (Coefficient of Variation) during the study period in addition to this instability in food grains yield is showing an increasing trend over the period. Instability in production and yield is increased more and more after the introduction of economic reforms in the state compared to the adoption of new technology (green revolution) in agricultural sector.

Growth in demand and supply of pulses in India-A normative approach

The changing scenario of consumption and production of pulses will have significant influence on the demand- supply prospects of pulses in India. The country as whole, production of redgram had increased marginally (0.45%) during 1980-2012(Overall study period), though there is positive and significant growth in production(2.86%) during 1980-90 (Period-I), mainly due to lower growth during 1991-2012(period-II). The significant growth in production (1.39%) and productivity (1.04%) of bengalgram in the entire period except area (0.35%) was observed. However, growth in greengram production (1.14%) and productivity (1.21%) was found almost similar. In case of blackgram, positive growth rate in area, productivity and production in both the periods have ultimately resulted higher growth rates in the overall period. The growth in total pulses production indicated that growth in area (-0.10%) was negative while it was positive both in production (1.49%) and productivity (1.59%) during period-I. Similar pattern of growth was observed during period-II and in the overall study period. The estimated demand for pulses were 183.62 lakh tonnes over supply of 148.66 lakh tonnes indicating deficit of 34.96 lakh tonnes during 2001 –2011. Further, demand for pulses expected to reach 225.36 and 255.16 lakh tonnes in the year 2020 and 2030 respectively. Whereas, supply of pulses will reach 218.50 and 237.00 lakh tonnes in the same period indicating narrow gap between demand and supply in the future.

Growth Performance of Fish Production in Jharkhand

This study is based on the secondary data collected from department of fishery, Government of Jharkhand. The growth rate of fish production from 2001–02 to 2014–15 was estimated through linear equation, which reveals that the annual production of fish was near about 19% per annum as compound rate. The projection of fish production by 2020 in the state is also estimated on the basis of production of fish over periods and by 2020 the state would be able to produce nearby 1.6 lakh tons, which would be nearer to per capita requirement in the state. This enterprise will certainly improve the nutritional status of state as well as income of fish producers.

Vinegar production from cashew apple

Cashew apple weighing 8-10 times that of nut is a pseudo fruit formed by the swollen receptacle and is highly nutritious. It is a valuable source of sugars, minerals and vitamins. The annual production of cashew apple in our country is estimated to be around 60 lakh tons, major quantity of which is being wasted. Technologies have been standardized for the removal of tannin as well as for the preparation of many value added products from cashew apple at Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara under Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur.Cashew apple is highly perishable and gets fermented easily. A trial was conducted at Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara to standardize the method for the preparation of vinegar from cashew apple.Vinegar could be prepared by alcoholic and subsequent acidic fermentation of the juice in 3 weeks' time. There were six treatments with ingredients like sago, ammonium sulphate, citric acid etc. The sample with cashew apple juice (1 litre), sugar (80g) and yeast (1g) along with mother vinegar (3 litre) had the acidity of 4.66 per cent which was rated the best treatment for cashew apple vinegar production. The selected technology was further standardized for large scale production of vinegar to take up continuous production on commercial basis.

Demand and supply projections of wheat for Maharashtra

Among the major cereals, wheat contributes 17 per cent to total cereal production in Maharashtra. Wheat has higher productivity than other cereals in the state except paddy. Wheat can play major role in increasing the food grain production of the state provided sufficient irrigation and adoption of new technology. Over a period of time, there has been a wide fluctuation in both acreages and production of wheat in different regions of Maharashtra state. There exists a wide gap between the national and state average productivity of wheat. In view of the above, the present study was undertaken in order to understand the demand and supply projection of wheat in Maharashtra. The supply of wheat in Maharashtra would be in the range of 11.39 to 14.67 lakh tonnes during 2010 AD as against the demand of 58.29 to 58.74 lakh tonnes. The gap between the supply of and demand for wheat would be around 43.62 to 47.35 lakh tonnes. The supply of wheat in Maharashtra would be in the range of 13.89 to 24.53 lakh tonnes during 2020 A.D. as against the demand for wheat would be 81.28 to 82.98 lakh tonnes. The gap between the supply of and demand for wheat would be in the range of 56.75 to 58.45 lakh tonnes. Alternative options available for increasing the production or in other words 'supply' is to enhance the adoption of improved production technology from the existing 44 per cent to higher level, thereby, the gap in demand and supply can be minimized.

