Lake Reclamation Research Articles

Cascading sulfur cycling in simulated oil sands pit lake water cap mesocosms transitioning from oxic to euxinic conditions

Base Mine Lake (BML), the first full-scale demonstration of oil sands tailings pit lake reclamation technology, is experiencing expansive, episodic hypolimnetic euxinia resulting in greater sulfur biogeochemical cycling within the water cap. Here, Fluid Fine Tailings (FFT)-water mesocosm experiments simulating the in situ BML summer hypolimnetic oxic-euxinic transition determined sulfur biogeochemical processes and their controlling factors. While mesocosm water caps without FFT amendments experienced limited geochemical and microbial changes during the experimental period, FFT-amended mesocosm water caps evidenced three successive stages of S speciation in ∼30 days: (S1) rising expansion of water cap euxinia from FFT to water surface; enabling (S2) rapid sulfate (SO42−) reduction and sulfide production directly within the water column; fostering (S3) generation and subsequent consumption of sulfur oxidation intermediate compounds (SOI). Identified key SOI, elemental S and thiosulfate, support subsequent SOI oxidation, reduction, and/or disproportionation processes in the system. Dominant water cap microbes shifted from methanotrophs and denitrifying/iron-reducing bacteria to functionally versatile sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) comprising sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrionales) and SOI-reducing/disproportionating bacteria (Campylobacterales and Desulfobulbales). The observed microbial shift is driven by decreasing [SO42−] and organic aromaticity, with putative hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria providing electron donors for SRB. Comparison between unsterile and sterile water treatments further underscores the biogeochemical readiness of the in situ water cap to enhance oxidant depletion, euxinia expansion and establishment of water cap SRB communities aided by FFT migration of anaerobes. Results here identify the collective influence of FFT and water cap microbial communities on water cap euxinia expansion associated with sequential S reactions that are controlled by concentrations of oxidants, labile organic substrates and S species. This emphasizes the necessity of understanding this complex S cycling in assessing BML water cap O2 persistence.

Spatial-temporal Variations and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Qionghai Lake in Xichang City

Based on the analysis of the total concentrations of 10 metals in the sediment core and total concentrations and chemical fractions of seven metals in the surface sediments of Qionghai Lake in Xichang City, Sichuan Province, the spatial-temporal characteristics of metal accumulation and pollution over the past century and the potential ecological risk of metals in surface sediments were studied. Before the 1970s, metal concentrations in the sediment core were stable. The total concentrations of Al, Fe, K, and Cr in the sediment core exhibited visible peaks in the 1970s, which were related to the enhanced input of fine-grained topsoil caused by increasing precipitation, lake reclamation, and deforestation. Since the 1990s, the total concentrations of Al, Fe, K, and Cr decreased with the reduced topsoil erosion, whereas the total concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn gradually increased or remained stable. The enrichment factor results showed that Cd, Pb, and Zn were the main contaminants, with Cd as the typical contaminant in the sediment core. The Cd contamination started in the 1960s and has remained at a moderate level since the 1990s. In the surface sediments, the total concentrations of Cd were higher in the northwest lake area, and no visible spatial concentration trends of the other metals were displayed. The bioavailable fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn accounted for 95%, 63%, and 48% of the total metal concentrations on average. Among the bioavailable fractions, Cd was mainly in the acid-soluble fraction, and Pb and Zn were mainly in the reducible and oxidized fractions. The bioavailable fractions of the other metals were less than 27%. The results of total concentrations and bioavailable fractions of metals revealed that Pb and Zn in the surface sediments were slightly or moderately contaminated, and Cd was moderately contaminated on average. Cd contamination was at a severe level in the northwest lake area. The concentrations of anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn in the surface sediments estimated from the total and bioavailable concentrations were comparable (P>0.05), indicating that anthropogenic metals primarily existed in bioavailable fractions in the sediment. Integrating the assessment results from sediment quality guidelines, potential ecological risk index, and chemical forms of metals, Cd in surface sediments may pose a high ecological risk, whereas the other metals has a low ecological risk.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Ecosystem Services Driven by Human Modification over the Past Seven Decades: A Case Study of Sihu Agricultural Watershed, China

