Lake Mariout Research Articles

New PCBs-degrading and hexavalent chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from Lake Mariout, Egypt

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants. They were widely used and distributed in the environment causing endocrine disruption, carcinogenicity, and immunotoxicity. The toxic heavy metal, Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), co-exists with PCBs leading to ecological deterioration and health problems. Thus, bioremediation of the coexisting PCBs and Cr(VI) is essential for the environment and public health. In this study, three bacterial strains identified as Bacillus safensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus vietnamenesis, were isolated. As revealed, various strains belonging to the genus Bacillus degraded PCBs. However, this study can be considered the first report on isolated strains as PCB-degraders that resist Cr(VI) as co-contaminants. All strains had the biphenyl dioxygenase (bphA) gene and grew on PCBs as the sole carbon and energy source and completely remediated 5 mg/l Cr(VI) individually within 24 h. The three isolates showed different response mechanisms to Cr(VI) that enabled Bacillus safensis and Bacillus cereus to grow on PCBs and Cr(VI) as co-contaminants. Bacillus vietnamensis recorded the highest growth on PCBs, but could not grow on PCBs with Cr(VI). Therefore, Bacillus safensis and Bacillus cereus are concluded to be good candidates for bioremediation of PCBs and Cr(VI) as co-contaminants, while Bacillus vietnamensis is more suitable for bioremediation of either PCBs or Cr(VI) individually.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Aquaculture Practices Using Zooplankton in Lake Mariout, Alexandria, Egypt

Environmental Impact Assessment of Aquaculture Practices Using Zooplankton in Lake Mariout, Alexandria, Egypt

Volatile Compounds, Fatty Acids Constituents, and Antimicrobial Activity of Cultured Spirulina (Arthrospira fusiformis) Isolated from Lake Mariout in Egypt.

In this study, Arthrospira fusiformis previously isolated from Lake Mariout (Alexandria, Egypt) was cultivated in the laboratory using a medium for pharmaceutical grade Arthrospira, named as Amara and Steinbüchel medium. Hot water extract of the Egyptian Spirulina was prepared by autoclaving dried biomass in distilled water at 121°C for 15 min. This algal water extract was analyzed by GC-MS to evaluate its volatile compounds and fatty acids composition. The antimicrobial activity of phycobiliprotein extract from Arthrospira fusiformis using phosphate buffer was evaluated against thirteen microbial strains (two Gram-positive bacteria, eight Gram-negative bacteria, one yeast, and two filamentous fungi). The major components of fatty acids in the hot extract of Egyptian A. fusiformis were hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, 55.19%) and octadecanoic acid (stearic acid, 27.14%). The main constituents of its volatile compounds were acetic acid (43.33%) and oxalic acid (47.98%). The most potent antimicrobial effect of phycobiliprotein extract was obtained against two Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi and Proteus vulgaris, filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger, and the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (all of which showed MIC values of 58.1 μg/ml). Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium come second in their susceptibility to the phycobiliprotein extract from Arthrospira fusiformis and Serratia marcescens and Aspergillus flavus are the least in susceptibility, with MIC values of 116.2 and 232.5 μg/ml, respectively, while phycobiliprotein extract has no antibacterial effect on methicillin-resistant as well as susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella sonnei. These findings confirmed the nutritional value of Egyptian A. fusiformis isolated from Lake Mariout and suggest the potential use of this strain as an ingredient in the cooking of some foods to increase the level of stearic acid and palmitic acid. Moreover, its effective antibacterial activities against some important and highly resistant to antibiotics bacterial pathogens in addition to its antifungal effects recommend the therapeutic use of its biomass.

