Lake Chelan Research Articles

LiDAR and Paleoseismology Solve Earthquake Mystery in the Pacific Northwest, USA

AbstractOne of the largest historical earthquakes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest occurred on December 15, 1872 near the south end of Lake Chelan. Lack of recognized surface deformation suggested that the earthquake occurred on a blind, perhaps deep, fault. New LiDAR data revealed a NW‐side‐up scarp along the north side of Spencer Canyon near Entiat, Washington. Landslides triggered during the earthquake impounded small ponds in Spencer Canyon; the larger of the two landslides obliterated a portion of the scarp. Tree‐ring counts show that the oldest trees on each landslide are 130 and 128 years old, and lend credence to the idea that the earthquake triggered the landslides. Trenches across the scarp exposed a NW‐dipping thrust fault offsetting young soils and Mesozoic bedrock. Radiocarbon and tree ring data shows that the last fault movement was between 1856 and 1873 CE, and was most likely during the 1872 CE earthquake.

Changes in night sky brightness after a countywide LED retrofit

The US National Park Service (NPS) Night Skies Program measured changes in sky brightness resulting from a countywide lighting retrofit project. The retrofit took place in Chelan County, a gateway community to North Cascades National Park and Lake Chelan National Recreation Area in Washington State. The county retrofitted all 3693 county-owned high pressure sodium (HPS) street lamps to full cutoff LEDs. This number is about 60% of the County's total outdoor street and area lights. About 80% of the newly installed lights were 3000 K in color temperature and 20% were 4000 K. The 4000 K LEDs were used to meet Washington State Department of Transportation guidelines. To measure sky brightness, we used the NPS night sky camera system before the retrofit started in 2018 and after its completion in 2019. These images were photometrically calibrated and mosaicked together to provide hemispherical images in V band. For comparison with our ground-based measurement, we obtained the satellite imagery taken by Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite. Our measurements show that the post-retrofit skyglow became brighter and extended higher in the sky, but upward radiance, as measured by the day-night band radiometer, decreased. These divergent results are likely explained by a substantial increase in light emitted at wavelengths shorter than 500 nm, and a relative decrease in upward light emission due to better shielded luminaires. These results also demonstrate that earlier models relating VIIRS day-night band data to skyglow will – at a minimum – require substantial revision to account for the different characteristics of solid state luminaires.

TRICAP 2018 Angel Fire Resort, New Mexico

The conference ThRee-way Analysis In Chemistry And Psychology (TRICAP) is already the ninth edition in a series of conferences on multiway and multiset methods across many disciplines. This series started with a small workshop on three-way methods in chemistry (then called TRIC) in Epe, The Netherlands, 1993 bringing together researchers from psychology and chemistry working on three-way methods and applications. Then, the name was changed into TRICAP, and the next meeting was in Lake Chelan (USA, 1997). From then on, the meeting was held every 3–4 years alternating between the United States and Europe, always at secluded and beautiful places. This is also the philosophy of the meeting: bringing together researchers from very different backgrounds (chemists, chemical engineers, psychologists, computer scientists, and the like) to intensively discuss problems of three-way analysis. Over the years, the focus has broadened to contain not only three-way methods but also methods to analyze multiple data sets simultaneously, such as multiset and multiblock analysis. The presentations are very diverse; they range from theory to computation to applications. The format of the conference is such that enough time is given to presenters and discussion which often also continues at the bar. The size of the conference is usually small, around 30 people attending. The 2018 TRICAP conference was held in the Angel Fire Resort in Northern New Mexico with Mark van Benthem as chair. There were 28 participants of 11 different nationalities. The contributions were again very diverse and entertaining. The two leading journals in Chemometrics have joined forces and present a Virtual Special Issue (VSI) on multiway and multiset methods resulting from this conference and with contributions from former attendees. We have divided the contributions equally among the journals, and in these digital times, it is easy to produce such a VSI. The total list of contributions ordered in type of topic is given below including in which journal it is published with a direct link. We hope our readers will enjoy this VSI and get a sense of the atmosphere of the TRICAP conferences! The next TRICAP will be in Brittany (France) in 2021 or 2022. A two steps algorithm for the joint eigenvalue decomposition, application to canonical polyadic decomposition of fluorescence spectra (Chemolab) Candecomp/Parafac with zero constraints at arbitrary positions in a loading matrix (Chemolab) Getting to the core of PARAFAC2, a nonnegative approach (Chemolab) Model selection techniques for sparse weight based PCA (JChem) Three-way clustering around latent variables (CLV3W) approach with configuration constraints to facilitate interpretation (JChem) Multivariate curve resolution of multiway data using the multilinearity constraint (JChem) Bilinear and trilinear modelling of three-way data obtained in two factor designed metabolomics studies (Chemolab) Detecting outlying variables in multigroup data: a comparison of different loading similarity coefficients (JChem) Heterofusion: fusing genomics data of different measurement scales (JChem) Sparse common and distinctive covariates regression (JChem) Divide et impera: how disentangling common and distinctive variability in multi-set data analysis can aid industrial process troubleshooting and understanding (JChem) Three-way PARAFAC decomposition of chromatographic data for the unequivocal identification and quantification of compounds in a regulatory framework (Chemolab) Using chemometric tools to investigate the quality of three- and four-way liquid chromatographic data obtained with two different fluorescence detectors and applied to the determination of quinolone antibiotics in animal tissues (Chemolab) CATTELL's parallel proportional profiles (JChem)

