Turkey Lakes Research Articles

Influence of atmospheric deposition on lake mass balances in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Central Ontario

Influence of atmospheric deposition on lake mass balances in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Central Ontario

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Metal Loadings to Sediments of the Turkey Lakes, Ontario

Sediment core profiles of metal concentration and 210Pb activity were used to calculate metal loadings to five small Precambrian Shield lakes of the Turkey Lakes system near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Background, natural concentrations (pre-1900) of Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg reflected concentrations in local bedrock. Surface loading rates of Al, Cu, Ni, and Cr were not significantly greater than background rates. Fe and Mn enrichment of surface sediment and the downstream accumulation in the five lakes indicated the mobility of these elements. Four metals, Pb, Cd, Hg, and Zn, had significant anthropogenic inputs, which averaged 18, 1.7, 1.4, and 0.6 times background loadings, respectively. Precipitation loadings of Pb and Hg were several times greater than background accumulation in lake sediments. Precipitation loadings of Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd were the same order of magnitude as background inputs to sediments.

Trace element distribution within the tree phytomass and forest floor of a tolerant hardwood stand, Algoma, Ontario

An examination of tree phytomass and trace metal concentrations (w/w) and pools in the tree stratum and forest floor of a sugar maple-yellow birch forest was carried out at Turkey Lakes Watershed, Algoma District, Ontario. Estimated aboveground tree phytomass (167, 500 kg ha−1) was dominated by stemwood, branches > 2 cm, and stem bark. Highest trace metal concentrations were found in foliage (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) and stem bark (Cd, Pb, Zn). Concentrations of essential trace metals found in all sugar maple components followed the expected sequence of Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu. Lead and Ni concentations were always higher than those of Cd. Concentrations of essential elements in foliage and other components were comparable to those reported in the literature for other localities in North America. There was no indication that availability of essential trace elements (e.g., Cu) to vegetation had been increased as a result of increased atmospheric deposition. Lead, Ni and Cd levels in vegetation and forest floor were lower than those reported for similar forested areas of the northeastern United States.

Storage and release of major ionic contaminants from the snowpack in the Turkey Lakes Watershed

The chemistry of the snowpack and snowmelt was investigated at the Turkey Lakes Watershed during the spring melt period in 1985. Ions in the snowmelt were 2 to 10 times more concentrated than those in the pre-melt snowpack and approximately 50% of the H+, SO4 and NO3 were lost from the snowpack with the first 30% of the melt. Rainfall flowed directly through the snow cover even during the early stages of the melt. Four rain events, which accounted for only 18% of the flowthrough collected, were responsible for about 50% of the H+ and SO4 and 37% of the NO3 ions exported from the snowpack. Sulphate to nitrate equivalent ratios in the pre-melt snowpack were generally about 0.6 but an enrichment of S04 relative to N03 in atmospheric deposition during the spring (SO4:NO3 > 1) resulted in snowmelt with an increasing SO4 content relative to NO3.

Interfacing hydrological and hydrogeochemical models for simulating streamwater chemistry in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Canada

The results obtained by interfacing a hydrological model with a hydrogeochemical model are presented and compared to the observed data collected from the Turkey Lakes Watershed. The most prominent feature shown in the data is the progressive increase of pH, alkalinity and Ca++ + Mg++ in the downstream direction. Analysis of the model results indicates that the proportion of groundwater input to total runoff in the headwater and downstream areas plays an important role in creating these spatial gradients. The model also reproduces many of the episodic events, both temporal and spatial, shown in the observed data.

Acid precipitation and soil solution chemistry within a maple-birch forest in Canada

Ion concentrations in water collected within a hardwood forest at Turkey Lakes Watershed, Ont. (Lat. 47° 03′N, Long. 84° 15′W) were examined in relation to those in precipitation at the watershed and at other places in eastern Canada. The mean annual concentration of Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K +, Na +, H +, NH 4 +, NO 3 −, SO 4 2−, Cl − and HCO 3 − in precipitation, throughfall, forest floor percolate and mineral soil solution were evaluated, and the annual flux of H +, NO 3 −, SO 4 2− and base cations was calculated. The annual input of cations by bulk precipitation was only a small proportion (17%) of the flux collected below the forest floor. The deposition of SO 4 2− and NO 3 − in bulk precipitation accounted for 85 and 45%, respectively, of the forest floor fluxes of these ions. The annual flux of H + in throughfall was less than that in precipitation. Calcium and Mg 2+ concentrations in soil solution were highly correlated ( P = 0.05) with NO 3 − during the dormant season and Ca 2+ was highly correlated with SO 4 2− during the growing season. Both SO 4 2− and NO 3 − were largely unreactive with minerals in the Turkey Lakes soil and therefore play a dominant role in cation movement through the soil.