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water and its effect on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Mediterranean Lakes: a case study at Mariout Lake

Mariout Lake is one of the Northern Nile-Delta Lakes in Egypt that receives agricultural, industrial and domestic effluents through several drains. The present study aims to evaluate the levels of some heavy metals (HMs) in water and edible parts of Oreochromis niloticus in Mariout Lake, in addition to studying several pollution indices and potential human health risks. The levels of the studied HMs in water were in the order of Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. However, results of the pollution index, that concerns the effect of individual metal, concluded that Cd and Pb in water had serious pollution effects for aquatic life, while Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn had not any pollution effects at different locations in the lake. The indices of the composite effects of all HMs (Metal Index and Heavy Metal Pollution Index) indicated the high pollution of Mariout Lake water, which may cause adverse effects on fish and different aquatic organisms. On the other side, the bioaccumulation factors of HMs in edible parts of O. niloticus were in the order of Zn > Cd > Cu > Ni > Pb > Mn > Fe. Although the target hazard quotient for all metals was less than the non-hazardous limit (THQ < 1), the non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI = 1.24) was classified in the moderate hazard risk level (1 < HI < 10) indicating low potential adverse effects on the exposed population due to consumption of O. niloticus caught from Mariout Lake.

Socio-Economic Dimension of Mariout Lake as an Ecological Approach for Sustainable Development in Alexandria, Egypt

Socio-Economic Dimension of Mariout Lake as an Ecological Approach for Sustainable Development in Alexandria, Egypt

Structural Diversity, LC-MS-MS Analysis and Potential Biological Activities of Brevibacillus laterosporus Extract.

Lake Mariout is Egypt's degraded coastal marine habitat that encompasses a variety of wastes. The biodiversity and hard environmental conditions allow the co-existence of organisms with high resistance and rich metabolism, making them potential candidates for screening and isolating novel microbial strains. A bacterial isolate (BF202) cultured from the marine sediments of Alexandria's Mariout Lake (Egypt) was tested for its antimicrobial and anticancer potential. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolated strain's 16S rDNA and gyrB revealed that BF202 belongs to Brevibacillus laterosporus (B. laterosporus). Antibiosis of B. laterosporus was confirmed against microbial pathogens including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. The highest antibacterial activity was detected on glucose peptone medium after 18 h of incubation at 35 °C, and at pH of 7.0 in the presence of mannose and ammonium carbonate as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the methanolic extract against breast cancer (MCF-7) and normal Vero cell lines, using the MTT test, revealed IC50 values of 7.93 and 23.79 µg/mL, respectively. To identify apoptotic and necrotic cells, a flow cytometric analysis using annexin V-FITC/PI dual-labeling was utilized and recorded a higher number of necrotic cells compared to apoptotic ones. Similarly, the cell cycle S-phase arrest was reported. The LC-MS-MS investigation of B. laterosporus extract and the molecular networking database analysis demonstrated five strategic diketopiperazine compounds with antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Taken together, this research shows that the crude extract of B. laterosporus might be an effective agent against drug-resistant bacteria and malignant disorders due to its richness in diketopiperazines.

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in water and sediments in the drainage network of Lake Mariout, Egypt

The present work investigated the distribution and assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the water and surface sediments of both Qalaa and Umum Drains. The water samples were taken from eighteen sampling sites covering the downstream part of the two drains before reaching Lake Mariout Main Basin (LMMB) and Lake Mariout Fishery Basin (LMFB) during the summer period. The samples collected were analyzed for Cu, Cd, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe and Al. Pollution loading index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), Geo accumulation index (Igeo) and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were calculated as a criterion of possible contamination. Qalaa Drain is characterized by a low pH value of 6.93 compared to the other waters in the studied areas. The lowest Cl was always recorded in the water of Qalaa Drain with an average of 0.65 g Cl/L. The water of Umum Drain, LMMB and LMFB are continually aerated with O2 concentration, compared to the Qalaa drain, which constantly carries H2S. The outcomes revealed that the concentrations of the dissolved metals are at suitable levels according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Fe and Al are the two abundant metals in the sediment of the four studied areas. The order of abundance of the metals in the sediments of the present study areas was Fe > Al > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. For the sediments, only cadmium and zinc concentrations in all sites during the study period exceeded the average shale rock concentration. According to the examined indices, the level of contamination in Qalaa Drain ranges from considerable to extremely high. Additionally, the four examined regions have higher Cu and Zn contents than SQGs.