Understanding the effects of human modification on ecosystem services is critical for effectively managing multiple services and achieving long-term sustainability. The historical dynamics of ecosystem services are important for detecting the impacts before and after intensive modification and deserve further study. To this end, we quantified the spatiotemporal dynamics of 11 ecosystem services across the Sihu agricultural watershed in 1954, 1983, 2001, and 2018. We used the Spearman coefficient, self-organized maps clustering, and redundancy analysis to explore the spatial patterns and potential modification drivers of temporal variations of ecosystem service provision. The results revealed the following: (1) The spatial correlations among ecosystem services in a single year were inconsistent with the ecosystem service change associations during two-time steps. The snapshot correlations at one time led to misunderstandings (such as water yield and runoff control or soil carbon sequestration, and habitat quality changed direction from synergy to trade-off) and missed synergies (such as water purification and recreational potential); (2) Most ecosystem services could be synergetic in one bundle with multifunctionality before intensive modification, but later transformed to single or limited services dominated bundles, especially in lake-polder areas; (3) Lake reclamation and hydraulic infrastructure were the most significant modification indicators explaining the variation of ecosystem services (30.9% of variance explained by lake reclamation in 1954, 38.2% of variance explained by hydraulic infrastructure in 2018). Meanwhile, changes in dominant drivers also indicated the transition from lake-based ecosystem service supply to engineered service. An improved understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem services and the underlying human modification influence is vital for realizing the sustainability and multifunctionality of agricultural watershed.

Developing an optimized groundwater exploitation prediction model based on the Harris hawk optimization algorithm for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources.

Due to the lack of surface water and groundwater resources, especially in the agricultural parts, the simultaneous and sustainable use of water resources to supply water demands is essential. In this study, a conjunctive use optimization model is developed to minimize the shortage of water demand. This model is implemented for the Mahabad study area in northwestern Iran to improve the conditions of surface water and groundwater resources and the reclamation of Urmia Lake. For this purpose, the current research is accomplished in three parts. At first, the Mahabad aquifer is numerically simulated to investigate the aquifer conditions. In the second part, the optimized model of conjunctive use obtained by the Harris hawk optimization (HHO) algorithm is investigated over a 20-year period in the study area. In the last part of this research, seven scenarios are developed to predict the optimized groundwater exploitation (OGE) using the results of HHO, meteorological data, and some input information on the dam reservoir. Then, the OGE values are predicted using the artificial neural network (ANN) and ANN-HHO machine learning models for the scenarios. The results showed that the scenario that includes all input variables and the ANN-HHO model outperformed other models. Furthermore, the HHO algorithm provides suitable allocation of the surface water and groundwater resources in optimized conjunctive use and also improves the performance of ANN in predicting the OGE values. The findings of this study also show that groundwater resources can be more applied to supply water demand, and in contrast, surface water resources can be used for supplying downstream environmental demands and reclamation of Urmia Lake.

A Study on the Rationality of Land Use Change in the Dianchi Basin during the Last 40 Years under the Background of Lake Revolution

(1) Background: Dianchi Lake is the largest freshwater plateau lake in southwest China. Since the 1970s, with the large-scale lake reclamation and rapid urbanization, the land use/cover of the Dianchi Basin has changed dramatically, directly hindering the sustainable development of the watershed. It is urgent to study the rationality of land use change in order to promote the “win-win” of eco-environment protection and sustainable economic and social development in Dianchi Basin. (2) Methods: The rationality judgment criteria of land use change in Dianchi Basin was constructed from ecological values, land suitability, laws and regulations, and the rationality of land use change in the Dianchi Basin from 1980 to 2020 was evaluated. (3) Results: The rational degree of land use change in the Dianchi Basin was 71.76%, and the level of rationality was low rationality. The rational degree of change in cultivated land, woodland, grassland, water area and construction land was 74.41%, 69.11%, 77.11%, 3.07% and 98.26%, respectively. Among the irrational land changes, 86.59% of the land had changed to construction land. (4) Conclusions: The main problems of irrational land change in the Dianchi Basin are the massive reduction in high-quality cultivated land, the degradation of woodland, and the unordered expansion of construction land. In order to achieve sustainable development, it is important to protect cultivated land, woodland, grassland and lakes.