An Examination of Froude-Supercritical Flows and Cyclic Steps On A Subaqueous Lacustrine Delta, Lake Chelan, Washington, U.S.A

Density-driven submarine flows, including turbidity currents, play an important role in the transfer of sediment into deep water. These bottom-hugging flows often produce flow-transverse bedforms along their path. A sedimentological and geophysical survey of the Stehekin River delta in Lake Chelan, Washington, reveals a downslope-elongate field of bedforms on the delta foreset associated with hyperpycnal discharges of the Stehekin River. An analysis of the bedform morphologies, delta geometry, and density contrast between lake and river water suggests that these hyperpycnal flows are Froude-supercritical. The bedforms are likely cyclic steps, flow-transverse bedforms that are bounded by stable hydraulic jumps between alternating subcritical and supercritical flow regimes. The ability to examine the three-dimensional bed configuration produced by natural density-driven flows adds valuable information to the body of experimental work focused on the behavior of cyclic steps in flumes.

Quantifying Latent Impacts of an Introduced Piscivore: Pulsed Predatory Inertia of Lake Trout and Decline of Kokanee

AbstractIntroduced long‐lived predators often cause significant impacts on their prey, but these impacts can be masked from detection due to high “predatory inertia”: time lags in population growth and dietary ontogeny. We evaluated whether predation by introduced lake trout Salvelinus namaycush could explain the 88% decline in escapement of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka during 2005–2009 in Lake Chelan, Washington. We quantified the strength and trend of predation impacts with field sampling, a hydroacoustic assessment of kokanee production, and bioenergetics and age‐structured population models of lake trout. Lake trout consumption of kokanee exceeded kokanee production, indicating strong predation impacts at the start of the decline. Fully piscivorous lake trout (>550 mm fork length) were responsible for 83% of this predation. The population model predicted that a pulse of strong stocked cohorts crossed this piscivorous size threshold, causing the biomass of fully piscivorous lake trout to expand by roughly 70–300% during 2004–2009 and driving predation pressure to peak levels. Together, these results suggested that lake trout predation was a large and growing source of kokanee mortality during the decline. Counterintuitively, predation pressure was projected to increase even if the numbers of harvestable lake trout declined, as strong cohorts grew to piscivorous size while succumbing to mortality. Angler catch rates of lake trout declined by 40% during 2004–2007, as was predicted by the population model; this decline in catch masked the rise in predation pressure. This analysis demonstrates the potential for introduced predators exhibiting high predatory inertia to cause strong, latent impacts on prey that would be unexpected based on harvest trends and prior dynamics alone. Forward‐looking monitoring and modeling analyses are clearly advantageous for managers who seek to maintain ecosystems in long‐term “balance” by detecting and reversing incipient changes in predation.