Comparative analysis of processing conversion in conventional and modern rice mills of southern Tamil Nadu

Rice is the staple food of Asian countries. China and India are the two important rice production centres that supply half of the world’s rice. During 2012, the total food grains production in India reached an all-time high of 259.32 million tonnes. Tamil Nadu ranks fifth in rice production (6.32 lakh tonnes) during the year 2011–2012. Rice milling is the largest agro-based industry wherein the outer layer (husk) and inner layer (bran) of the paddy was removed and rice is obtained. The conversion ratio of paddy depends on the milling efficiency of the unit, technology adopted for paddy processing and quality of the procured paddy. The modern paddy processing unit has more head rice recovery and better utilization of the capacity when compared to the conventional unit.

CASHEW INDUSTRY - AN OUTLOOK

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. In the world cashew production takes place mainly in the three zones namely (i) Central and South American zone, (ii) Asia and Oceanic zone and (iii) African zones. In these zones there are 28 countries now involved in the production of cashew. The total raw nut production in the world is around 39.53 lakh tons from an area of 35.78 lakh ha. Four centuries ago, the adventurous Portuguese came sailing down the Indian coasts and brought with them the priceless tree nut “cashew”, the wonder nut of the world. Cashew came, conquered and took deep roots in the entire coastal region of India. Cashew found the Indian soil more homely than its homeland. Later it spread as a popular crop to other parts of India. Cashew was originally planted in India as a windbreaker and to prevent soil erosion. Also its cultivation was also considered essential as tree cover in eroded hilly areas where reforestation programmes were under way, in order to prevent further erosion. Initially cashew cultivation in India is mostly confined to the western and eastern coastal areas of the peninsular region. But now commercial cultivation of cashew in India is taken up in eight states in India. Coastal states of the country are the main production centres. The important cashew growing states of India are Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. It is also cultivated on small areas in other states of the country. India has an area of about 9.23 lakh ha under cashew with an estimated annual production of about 6.13 lakh tons of raw cashew nut with a productivity of 700 kg/ha (NHB, 2010). India is the largest producer, processor, consumer and exporter of cashew in the world. Cashew cultivation is taken up in small and marginal holdings and as more than 70% of the cashew area is under this category, cashew plays an important role in the development of small and marginal farmers. India has a comparative advantage in the production and processing of cashew nuts on account of its cheap and skilled labour force. The current production accounts for 45% of the global production. A large number of small and marginal farmers, especially living on the coastal belts of India, depend on cashew for their livelihood. Nearly 2.00 lakh workers, more than 90% of whom are women, are directly employed in cashew processing industries which are concentrated mostly in Kerala. It is estimated that nearly two million people are involved, directly and indirectly in cashew cultivation, processing and marketing. Cashew forms an important component of the basket of agricultural products exported from India. But the yield per hectare in India was poor at 860 kg/ha during 2007-08 as compared to 4,125 kg/ha in Vietnam and 2,000 kg/ha in Nigeria. There is a need to expand and fully utilize the crop potential if India has to keep pace with growing global demand, retain market share and stay ahead of the rapidly emerging competition in the world market.

PERFORMANCE OF CASHEW CULTIVARS UNDER MAIDAN PARTS OF KARNATAKA

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an upcoming commercial plantation crop of maidan parts of Karnataka as it is known to exhibit drought tolerance. India is the largest producer, consumer and second largest exporter of cashew in the world. However, the present annual production of about 6.95 lakh tons of raw cashew nuts from an area of 8.60 lakh ha cannot meet the annual demand of processing industries, which is estimated to be around 11-12 lakh tons of raw nuts. The present low productivity of 0.900 t/ha is mainly due to the coverage of large cashew area with non-descript, genetically inferior seedling progenies. Therefore, in order to identify a suitable cashew cultivar for maidan parts, the 14 cultivars/hybrids released from different centres were field planted at the Agricultural Research Station, Chintamani during 1992. Among 14 entries, the highest nut yield of 12.76 kg/tree was recorded by ‘H-320’ followed by ‘NRCC-2’ (10.82 kg/tree). For the cumulative yield over a period of 16 harvests, ‘H-320’ recorded highest cumulative yield of 144.85 kg/tree followed by ‘NRCC-2’ (127.34 kg/tree). On perusal of the data, it was observed that among cultivars/hybrids tried ‘H-320’ recorded higher nut weight (8.8 g), shelling percent (31) and consistent nut yield over years under maidan parts of Karnataka.