Lake reclamation alters molecular-level characteristics of lacustrine dissolved organic matter – A study of nine lakes in the Yangtze Plain, China

In recent decades, the reclamation of lakes has captured 42% of the total lake area of the Yangtze Plain in China and introduced additional pressure on lacustrine water quality. While lacustrine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is critical in regulating biogeochemical processing and aquatic biodiversity, the impact of reclamation on the molecular-level characteristics of lacustrine DOM remains unexplored. Here, the DOM characteristics altered by reclamation practices in the Yangtze Plain lakes were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Results demonstrated that reclamation not only elevated the quantity (on average +32%) but also altered the characteristics and composition of lacustrine DOM. Compared to the natural water sites close by, reclamation sites did not significantly alter the DOM aromaticity but significantly lowered the average molecular weight and increased the biolability of DOM. The chromophoric DOM and humic-like fluorescent components were remarkably elevated, but not the protein-like fluorescent components. More lipid-like and condensed aromatic-like components were detected in the lacustrine DOM as compared to the lignin-like, carbohydrate-like, and protein-like components, which may be driven by the increased microbial processing. Overall, the significant alteration in characteristics and composition of lacustrine DOM highlights the potential impact of reclamation on the DOM biogeochemical cycle and the environmental quality in aquatic ecosystems.

Water level change of Lake Machang in eastern China over 1814–1902 CE

Abstract. Lake Machang, occupying an area of approximately 30 km2 in the city of Jining, eastern China, was a historical reservoir on the Grand Canal from the early 15th century to early 20th century. The premodern monthly water level observation of Lake Machang commenced in 1814 CE and ended in 1902 CE. The available observation data from the monthly records covered 75.6 % of the entire study period of 1814–1902. Although the water level was seemingly artificially influenced by human activities, monthly and annual water level changes still correlated well with precipitation. That is, climate is still the dominant factor in water level changes on seasonal and annual scales. The flooding of the Yellow River in 1871 carried a large amount of silt into Lake Machang, which resulted in the rise of the lake bed and reclamation initiated by local residents. After the reclamation activity was officially approved in 1900, Lake Machang was massively reclaimed and eventually dried up in the early 20th century.

Can the “10-year fishing ban” rescue biodiversity of the Yangtze River?

Can the “10-year fishing ban” rescue biodiversity of the Yangtze River?

Impact of polyaluminum chloride on the bioaccumulation of selected elements in the tissues of invasive spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) – Potential risks to consumers

The effect of coagulants used in lake reclamation on crayfish is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the bioaccumulation of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Zn in the gills, exoskeleton, muscle and hepatopancreas of spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) as a result of exposure to PAX®18 coagulant, containing polyaluminum chloride. The study also evaluated the risk to human health from the consumption of crayfish muscle. Metal levels, determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, differed between metals (the highest concentrations for Ca, K, Na, Mg) and the body part. Calcium was most abundant in the exoskeleton, K in the muscles, while Cu and Al in the hepatopancreas. The bioaccumulation of metals was affected by exposure to the coagulant, with a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in muscle concentration of Al and Na and a decrease in Ca and Fe. The concentrations of elements (in μg g−1) in the muscle of the control group crayfish and those in contact with the coagulant were, respectively: K (2150; 2090), Na (1540; 2020), Ca (749; 602), Mg (207; 174), Al (103; 164), Zn (21.1; 19.1), Fe (7.6; 3.8) and Cu (8.4; 7.6). Most elements were below 12% of the Dietary Reference Values (DRV). The Al concentration in the muscle exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) (maximum 164% TWI for muscle of crayfish exposed to polyaluminum chloride). In conclusion, the studied F. limosus had typical elemental bioaccumulation for a crayfish, but the contact with the coagulant increased Al concentration and decreased Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu concentrations. The muscle of crayfish can be used as a supplementary source of essential elements in the human diet, but it seems necessary to introduce obligatory control of Al levels due to the use of polyaluminum chloride in lake restoration.