Mass kills in hatchery-reared European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) triggered by concomitant infections of Amyloodinium ocellatum and Vibrio alginolyticus

ABSTRACT Amyloodiniosis and vibriosis are serious diseases in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) hatcheries with noticeable high mortality. This study was conducted on tank-cultured D. labrax frys at a private marine hatchery near Mariout Lake (Alexandria, Egypt). Frys showed a high mortality rate (70%), lethargy, darkening, asphyxia, ascites, and velvety skin appearance. Both infectious agents were presumptively identified in all investigated frys. The identities of the two recovered agents were confirmed by molecular assay and phylogenetic analysis. On the tissue level, histopathological examination of skin, splenic, and renal tissue indicated severe alterations due to the direct impacts of both infections. On the cellular level, scanning electron micrographs showed both protozoal and bacterial pathogens on/in gill epithelial cells in solitary and colonial forms. Vibrio alginolyticus showed variable results for tested antibiotics, with a higher sensitivity to florfenicol. A successful control strategy was strictly adopted to overcome infections and stop mortalities. Copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide were efficiently applied to tank water to overcome A. ocellatum infections. Further, florfenicol was effectively used to overcome systemic V. alginolyticus infections. The efficacy of treatments was confirmed by the absence of infectious agents in randomly collected fish samples. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the earliest Egyptian studies that dealt with the dilemma of mass kills associated with external parasitic/systemic bacterial infections among hatchery-reared European seabass.

Genotoxicity and Trace Elements Contents Analysis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Indicated the Levels of Aquatic Contamination at Three Egyptian Areas

The toxic waste and pollutants of heavy metals continuously pollute freshwater aquatic reservoirs, which have severe implications on aquatic life and human health. The present work aims to evaluate trace elements (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) along with three sites, Mariout Lake, Abbassa, and River Nile Aswan in Egypt, using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicator. The quality assurance, health-risk assessment, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and micronucleus test were performed to investigate the effect of different trace elements on Hsp70 gene level and micronuclei formation. We observed the highest expression of Hsp70 protein band of 70 KD and stress-responsive Hsp70 gene in the liver followed by gills of Nile tilapia caught from Mariout and Abbassa, but the lowest expression was in Nile tilapia caught from Aswan. Obvious micronuclei were observed under the microscope in erythrocytes, and their number was gradually decreased in the following manner: Mariout > Abbassa > Aswan. Noticeably, Cu, Zn, and Mn contents were low. Still, Pb and Cd contents were higher than the toxicity level recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), The World Health Organization (WHO), and the European Commission (EC). These results showed that Hsp70's appearance at the two levels of mRNA and protein is an effective indicator for aquatic pollution besides the aberration at the chromosome level represented in the micronucleus test. Furthermore, these results showed that Nile tilapia of the Aswan region had comparatively low trace elements contamination and were suitable for consumption.

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Supported by Crude Bioactive Metabolites of Bionanofactories Isolated from Lake Mariout.

Lake Mariout is one of the polluted coastal marine ecosystems in Egypt which is considered to be a reservoir of serious effluents from different anthropogenic activities. Such selective pressure enforces indigenous microbial populations to acquire new advantageous themes. Thus, in this study, two Streptomyces strains were screened, from Lake Mariout’s sediment for bioreduction of 5 mM AgNO3. Both strains were identified molecularly; their biochemical and physiological characterization revealed their ability to secrete bioactive metabolites with antagonistic activity. The cultural and incubation conditions influencing AgNPs productivity were evaluated. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the biofabricated AgNPs were pursued. UV-Vis spectroscopy detected surface plasmon resonance at range 458–422 nm. XRD indicated crystalline, pure, face-centered cubic AgNPs; EDX demonstrated strong silver signal at 3.5 keV. Besides, FT-IR and TGA analysis unveiled self-stabilization and functionalization of AgNPs by bioorganic molecules. However, electron microscopy micrographs depicted numerous uniform spherical AgNPs (1.17–13.3 nm). Potent bactericidal and fungicide activity were recorded by zone of inhibition assay at 50 μg/mL. Further, the antibiofilm activity was exerted in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the conjugation of AgNPs with the crude bioactive metabolites of both bionanofactories ameliorated the antimicrobial potency, reflecting a synergistic efficiency versus examined pathogens (free-living and biofilm).