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF CASHEW IN TAMIL NADU

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a native of eastern Brazil. Four centuries ago, the adventurous Portuguese came sailing down the Indian coasts and brought with them the priceless tree nut “cashew”. Cashew came, conquered and took deep roots in the entire coastal region of India. India is the leading country in the world in cashew area (9.23 lakh ha) and production (6.13 lakh tons). Cultivation of cashew in India is confined mainly to the peninsular areas. It is grown in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra along the west coast and Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal along the east coast. To a limited extent it is being cultivated in Chattisgarh, North Eastern States (Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya and Nagaland) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Tamil Nadu, cashew is being cultivated in Ariyaloor, Cuddalore, Pudukottai, Sivagangai and Theni Districts covering an area of 1.33 lakh ha with a production of 60000 metric tons. Early attempts for cashew germplasm collection were made during the early 1950s in the composite states of Madras, Travancore, Cochin and Bombay. The research work in cashew at Tamil nadu was initiated in 1963 with the establishment of the Cashew Research Station at Vridhachalam. Research work continued under The All India Coordinated Research Project on Cashew from 1970. At the Regional Research Station, Vridhachalam cashew germplasm collection has been made since 1963. The accessions were collected from forest plantations, farmers field and research stations of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra and few from other countries. As a result 265 germplasm accessions were being conserved in the Regional Cashew Field Gene Bank (RCFGB) of the Regional Research Station, Vridhachalam.

Preparation of carbonated drink from cashew apple juice

Cashew is a major commercial crop of the country with an annual production of nearly 6.5 lakh tons of raw nuts and 50-60 lakh tons of cashew apple. Commercial exploitation of the cashew apple can significantly improve the profitability of cashew growing, as evidenced from the research results of Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara under Kerala Agricultural University. Being a nutritious fruit, the potential for economic utilization of cashew apple is immense as it provides refreshing and healthy drinks. In this context trial was conducted at Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara, for standardizing the preparation of carbonated drink (soda) from cashew apple juice. Cashew apples collected from the field were washed well and juice extracted using juice expeller. The juice was clarified using sago @ 5g/lit. and stored by adding KMS @ 2.5 g/lit. and citric acid @ 5g/lit. of juice. Cashew apple soda was prepared from cashew apple syrup. For making cashew apple syrup, one lit. of clarified juice, two kilograms of sugar and 15 g citric acid were used. Various quantities of the syrup were taken and chilled carbonated water was added to the syrup at different gas pressure. Organoleptic scoring revealed that the sample with 100 psi carbonation in 160 ml chilled water, added to 40 ml cashew apple syrup, thus constituting a total quantity of 200 ml cashew apple soda, was the most acceptable one. This is being filled and sold in 200 ml glass bottles. The carbonated drink has good acceptance among all the consumer segments and large scale production can generate substantial opportunities for income generation.

Estimation of post-harvest losses of major fruits in Karnataka- A management appraisal

Agriculture occupies the central place in rural life. The contribution of agriculture towards national income is about 15.5 per cent in 2010-2011 (GOI 2007). Horticultural crops include large varieties of fruits and vegetables, flowers, plantation spice crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, roots and tuber crops. In Karnataka, the total area under fruit crops has increased from 1.41 lakh hectares in 1978-79 to 3.14 lakh hectares in 1998-99 registering a growth of 1.7 to 2.7 per cent. The production of fruit crops has also gone up from. 23.41 lakh tonnes during 1978-79 to 54.50 lakh tonnes in 1998-99 showing an increase of 132.64 per cent. The present study conducted in Karnataka state and aims at estimation of post-harvest losses in major vegetables. The results of the study revealed that the overall loss at different stages was around 60.08 kg (13.09 %) in mango. The maximum loss was found to occur at the field level. The overall loss at different stages was around 392.66 kg (11.80 %) in banana. The maximum loss was found to occur at the retail level. The overall loss at different stages was around 31.97 kg (9.06 %) in citrus. The maximum loss was found to occur at the field level. The overall loss at different stages was around 37.30 kg (12.64 %) in guava. The maximum loss was found to occur at the retail level. The overall loss at different stages was around 55.37 kg (14.60 %) in sapota. The maximum loss was found to occur at the retail level.

An economic analysis of processing of sugarcane in Beed district

Study revealed that in regards to processing unit of sugarcane that production per annum worked out to be Rs.16667.5 lakh of this share of variable and fixed cost estimated at 82.63 and 14.81 per cent. Break-even volume was worked out to be 24.75 lakh tonnes. The per cent of break even volume of installed capacity and actual quantities of sugarcane crushed was estimated at 170.68 and 247.25 per cent, respectively. The capital investment of distillery was worked out to be Rs.2901.6 lakh. Net returns realized by distillery in year 2011-12 estimated was 59.31 lakh, the input-output ratio for the year estimated was 1.10.

Production and Export of Onion:Time Series Analysis

India is the second largest producer ofonions in the world after China. It enjoys 19% share ofthe global onion production. The annual average production is 12 lakh tones. The study has been undertaken to understand the effect of Area and Yield on Production of Onion and to study export trends of Onion. The production of onion has significantly increased over the past 30 years (1980-2012) but there has been lots of fluctuations specially from 1995 onwards indicating that production ofonion is not steady year overyear but sometimes increases and decreases. Such fluctuations may arise due to dependency of agricultural crops on rainfall and monsoons. Excess rainfall or less rainfall hampers the production of crops among other factors.