Environmental changes and human activities over the last about 220 years revealed by the pollen record of Lake Lianhuan in Heilongjiang Province

通过²¹⁰Pb测年建立年代标尺，利用黑龙江省连环湖阿木塔泡高分辨率的孢粉记录，探讨了研究区约220年的环境变化与人类活动.研究表明，1790—1820 AD期间，植被类型可能是以禾本科为主的草甸草原植被，沙地类型以固定沙地为主，气候相对较凉湿或环境几乎不受人类活动的破坏，湖泊营养较丰富.1820—1930 AD期间，草甸草原植被中禾本科和菊科植物比例下降，藜科和蒿属植物比例增加，固定沙地减少、半固定沙地逐渐增加，气候逐渐变干或可能伴随人类破坏环境的活动增强，湿地面积减少.1930—1980 AD期间，针叶乔木松树比例有所增加，草甸草原植被中菊科植物比例是220年来最高的，藜科植物也略有增加，而禾本科和蒿属植物比例下降，推测此阶段固定沙地持续减少，半固定沙地扩张到220年以来面积最大，指示气候进一步变干且伴随着人类活动对自然环境的破坏强度增加，湖泊湿地面积进一步减少.1980—2000 AD期间，草原植被中藜科植物的比例是220年以来最高的，流动沙地面积明显增加，湖泊湿地面积锐减，结合气象数据，得出此期的植被变化是由人类大范围围湖造田以及湿地水田化等活动导致的.2000—2010 AD期间，研究区周围以桦木/鹅耳枥属和栎属为主的落叶阔叶乔木比例增加，草原植被中藜科和菊科植物比例是220年以来最低的，揭示流动沙地和半固定沙地面积明显减少，结合气象数据，认为此期孢粉组合揭示的植被变化主要受人类退耕还草还林，种植桦木/鹅耳枥属、榆属等阔叶植物以及在八支干渠建闸引水至连环湖等活动的影响.;Based on the chronology established through the ²¹⁰Pb dating and the high-resolution pollen record of Amutapao in Lake Lianhuan, Heilongjiang Province, the environmental changes and human activities over the last about 220 years in the study area were discussed. The results showed that during 1790-1820 AD, the vegetation type was probably meadow steppe dominated by Poaceae, and the sandy type was mainly fixed sand. The climate was relatively cool and wet or the environment was hardly damaged by human activities, and lake was of relatively high nutrition. During 1820-1930 AD, the proportion of Poaceae and Compositae plants in the meadow steppe decreased, while that of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia plants increased. The area of the fixed sand decreased, and the area of the semi-fixed sand gradually increased. The climate gradually became dry or it may be accompanied by the increased human activities, and the wetland area decreased. During 1930-1980 AD, the proportion of coniferous tree Pinus increased, and the proportion of Compositae plants in the meadow steppe was the highest in the past 220 years, and the proportion of Chenopodiaceae plants also increased slightly, while the proportion of Poaceae and Artemisia plants decreased. It is speculated that the fixed sand continued to shrink during this period, and the semi-fixed sand expanded to the largest area for the last about 220 years. It indicates that the climate became further dry and with the increased human activities, and the area of the wetland further decreased. During 1980-2000 AD, the proportion of the Chenopodiaceae plants in the steppe was the highest for the last about 220 years, the area of the mobile sand increased significantly, and the area of the wetland decreased sharply. Combined with the meteorological data, it was concluded that the vegetation changes in this period were caused by human activities such as large-scale lake reclamation and wetland paddy field. During 2000-2010 AD, the proportion of deciduous broad-leaved trees dominated by Betula/Carpinus and Quercus around the study area, and the proportion of Chenopodiaceae and Compositae plants in the steppe was the lowest in the last about 220 years, revealing a significant decrease in the areas of mobile sand and semi-fixed sand. Combined with the meteorological data, it is considered that the vegetation changes during this period revealed by the pollen assemblage were mainly influenced by humans returning farmland to grassland and forest, planting broad-leaved trees such as Betula/Carpinus and Ulmus et al., and building sluices in eight main canals to divert water to Lake Lianhuan.

Инновационные технологии пастбищного озерного рыбоводства Зауралья

The article describes the development of pasture lake fish farming within the forest-steppe Trans-Urals on the basis of improving the technologies of the fish-breeding process of one - year and two-year cultivation of commercial fish. Thanks to the introduction of integrated reclamation of lakes of the overseas type of the Trans-Urals and innovative fish farming technologies that use the reclamation effect of aeration of reservoirs in winter, loosening of bottom silt deposits during open water, the natural production potential of the lakes allowed to increase the fish productivity from 30-50 kg / year to 130-200 kg/ha per year. Based on the long-term monitoring of the ecological and fisheries situation of the lakes, it is recommended to intensify the process of modernization of existing fish farms and start creating new ones, which will significantly increase the importance of the Trans-Urals fisheries as part of the agro-industrial complex of Russia. It is recommended to include herbivorous fish – white Amur and white silver carp, and consumers of detritus and bottom silt-pilengas, which can effectively grow in salt water reservoirs, which are many within the southern Trans-Urals.