Assessment of water pollution induced by anthropogenic activities on zooplankton community in Mariout Lake using statistical simulation

The growing increase in population and urbanization expansion leads to corresponding increase in urban effluents, industrial and agriculture that discharged into the aquatic environment. The present paper is an attempt to estimate the water quality characteristics and zooplankton community of different water bodies in some human activities effects of Mariout Lake subjected to various types of pollutants by using statistical simulation. During the period beginning from March 2019 to February 2020, ten representative surface water samples were collected seasonally from Mariout Lake for determination of physico-chemical parameters, namely temperature, biological oxygen demand, salinity, hydrogen ion concentration, ammonia, dissolved oxygen, reactive phosphate, and chlorophyll were estimated. The results of the monitoring stations were analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques to measure relationship among physical and chemical parameters by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) techniques. A total of 78 species were from zooplankton population, additional to fish eggs and the larval stages of different groups. Rotifer formed 48 species, copepods formed 8 species additional nauplii larvae and copepodite stage, protozoans (6 species: one of each of Protozoan, Ciliatea, tintinnids, and Sessilida), Cladocera 5 species, Ostracoda 4 species, Insecta 2 larvea, Mollusca 1 species and one larvae, while Annelida, Nematoda, Cirripeda, Molluscs, Annelida, Amphipoda, and fish eggs were only represented by one organism each. The annual average values of physico-chemical parameters were 24.26 °C for temperature; 4.07 ± 1.28‰ for salinity; 8.015 ± 0.22 for pH; 9.07 ± 9.56 mg/L for DO; 19.49 ± 5.22 mg/L for BOD; 0.54 ± 0.27 mg/L foe ammonia; 0.426 μM for reactive phosphate; and 6.312 μg/L for chlorophyll-a. From the calculations of WQI, the lakes were categorized into good, bad, and poor water quality. Increasing pollution rate of Mariout Lake will create large areas of oxygen-depleted (hypoxic) dead zones, which affect fish, zooplankton, and other organisms in the lake. Verifying the ability of CCA and PCA techniques was achieved by correlation methods and simple regression respectively.

Assessing heavy metal pollution hazard in sediments of Lake Mariout, Egypt

The Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations in the sediments of Lake Mariout were measured and estimated by statistical approaches using the contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow index (Iin), ecological hazard index, and potential ecological hazard index (RI). The aim of the present work was to assess the current situation of Lake Mariout compared with other Egyptian lakes regarding heavy metal pollution in the sediment and to identify the putative sources. The measured concentration levels of heavy metals in Lake Mariout sediments were higher than the geochemical background reference condition by a factor of two to three, except for sediment sampled near the Umoum drain, where metal concentrations were close to the geochemical background reference condition. The PLI ranged from moderately to heavily polluted classes. The Igeo ranged from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated classes, where the RI indicates a low hazard. The comparison of Lake Mariout with other lakes indicates that all heavy metal concentrations except for Cd in Lake Mariout were higher than the average concentrations in Edku Lake. However, the average concentrations of Cd and Ni in Burullus Lake were higher than those found in the current study. For Manzala Lake, the Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations were higher than the measured concentrations in Lake Mariout. The environmental hazard assessments of heavy metal concentrations in the Lake Mariout sediment determined the prevalence of possible anthropogenic pollution sources near the East and West Wastewater Treatment Plants and the El-Max pumping station.