Widespread Distribution of the Non-Native Northern Crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in the Columbia River Basin

Abstract We report here the first records of the non-native northern crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in the Columbia River basin within Washington State. Confirmed occurrences include the reservoirs Lake Rufus Woods and Lake Roosevelt on the Columbia River, North Twin Lake in the upper Columbia River basin, Lake Patterson in the Methow River basin, Wapato Lake in the Lake Chelan basin, and Moses Lake in central Washington. Uncertainty remains as to the source, extent of current distribution, and potential impacts of these O. virilis populations. Release of live bait by anglers is a common pathway for crayfish introductions, although stocking for harvest or aquaculture and releases of pets or laboratory animals is equally likely for the introduction of O. virilis to the region. Evaluating potential impacts of O. virilis on native crayfish, fish, and other species in the Columbia River basin will require additional study. These newly discovered O. virilis populations are likely to naturally disperse further t...

Comparison of semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) and large-volume solid-phase extraction techniques to measure water concentrations of 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDE, and 4,4′-DDD in Lake Chelan, Washington

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) spiked with the performance reference compound PCB29 were deployed 6.1 m above the sediments of Lake Chelan, Washington, for a period of 27 d, to estimate the dissolved concentrations of 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDE, and 4,4′-DDD. Water concentrations were estimated using methods proposed in 2002 and newer equations published in 2006 to determine how the application of the newer equations affects historical SPMD data that used the older method. The estimated concentrations of DDD, DDE, and DDD calculated using the older method were 1.5–2.9 times higher than the newer method. SPMD estimates from both methods were also compared to dissolved and particulate DDT concentrations measured directly by processing large volumes of water through a large-volume solid-phase extraction device (Infiltrex™ 300). SPMD estimates of DDD + DDE + DDT (ΣDDT) using the older and newer methods were lower than Infiltrex concentrations by factors of 1.1 and 2.3, respectively. All measurements of DDT were below the Washington State water quality standards for the protection of human health (0.59 ng l −1) and aquatic life (1.0 ng l −1).

Tracking an invader to its origins: the invasion case history of Crupina vulgaris

Summary Based on its Mediterranean origins and close relationship with other highly invasive Asteraceae species, Crupina vulgaris was declared a Federal Noxious Weed shortly after its discovery in Idaho in 1968. Twenty‐two years later, surveys revealed over 25 500 ha infested with five separate populations in four states. Despite this expansion, no‐one knew how this unlikely invader with its large seed was moving long distances or how it had escaped detection entering the country. The objectives of this study were to characterize the invasion history by estimating when, how, from where and how many times Crupina vulgaris was introduced in North America. Methods included molecular markers (random amplification of polymorphic DNA), distribution maps and historical sleuthing. Molecular markers linked all five North American populations with the Iberian Peninsula, with at least three colonization events. Distribution maps limited the area to northern Spain, where C. vulgaris occurs outside the range of Crupina crupinastrum. Site histories indicated four, perhaps five, successful introductions from northern Spain, associated with Basque sheepherders. Two remote sites (Lake Chelan, WA, and Modoc County, CA) had direct links with northern Spain from the 1950s into the 1970s. It appeared that the other introductions also occurred decades before the discovery dates. Detailed knowledge of individual invasion case histories is relevant for preventing future weed introductions and as a framework for future ecological investigations, such as effects of selection pressures during immigration or niche relationships in native and introduced habitats.