Energy and carbon fluxes from an oil sands pit lake

Currently, post-mining landscape plans in the Athabasca Oil Sand Region include large watersheds terminating in pit lakes. In 2012, Base Mine Lake (BML), was constructed with the aim of demonstrating technologies associated with lake reclamation in the region. This paper examines the first 6.5 years of lake-atmosphere energy and carbon exchange. Energetically, BML behaved similar to other northern lakes, storing large quantities of heat in the spring and releasing it in the fall as sensible and latent heat fluxes. At various times a hydrocarbon sheen formed on the lake, which may have suppressed evaporation. However, simple linear relationships failed to statistically quantify the impacts and more comprehensive modelling of the variability may be required. At daily scales, variability in evaporation was well explained by the product of vapour pressure deficit and wind speed as well as the available energy (R2 = 0.74), while sensible heat was explained by the product of wind speed and the difference in air and surface temperature as well as available energy (R2 = 0.85). Spring CH4 fluxes were high, particularly around ice melt, with a maximum flux of 3.3 g m−2 day−1. Otherwise fluxes were low, except during irregular periods. The peak flux of these periods occurred following ~58 h of continuously falling pressure, relating cyclone activity to these large periods of methane emissions. Annually, CO2 and CH4 fluxes were initially high, with median fluxes of 231 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 and 23 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 in 2014. However, the median fluxes reduced quickly and over the least three years of the study (2017 through 2019) the median fluxes declined to 36 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 and 10 mg CH4 m−2 h−1. Overall, BML behaves similar to other boreal lake ecosystems with above average carbon fluxes compared to other constructed reservoirs.

Anthropogenic transformation of Yangtze Plain freshwater lakes: patterns, drivers and impacts

Over the past half century, the Yangtze Plain of China has experienced rapid economic development. Lake reclamation (i.e., conversion of natural lake/wetland areas to agricultural/urban land or aquaculture, thereby reducing the area of natural waters) in particular has greatly contributed to meeting the increasing demands for food and urban development. However, until now, a comprehensive quantification and understanding of historical anthropogenic lacustrine exploitation in this region has been lacking, prohibiting assessment of the impacts of these activities. We used Landsat observations from 1973 to 2018 to track reclamation-induced changes in 112 large lakes (97.8% of the total lake area) in the Yangtze Plain. We show that 41.6% (6056.9 km2) of the total lake area has been reclaimed since the 1970s. The expansion of agricultural and built-up lands dominated the reclamation activities in the 1970s, while the increase of aquaculture zones has prevailed since the mid-1980s. Reclamation activities were closely connected to government policies and major socio-economic events and had strong impacts on lake hydrology, flood risk mitigation capacity, and water quality as revealed by satellite and in situ observations. This new quantitative understanding of anthropogenic reclamation and its associated impacts on Yangtze Plain freshwater lakes can underpin the development of strategies to reduce the impacts of lake reclamation on environmental quality. The study has also demonstrated the unique strength of using long-term series satellite images in tracking historical environmental changes in a substantial region of the world, and the methods used here are potentially extendable to other inland and coastal areas to understand similar human-environment interaction problems.

Fisheries assessment spring zooplankton of some lakes in the semi-desert zone of Kazakhstan

The zooplankton survey of four lakes in the semidesert zone in the spring of 2019 showed the following. Small-sized lakes were characterized by shallowness, overgrowth, and a relatively safe water environment. With similar part of planktonts in lakes Kanaevskoe, Derevyannoe, Tumash-Nogas revealed a very low biomass. In oz. Telibai, with a minimum amount of vegetation, a sufficient layer of water column, the productivity of invertebrates was middle-class trophic, optimal for fish. Reclamation of lakes to reduce overgrowth and improve stable water availability will help to improve the composition, increase the productivity of zooplankton and use of reservoirs of the reserve Fund in the fisheries plan.