Neutralization of acid runoff by groundwater discharge to streams in Canadian Precambrian Shield watersheds

Application of environmental isotope techniques during storm and snowmelt runoff from the Harp Lake and Turkey Lakes watersheds on the Precambrian Shield of central Ontario, Canada, indicates that subsurface pre-event water is a major component of the runoff hydrograph. Storm runoff from two sub-basins in the Harp Lake watershed is comprised of 40–90% groundwater, depending on rainfall amount and intensity, and antecedent soil-moisture conditions and water-table depth. Because the alkalinity of the groundwater is large compared to the acid precipitation (pH 3.8–4.5) characteristic of this region, groundwater discharge results in significant neutralization of runoff acidity. Snowmelt-runoff studies in the Turkey Lakes watershed indicate that much of the first meltwater from the acidic (pH ≈ 4.5) snowpack infiltrates the subsurface, displacing higher-pH groundwater to the stream. Since the first meltwater from an ablating snowpack is more acidic than the snow itself, meltwater infiltration limits the extent of stream acidification during snowmelt runoff. Hence, the physical displacement of near-neutral-pH pre-event subsurface water during storm- and snowmelt-runoff periods partially buffers the alkalinity of baseflow. As long as the acid neutralization capacity of the geologic materials storing the subsurface water is not exhausted, groundwater contributions to runoff will continue to neutralize acid runoff.

Sediments of the Konya basin, central Anatolia, Turkey

The present environmental conditions are not responsible for the major geomorphologic features of the Konya basin, located on the semi-arid Central Anatolian Plateau in Turkey. Such characteristics features as abandoned shore lines, wave-cut cliffs, sand spits and massive deltas provide evidence for lake conditions during the recent geologic past. Depositional processes of present-day environmental forces are chiefly constricted to the sides of the basin, where several alluvial fans are formed, burying sedimentary deposits of previous lake environments. In the basin, different types of sediment are present, clastics, as well as nonclastics. The latter consists of fresh-water limestone, chiefly Neogene in age. Among the clastics, fine-grained lake-deposited sediments (marl and calcareous clay) have the greatest distribution. Sand-size sediments and gravels are restricted to the mouths of indraining streams and of mountain canyons. In general, from the mouths of the rivers towards the center of the basin the sediments show a progressive change to finer sediments. Study of the heavy minerals shows that the sediments in the basin are derived largely from the nearby Taurus mountains, where such volcanic rocks as andesite and tuff cover large stretches. The prevalent clay minerals in the basin sediments are muscovite and illite, with minor admixtures of kaolinite. Study of the molluscan fauna encountered in the lake sediments, as well as in the sand spits shows that the water of the lake was fresh, notwithstanding the lake had no surface outlet. Since “cold” species are lacking and most of the elements are still living in the present-day lakes of Turkey, there are no indications for a cold climate during the lake stage. Archaeologic evidence shows that the basin was largely dry and inhabited already some 8,500 years ago. Unless some other factor was involved, we may infer that at the end of the Würm glacial minor climatic changes disturbed the delicate balance between incoming and outgoing water, resulting in a complete drying up of the lake.

The Measurement of Partial Interspecific Association

1955. The distribution of invertebrates on submerged aquatic plant surfaces in Muskee Lake, Colorado. Ecology, 36: 308-314. Scott, Will, Ralph Hile, and H. T. Spieth. 1928. A quantitative study of the bottom fauna of Lake Wawasee (Turkey Lake). Investigations of Indiana Lakes, 1 (1): 5-25. . 1938. The bottom fauna of Tippecanoe Lake. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams, 1(4): 5-16. Wohlschlag, D. E. 1950. Vegetation and invertebrate life in a marl lake. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams, 3(9): 321-372.

BUTLER'S GARTER SNAKE

Previous articleNext article FreeJournal ArticlesBUTLER'S GARTER SNAKEALEXANDER G. RUTHVENALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN[From the University Museum, University of Michigan] Search for more articles by this author [From the University Museum, University of Michigan]PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 7, Number 6November 1904 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/1535613 Views: 114Total views on this site © 1904 Marine Biological LaboratoryPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.