The December 1872 Washington State Earthquake

The largest historical earthquake in eastern Washington occurred on 15 December 1872. We used Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) assignments for 12 twentieth-century earthquakes to determine attenuation relations for different regions in the Pacific Northwest. MMI attenuation for propagation paths east and west of the Cascade Mountains differs significantly only for epicentral distances greater than about 225 km. We used these attenuation relations and the MMI assignments for the 15 December 1872 earthquake to conclude that its epicentral region was east of the Cascade Mountains near Lake Chelan, Washington, and most probably near the south end of Lake Chelan. The intensity magnitude, M I, is 6.8 and moment magnitude, M , is 6.5-7.0 at the 95% confidence level. Manuscript received 23 October 2001.

Meeting Report. TRICAP: Three-way methods in chemistry and psychology, Lake Chelan, WA, U.S.A., 4-9 May 1997

Meeting Report. TRICAP: Three-way methods in chemistry and psychology, Lake Chelan, WA, U.S.A., 4-9 May 1997

Meeting Report. TRICAP: Three-way methods in chemistry and psychology, Lake Chelan, WA, U.S.A., 4-9 May 1997

Meeting Report. TRICAP: Three-way methods in chemistry and psychology, Lake Chelan, WA, U.S.A., 4-9 May 1997

Ribbon Cliff landslide, Washington, and the earthquake of 14 December 1872

Abstract Estimates of the epicentral location and maximum intensity of the earthquake of 14 December 1872, the largest and oldest historic earthquake documented in the Pacific Northwest, are controversial largely because the estimates are based on ground effects. The Ribbon Cliff landslide is one of the more critical ground effects used to argue that the epicenter was in the vicinity of Lake Chelan in central Washington. Sketchy historical accounts link the Ribbon Cliff landslide to the 1872 earthquake, but a subsequent study disputed the historical accounts and, on the basis of dendrochronology, concluded that the landslide occurred more than 100 yr prior to the earthquake. However, Quaternary stratigraphic relations and the results of multiple dating techniques reported here indicate that the main Ribbon Cliff landslide probably occurred within a 14-yr period that includes the time of the 1872 earthquake. Although our study supports the historical accounts that link the landslide to the December 1872 earthquake, it does not prove that seismic shaking triggered the landslide. Geomorphic and stratigraphic relations show that Ribbon Cliff has a long and complex history and that the landslide was not primarily a rockfall-rockslide that originated from the cliff itself, as some believe, but rather that the main failure occurred in colluvium that had accumulated beneath the cliff. Four colluvial units and two volcanic ash deposits, the Mazama ash bed (erupted about 6.8 ka), and the Mount St. Helens set W (erupted about 1480 A.D.), underlie the slopes below Ribbon Cliff. Most of the colluvium involved in the landslide accumulated after deposition of the Mazama ash bed. Loss of support at the foot of the colluvial wedge because of undercutting by the Columbia River probably was an important contributing factor to slope failure.

Response of Periphyton to Nutrient Enrichment in Lake Chelan, WA

ABSTRACT Enhanced growth of periphyton (primarily attached algae) is an early indicator of nutrient enrichment in lakes. Periphyton abundance, composition, and spatial distribution were examined in ultra-oligotrophic Lake Chelan, Washington to characterize relationships to nutrient inputs. The wide range in the nutrient content of tributaries discharging to Lake Chelan provided a unique opportunity to evaluate nearshore periphyton development in relation to nutrient concentration while minimizing the interference of other potentially controlling factors (e.g., light, temperature, substrate, wave energy). Periphyton samples were quantitatively collected during summer 1987 from rocks located in nearshore areas at discrete distances from five tributaries. The distribution of tributary waters was assessed using specific conductance as a tracer. Compared to stations distant from the nutrient-rich tributaries, high periphyton biomass (50–216 mg chlorophyll a/m2) with a greater proportion of filamentous algae was generally found at stations influenced by the tributary plumes.