Effects of Hydrocarbons on Wind Waves in a Mine Pit Lake

The extraction and upgrading of bitumen to crude oil from the Canadian oil sands has produced large quantities of byproducts such as fluid fine tailings (FFT) and oil sands process affected water (OSPW). One reclamation strategy for these byproducts is to backfill a mined-out pit with FFT and cap it with a mix of OSPW and non-process affected water to form a pit lake. We investigated the effects of hydrocarbons, residual bitumen, on the generation and growth of wind waves, both in the laboratory and in a pit lake. In the laboratory, we compared the wind wave characteristics in the presence and absence of a hydrocarbon film. We showed that the hydrocarbon film dampens high frequency waves, resulting in a slower growing wave field dominated by lower frequency waves. These results were consistent with our field observations. Thus, it appears that the presence of a hydrocarbon film on a pit lake leads to a wind wave field dominated by longer wavelength waves that take more time to develop and grow at a slower rate. This is important since wind wave-driven mixing, in tandem with biogeochemical processes, governs water quality in mine pit lakes. Thus, this work improves understanding of the physical processes that effect water quality in mine pit lakes and enhances the ability of mine managers to conduct pit lake reclamation.

Evaluation of the Fairness of Urban Lakes' Distribution Based on Spatialization of Population Data: A Case Study of Wuhan Urban Development Zone.

Lake reclamation for urban construction has caused serious damage to lakes in cities undergoing rapid urbanization. This process affects urban ecological environment and leads to inconsistent urban expansion, population surge, and uneven distribution of urban lakes. This study measured the fairness of urban lakes’ distribution and explored the spatial matching relationship between service supply and user group demand. The interpretation and analysis of Wuhan’s remote sensing images, population, administrative area, traffic network, and other data in 2018 were used as the basis. Specifically, the spatial distribution pattern and fairness of lakes’ distribution in Wuhan urban development zone were investigated. This study establishes a geographic weighted regression (GWR) model of land cover types and population data based on a spatialization method of population data based on land use, and uses population spatial data and network accessibility analysis results to evaluate lake service levels in the study area. Macroscopically, the correlation analysis of sequence variables and Gini coefficient analysis method are used to measure the fairness of the Wuhan lake distribution problem and equilibrium degree, and the location entropy analysis is used to quantitatively analyze the fairness of lakes and Wuhan streets from the perspective of supply and demand location entropy. Levels improve the accuracy of the research. Results showed that (1) the area covered by lakes in Wuhan urban development zone is 1007.96 km2 within 60-min of walking, accounting for 30.6% of the total area of the study area. This area can house 5,050,275 people, accounting for 60.8% of Wuhan’s total population. (2) The lakes in the central city area are less fair than the lakes outside the Third Ring Road. (3) The service level of North Lake is the highest among all the lakes in the study area, and that of Hou Lake is the lowest. (4) The spatial layout of the fairness of the lakes’ distribution is roughly distributed in circles. The fairness level collapses toward the city center, indicating that the closer to the city center, the lower the fairness level.

Рекультивація озера методом пульверизаційної аерації води в умовах розташування метеорологічної станції Рава-Руська

Розглянуто технологію рекультивації озера технічним методом в умовах розташування метеорологічної станції Рава-Руська. Проаналізовано досвід і результати роботи польських науковців. Відзначено позитивні результати внаслідок застосування у рекультивації природних і штучних водойм пульверизаційних аераторів, які розпилюють воду в повітрі. Представлено розподіл пульверизаційних аераторів води, що використовуються під час рекультивації озер. Охарактеризовано пульверизаційний аератор із вітровим приводом концепції Подсядловського. Ця технологія передбачає використання енергії вітру для насичення киснем нижньої зони озера. Робота аератора забезпечує утворення на кумулятивній глибині життєвого простору, в якому інтенсивно розвиваються фіто- і зоопланктон, а також риби, які ним харчуються. Регулярне виловлювання швидко зростаючої риби дає змогу знизити трофність озера та систематично покращити якість води. Пульверизаційний аератор води із вітровим приводом в умовах розташування метеостанції Рава-Руська може забезпечити розчинення кисню в донних водах в межах від 4,86 до 5,53 г·м-3. Найнижчі концентрації розчиненого кисню у воді зафіксовано в липні та серпні (4,86 г·м-3), а найвищі (&gt;5,24 г·м-3) – із жовтня по травень. Опрацьовано і описано номограму для визначення вмісту кисню, розчиненого у воді впродовж певного місяця, внаслідок функціонування пульверизаційний аератор із вітровим приводом в умовах розташування метеостанції Рава-Руська. Рекомендовано застосування пульверизаційного аератора із вітровим приводом для рекультивації озер України.