Trends in production and export performance of gingelly and gingelly oil

cultivated in the world. It was reported to be originated from Africa. Sesame was introduced into India by the earliest human migrants from Africa. Gingelly occupies 0.63 lakh hectares in Tamil Nadu with an average yield of 506 kg per hectare. The annual production was to an exact of 0.31 lakh tonnes. India exports gingelly seeds to China, Holland, USA, Germany, Turkey, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Israel, UK and UAE. The study focused on the production and export performance of the gingelly and oil. For the study, secondary data on area, production and yield of major gingelly producing districts of Tamil Nadu were estimated for the years from 1980-2010. The export performance of gingelly and gingelly oil in India was examined using secondary data from 1995-2010. The collected data were analysed from various statistical tools viz., compound growth rate and Markov chain analysis. From the results, it was found that during 1980-2010, the growth rate was positive for production and yield of gingelly in Erode and Karur districts. Erode district showed negative trend in area of during the year 1980-1990. The decreasing area of gingelly was due to poor rainfall and high drought during the period. The results indicated that area, production and yield of gingelly were low in four districts viz., Villupuram, Tanjavur, Cuddalore and Salem due to persistent drought. The trend in gingelly export in quantity was found to be higher in the period (1980-1990). It implies that a higher quantity of gingelly is being exported during the period which increased the unit price of gingelly with marginal increase in export value. The gingelly oil was not exported during 1980-1990.Subsequently the export of oil pickedup and showed an increase ranging from 14-17 per cent, period between 1991-2010 due to the trade regime and export policies of the government. The Markov chain analysis showed that Republic of Korea was found to be one of the stable importers of Indian sesame seed because it original share of around 80 per cent over the period of 1995-2010 whereas Sri Lanka was found as one of the stable importers of Indian sesame oil because it retained its original share of around 40 per cent over the period of 1995-2010. It is concluded that Republic of Korea and Sri Lanka was the stable importer of sesame and oil from India, respectively. Because these countries have high level probability of retention.

Round Table on Business, Governance and Society

The editorial policy of Decision places a keen emphasis on engaging with practitioners. It is believed that such an engagement not only enables academia to better cater to the needs of practitioners but also provides scholars with a rich source of new insights and phenomena for researching. Pursuant to this policy, a Round Table on Business, Governance and Society was held at the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta’s premises on the 30 January 2014. Keeping in line with the theme of the special issue, the speakers at this Round Table represented the voices of the other side—the community which has usually been at the receiving end of resource conflicts involving businesses. The three speakers were Mr. Bharat Patel, Mr. Ravi Rebbapragada and Mr. Sanjay Upadhyay. Bharat Patel, is the Secretary of Machimaar Adhikar Sangharsh Sangathan—a grassroots group of fishing communities based in the Bhadreshwar–Mundhra region of Gujarat—engaged in a struggle against the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in Mundhra. Ravi Rebbapragada, is the Founder of the NGO Samata, associated with the Supreme Court verdict popularly known as the Samata judgment that prevents the sale of land owned by tribal communities to non-tribals. He is also Chairperson of Mines, Minerals and People: a growing alliance of individuals, institutions and communities who are concerned and affected by mining. Sanjay Upadhyay, is a Supreme Court lawyer and the founder of the Envirodefence, a legal firm. Mr. Upadhyay is a Visiting Fellow at the Boalt Hall School of Law, the University of California, Berkeley, and has served as an environmental and development law expert to the World Bank, IUCN, FAO, UNDP, DFID, ILO, the University of Cambridge and Duke University. The discussion was moderated by Nimruji Jammulamadaka, faculty at the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. The audience included the faculty and the students of the institute. The following is a transcript of the Round Table. Bharat Patel (BP): Let me begin by telling you about the Gulf of Kutch, where I come from. People like us, the fishing communities in this part of India, are totally dependent on this Gulf. And there are reasons for this. The Gulf of Kutch has very good mangrove forests. It comes next only to Sunderbans in this respect. There are several islands and almost 210 types of marine algae. There are many coral reefs, creeks and estuaries (almost 168 of them). Fishing is good. The production is about 1.4 lakh tonnes annually. India’s first marine national park is located here. It is very rich in bio-diversity, and the gulf is 175 km long and 30 km wide. The condition now is such that, it is not a marine national park; it is a marine industrial park. This gulf has 14 SPMs (single point mooring) from which about 70–80 % of India’s crude imports arrive into the N. Jammulamadaka (&) Behavioural Sciences Group, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Kolkata, India e-mail: nimruji@iimcal.ac.in