Lichens of the North Cascades Range, Washington

Seventy-five genera and 288 species of lichens are reported from the North Cascades Range, Washington. Twenty of these represent new records for Washington. The list includes all literature reports as well as recent collections. The Cascade Range, extending from southern British Columbia to southern Oregon, can be subdivided into a number of ecological provinces on the basis of geology, soils, topography, and vegetation. The northernmost of these provinces, the western and eastern North Cascades provinces (Douglas, 1972), constitute the North Cascades Range. In Washington this area extends from the International Boundary (49'00' N Lat.) to Stevens Pass (47030' N Lat.) (Fig. 1), encompassing approximately 18,000 km2. The higher peaks of the North Cascades Range generally reach elevations of 2150-2450 m, although the volcanic peaks of Mt. Baker and Glacier Peak (3284 and 3209 m, respectively) tower above the main Range. This rugged, relatively inaccessible region includes within it the North Cascades National Park, Glacier Peak and Pasayten Wilderness Areas, Ross Lake and Lake Chelan National Recreation Areas, Mt. Baker and Okanogan National Forests, and portions of the Wenatchee and Snoqualmie National Forests. The climate of the North Cascades Range varies considerably from west to east. The prevailing westerlies from the Pacific Ocean create a maritime climate on the western slopes, while a more continental climate exists on the eastern slopes. Annual precipitation ranges from 180 to 280 cm on the west side of the range to as little as 35 cm on the east side. The climate, along with the physiography of the region, creates a mosaic of vegetation types that change markedly, both with distance (west to east) and elevation. Montane forests in the western North Cascades are dominated by Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertensiana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, and Abies amabilis while in the eastern North Cascades forest dominants include Pinus ponderosa, P. contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, and Picea engelmannii. In the subalpine zone (sensu Douglas, 1971, 1972) of the western North Cascades, Abies amabilisTsuga mertensiana tree clumps are interspersed throughout heath (mainly Phyllodoce empetriformis and Cassiope mertensiana) dominated meadows. Similar subalpine vege1 Dr. I. M. Brodo kindly permitted use of his unpublished collections from Mt. Baker, Washington. The following taxonomists identified or verified difficult taxa: C. D. Bird, G. E. Howard, M. Ostafichuk, J. W. Thomson, W. A. Weber, and P. Y. Wong. Gloria G. Douglas assisted with manuscript preparation. 2Department of Botany, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Present Address: British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.187 on Sun, 15 May 2016 06:09:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1974] DOUGLAS: LICHENS OF NORTH CASCADES RANGE 583 OMYT' I , B-CMONUMENT 104 OMYHO I . ..... ..( ARN LD PK-x S CHURCHAMTNx WINCHESTER WASH HORSESHOE MTN x TNxCOPPER 0 HORSESHOE MTN X MTN'XMAPLE FALLS N ' x MTN-; BEAGLRIER UTH i 1 Cr cSNOWSHOE MTN-x SILVER -MTN. C' FIR CAMPGROUND BEAVER OAJOE GROUSE fxMTBAKE TABLE MTNXh SUMMIT -1 WINDY MILL MTNx -A RIDGE$ t CHOWDER RIDGE . PKI CHOPAKA x 13 MARMOTSKDYLINE X MTN. MTN. RIDGE DIVIDE % HAYSTACK MTNL' / . f HATCOM CO Ru8Y C SLATE PKSCHREIBERS ELEPHANT BUTTE x MC ROCKLEOD MT MTN E SOURDOUGH MT MCLEOD MT MIDDLE p .MEADO 'GOAT PKTIFFANY MTNX MAZAMA TIFFANY MTN-x SNOO~sv oHAMILTON ,-

LAKE CHELAN, WASHINGTON: BOTTOM AND SUB—BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY1

Lake Chelan, a fjordlike lake in north‐central Washington, consists of two basins separated by a shallow constriction. The Lucerne Basin, at the upstream end of the lake, is 466 m deep and sediments in it are relatively thin except near the upper end. The Wapato Basin is shallow, but sediments are at least 178 m thick. Both basins probably had a glacial origin; however, they probably were carved by different glaciers of different ages. The thick sediment in Wapato Basin was probably deposited by meltwater from the Chelan glacier (which occupied Lucerne Basin) and the Okanogan glacier, which blocked the downstream end of Wapato Basin.