Coupling Relationship between Urban Expansion and Lake Change—A Case Study of Wuhan

With the development of urbanisation, the contradiction between urban expansion and lake protection becomes increasingly evident. Particularly, lake reclamation of urban construction causes serious damage to the water system and further affects the ecological environment of urban areas. On the basis of the interpretation and analysis of long time-series remote sensing images, this study evaluated the spatial pattern and dynamic changes of urban built-up areas and lakes in Wuhan from 1987–2018 and analysed the role of urban policies in this process. A coupling coordination degree model was used to analyse the correlation between them. Results show that with the continuous advancement of urban construction and renewal of urban policies, the coupling degree between urban expansion and lake change in Wuhan has been on the rise in the past 30 years. Moreover, the antagonistic relationship between urban construction and lake protection has gradually eased from severe imbalance to slightly balanced, and the negative impact of urban development on lake change has gradually decreased. The findings underscore the need for Wuhan to adhere to policies that promote lake protection. Lake supervision should be strengthened, and ecological restoration should be actively promoted. Furthermore, sustainable urban development policies should be maintained to improve the quality of urban development.

Biopolymer Beads for Aqueous Phosphate Removal: Possible Applications in Eutrophic Lakes

Novel iron (Fe) cross-linked alginate (FCA) beads were used for phosphate removal from synthetic water, lake water, and wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted with the beads (0.118 g dry weight) using three different initial concentrations of phosphate (C0=5, 50, and 100 mg PO43−-P/L) as well as environmentally relevant (eutrophic lakes) concentration of 100 μg PO43−-P/L. Approximately 97% of phosphate (C0=5 mg PO43−-P/L) was removed by the beads in 360 min from an aqueous solution. In 360 min, beads removed ∼76% of phosphate from water with C0=50 PO43−-P/L and ∼46% from water with C0=100 mg PO43−-P/L. For 100 μg PO43−-P/L, 80% removal was achieved within 20 min. The second-order reaction fit well for all the concentrations with reaction rate constants (k) of 0.076 and 0.2027 L/mg/min (C0=5 mg and 100 μg PO43−-P/L, respectively). The maximum phosphate sorption capacity was found to be ∼79 mg PO43−-P/g of dry beads. No change in phosphate removal was observed in the presence of Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, NO3−, and natural organic matter (NOM). To investigate the feasibility of using the FCA beads in a real-life situation (e.g., in eutrophic lakes), actual lake waters (11–69 μg PO43−-P/L) were used and 81–100% phosphate removal was observed in 24 h. Results presented here demonstrate the potential for the use of the FCA beads for the reclamation of eutrophic lakes (removal of excess of phosphate).

Criminal law policy on land functions impacting climate change in Indonesian national law perspective

The philosophy of functional transfer of land from wetlands, paddy fields, watersheds, protected forests, coastal and lake reclamation into residential areas in a national perspective, is one of the causes of climate change today. Initially, these places provide a cool, fresh, and clean air for humans being and the environment, but with the transition of the functions of these lands, an unexpected impact arises from the emergence of pollution, climate change that led to the occurrence of global warming. Philosophically, the transition of land functions is prohibited because it affects the human life. Sociologically, human actions that are deliberately destructive to the environment by transforming agrarian lands into residential areas, factories, hotels, and large malls so that previously productive land, turning into polluted lands, must be illegal due to land misuse as opposed to the public interest. Thus, juridical, a regulation that will be highlighted from the criminal law aspects both in the case of criminal acts, criminal liability, and the formulation of the punishment system against any person or legal body proven to commit criminal acts in the case of abuse of land functions, resulting in the change Climate that threatens the safety of mankind. This paper uses a normative juridical approach method with some analysis in the form of legal theories related to the writing of this journal.