Mobility of carbohydrates, proteins, phenol and eutrophication assessment in a brackish Egyptian lake; predicted equations

ABSTRACT Although great efforts have been devoted in assessing the ecological risks in aquatic environments, a lack of information is still present. An integrative approach was proposed concerning the mobility of carbohydrates, proteins and phenol among water, sediments and macrophytes in relation to the physical, chemical and geochemical parameters of Lake Mariout. Total carbohydrates, proteins and phenol showed averages of 6.80 mg L−1, 116.90 mg L−1 and 19.46 µg L−1; 89.82 mg g−1; 29.21 mg g−1 and 1.80 µgg−1; and 60.80 mg g−1, 15.27 mg g−1 and 9.29 mg g−1 in water, sediments and macrophytes, respectively. Protein/carbohydrate ratios in sediments were used as the trophic indicator. This study cleared out that all stations had ratios (<1) refereeing to aged organic matter. Station 6 indicated fresh organic matter. Moreover, the ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen (TOC/TN) suggested a primarily marine origin at eleven stations (<10) and a mixture of terrestrial input and marine materials (>10) at stations 1 and 7 located in the North-West Basin. Relatively high phenol concentrations of 54.5, 38.25 and 45.37 µgL−1 in water were measured at stations (3 & 5) located in the Main Basin, and station 11 located at El-Qalaa drain, respectively. The partition coefficient of phenol (Kd) varied from 0.053 to 0.199 (<1 Lg−1) revealing high mobility and an underground disposal facility. The low biodiversity of phytoplankton (38 spp.), seagrasses (4 spp.) and seaweed (3 spp.) inside the lake reflected the impact of wastewater discharged. Two phytoplankton blooms were observed at stations 3 and 7. According to the Diversity Index of Boyd, all Mariout stations (<4) are moderately polluted. Multivariate analyses were adopted to describe the lake chemistry. This study gives a conceptual framework helps decision-makers to express the problem of sustainability at Lake Mariout.

An economic study of the impact of overfishing on sustainable use For fish resources in the Egyptian Lake Mariout

Excessive fishing (overfishing) is one of the most important problems facing Lake Mariout, due to its negative impact on the quantity of fish production in the coming seasons, and the lake also faces the causes that led to a decrease in its area from 204 thousand feddans in 1798 to 17 thousand tons in general. The research problem is represented in the fluctuation in the total fish production of the lake and the fluctuation of the main culture production (tilapia) from it to the total fish production in them from 61.38% as a maximum in 2001 to 52.38% as a minimum in 2000. The research aims mainly to identify the effect of excessive fishing on the sustainable use of fishery resources in the Egyptian Lake Mariout. Surplus production models It was found from the estimated results that there is wasteful use of fishing boats in the lake by 273 boats, or about 34% of the maximum number of boats in the lake, as the actual fishing effort exceeded the fishing effort achieved for the maximum sustainable yield, which indicates. The study recommends the continuous review of the maximum permissible number of fishing boats operating in the lake according to technical and economic principles, in order to ensure sustainable use of the materials in the lake, while studying the allocation of fishing boats according to the fishing effort and including them with permits for fishing, in cooperation between the lake administration, fish cooperatives and elders of fishermen.

Impact of different pollutants on some water quality aspects of Lake Mariout, Egypt

The present study was carried out in Mariout Lake, which considered an important natural resource for fish production in Alexandria governorate, Lake Mariout is surrounded by different sources of pollution, such as sewage, industrial and agriculture drainages. Therefore, the present study was conducted in five sites to evaluate the effects resulting from pollution on the physical and chemical properties of water. Water samples were collected monthly to investigate the effect of different geographical seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) of 2018. Obtained results revealed that pH values reached an increased value of 8.8. The highest values of total alkalinity and total hardness were 465.8 and 5400 (mg/l as CaCO3), respectively. The highest values of NO2, NO3 and total nitrogen that recorded alongside the study period were 0.2, 2.32 and 3.98 mg/l, respectively. The highest recorded values of PO4 and total phosphorous were 0.42 and 0.92 mg/l, respectively. Depending on the increased values of nutrients and chlorophyll 'a' (459.6 µg/l), as well as dissolved solids, some basins of the lake classified as eutrophic while the other basins classified as hypertrophic.