Report of Committee on Glaciers, 1943–44

The personnel of the Committee is now as follows:François E. Matthes (Chairman), Senior Geologist, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.William H. Hobbs, Professor Emeritus of Geology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Colonel Lawrence Martin, Chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.James E. Church, President, International Commission of Snow and Glaciers, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nevada, Reno, NevadaCaptain William Osgood Field, Jr., home address 18 West Twelfth Street, New York, New YorkOliver Kehrlein, Chairman, Committee on Glacier Studies, Sierra Club, 1050 Mills Tower, San Francisco, CaliforniaKenneth N. Phillips, Associate Hydraulic Engineer, Water Resources Branch, United States Geological Survey, Chairman, Research Committee of the Mazamas, 606 Post‐Office Building, Portland, OregonWilliam S. Cooper, Professor of Botany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Lieutenant Colonel Gerald Fitzgerald, Army Air Force, Headquarters Office, Washington, D.C.Laurence M. Gould, Professor of Geology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota Arthur Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, Conservation Branch, United States Geological Survey, 1105 Washington Building, Tacoma, WashingtonMajor Weldon F. Heald, 3126 Rubio Canyon Road, Altadena, California Howard R. Stagner, Park Naturalist, Mount Rainier National Park, Longmire, WashingtonThe two last named are new members. Major HEALD is one of the few mountaineers in this country who have first‐hand acquaintance with the glaciers in the little‐known part of the Cascade Range extending from Lake Chelan to the Canadian Boundary. He is equally familiar with the glaciers of Mount Baker, Mount Shukshan, and Mount Olympus, likewise with the glaciers of the Swiss Alps, and he has a broad fund of information on all the glacier‐bearing mountains of Europe and Asia. At present he is engaged in special climatologic researches for the Quartermaster General's Corps.

The Recession of Lyman Glacier Washington

The Lyman Glacier is the source of Railroad Creek, a tributary to Lake Chelan. Measurements begun in 1929 show that by 1940 the Lyman Glacier had retreated 643.5 feet, an average of 58.5 feet per year. Evidence is given that the glacier has receded a total distance of 1,748 feet during the last 40-50 years.

Report on snow‐surveys of 1939 in the Chelan basin

Since the report for 1939 contains the summary of nine winters' data with a wealth of material on the depth, density, and water‐content of the snow and method of forecasting the runoff, it is herewith reproduced as an important link in the study of the feasibility of basing forecasts of the streams of the Cascade Range on the residual snow‐cover. An earlier paper on winter precipitation versus snow‐survey for forecasting on the Skagit River, Washington, has teen printed [Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 1938, pp. 695–702].(The special feature in forecasting the levels of Lake Chelan is the use of the quantitative method of snow‐surveying as a basis for forecasting lake‐levels by the percentage‐method.—Editor.)

Terraces and Coulees Along the Columbia River Near Lake Chelan, Washington

Introduction Near the close of the last century the region around the mouth of Lake Chelan was visited by several of the early reconnaissance parties.[2][1] Somewhat diverse interpretations of the glacial features, particularly of the broad terrace that hangs 600 feet above the Columbia, were proposed and the region became the subject of considerable controversy.[3][2] It was the writer’s good fortune to spend most of the summer of 1931 in a portion of the Columbia Valley where the physiographic features associated with the advance and recession of the last ice sheet are well displayed. Although the investigation was primarily of petrologic character, it is believed that sufficient data regarding the glaciation of the district were gathered to be worthy of record, and that the observations here presented will be of assistance in evaluating some of the controversial interpretations. Eliot Blackwelder has kindly read and offered suggestions regarding the manuscript, and . . . [1]: #fn-1 [2]: #fn-2

A Few Summer Birds of Lake Chelan, Washington

A Few Summer Birds of Lake Chelan, Washington