Anomalous Fluctuation of Halogens in Relation to the Pollution Status along Lake Mariout, Egypt

This paper aimed to study the anomalous fluctuation of halogens with respect to the pollution status in surface water (w), pore water (p), and sediments (s) of Lake Mariout. It provided a framework for understanding the distribution of dissolved and precipitated halogen salts related to the pollution status of the lake. The study cleared out that bromide was only the most abundant halogen in the three studied partitions. On contrast, sediment’s partition contained the lowest chloride content. Fluoride minerals, especially, fluorapatites and carbonate-fluorapatite (FAP and CFAP), had high Saturation Index (SI) values in surface water (42.77–51.95 and 16.04–60.89, respectively) and in pore water (51.26–54.60 and 17.52–78.33, respectively). Bromide and chloride were mainly found in the soluble forms in the surface water and pore waters. Iodide salts, (Ca(IO3)2 and Ca(IO3)2.6H2O), were moderately precipitated in surface and pore waters. Thus, SI content reflected that halogens, especially fluoride and iodide, played a vital role in reducing lake pollution. Fluorite (CaF2) and sellaïte (MgF2) could only be formed in pore water, while calcite and aragonite could be deposited from surface water. In addition, Cl was mainly found in the forms of NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and KCl in surface and pore waters. The multivariate analysis revealed that fluoride precipitate may serve in decreasing the dissolved salt pollution. Multivariate analysis showed that in the long run, the fluoride precipitation in FAP and CFAP can significantly adsorb and absorb various pollutants and can protect the lake from pollution. The ecological risk assessment conducted by calculating the enrichment factor (EF) showed that the lake was still unpolluted. Regarding human health risks, at appropriate levels of human health and safety, the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of halogens found to be lower than these reported levels. Hence, ingestion and dermal absorption routes of halogens by surface water and sediments did not pose any adverse effects to population reflecting uncontaminated status of Lake Mariout.

Computing the Water Budget Components for Lakes by Using Meteorological Data

Lake Mariout located between the longitudes of 29° 49′ and 29° 56′E and latitudes of 31° 04′ and 31° 08′N in Egypt. It is situated on the southern side of Alexandria City, Egypt. The land surrounding the lake is occupied by agriculture field, population zones and fish farms. This makes the lake to serve as a sink to drain different kinds of drainage waters from surrounding catchment areas of Alexandria City. The water of Lake Mariout is pumped to the Mediterranean Sea through El-Max pump station. The water budget was computed by measuring or estimating all of the lake’s water gains and losses. Applying the hydrology budget balance for lakes takes the interaction between the inflow and the outflow water from lakes into account. It is very useful for conservation and better management of water resources. All water budget components of the lake are estimated. Groundwater amount is the most difficult component to be measured or estimated in the water budget equation. Most of the previous studies assumed that the residual of water budget to be the groundwater flow to the lake. The results show that the lake Mariout receives approximately 8.95 m3/d from the main drains which represents the major part of the inflow water to lake. The discharge of El-max pump station is also one of the largest components of the outflow water (102 m3/s), while the water loss by evaporation represents 3.2% of the outflow water from the lake. Moreover, the water gain by rainfall 0.38% of the inflow water. The Groundwater flow to/out the lake was estimated as a residual of the water budget equation. It represents 1.2% of the total inputs for the lake water budget. The result shows that the lake is under severe environmental pressure. One of that is the groundwater comes from catchments areas which may be affect the configuration and operating system management of El-Max pump station by the time running.

Environmental Studies on Water Quality, Plankton and Bacterial Community in Mariout Lake, Egypt

Environmental Studies on Water Quality, Plankton and Bacterial Community in Mariout Lake, Egypt

Environmental impacts on Chemical Characteristic in Sediment of Lake Mariout - Egypt

The Mariout Lake is considered an important natural resource for fish production in Alexandria Governorate, it has been subjected to various types of pollution, the lake acts as a receptor for domestic wastewater and industrial wastes. So this study was conducted to determine the effect of environmental impacts and pollution on chemical properties of different cores of Mariout lake sediment, Surficial (0-10cm) and sub-surficial (10-20cm) sediments were collected seasonally using vertical soilsampler from seven sites during winter, spring, summer, and autumn 2017. The study showed that the mean values of organic matter, organic carbon and total carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly increased (P

Remote Sensing Technique for Assessment of Zooplankton Community in Lake Mariout, Egypt.

Remote Sensing Technique for Assessment of Zooplankton Community in Lake Mariout, Egypt.