Lahore District Research Articles

Effect of Classroom management techniques on students’ performance at higher secondary level

Classroom management techniques play a crucial role in shaping students' performance by creating an organized and supportive learning environment that fosters engagement and minimizes disruptive behaviors. Effective strategies, such as establishing clear expectations and promoting positive interactions, directly enhance students' academic achievement and social development. The design of the study is descriptive in nature. This study was quantitative research. In the realm of quantitative research, positivism serves as the leading philosophical paradigm. Residents of the district of Lahore who were enrolled in public higher secondary schools made up the entire population. The questionnaires were the instrument that was used for the investigation. Experts' comments were used to determine the validity of the questions, and pilot testing was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The use of inferential methods, specifically regression analysis, was made. The results of the research indicate that there was a highly significant effect of classroom management strategies on the academic performance of students who were enrolled in further secondary education.

Impact of HR Configuration on Organisational Innovation with Mediation Role of Intellectual Capital

The goal of this study is to map scientific publications, relate to an intellectual structure, and research trends in the creation of human resource (HR) configurations by implementing innovative practices, as well as indirect relationships of intellectual capital. Based on the resource-based value, the relationship between employees’ perceptions of HR configurations practices and innovation is explored, along with the indirect role of intellectual capital. Survey data were gathered from a sample of 165 health professionals in the Lahore district. Results confirm that configuration practices enhance innovation; the mediating influence of intellectual capital was also established and proved. This investigation has significance for supervisors who want to keep their employees inspired.

Assessment of Urban Environmental Quality by Socioeconomic and Environmental Variables Using Open‐Source Datasets

ABSTRACTIn this era of rapid development, environmental quality is an essential aspect of sustainable development. A healthy urban environment supports, regulates, and provides livable conditions. In urban areas, environmental quality is considerably affected by socioeconomic factors such as population expansion and economic development. For decision‐making, it is also significant for stakeholders and policymakers to understand the impact of urban expansion on environmental quality. While previous studies have examined urban environmental quality, they often focused on single cities or limited environmental parameters. This research addresses these limitations by conducting a comparative analysis of two major Asian cities with similar demographic features, utilizing a comprehensive set of socioeconomic and environmental variables. Our innovative approach combines open‐source datasets with advanced remote sensing techniques to provide a more holistic assessment of urban environmental quality over two decades. We analyzed urban environmental quality for last two decades with the selected urban environmental quality parameters: surface greenness, surface moisture, and land surface temperature. Lahore (Pakistan) and Wuhan (China) cities were selected for having approximately same demographic features. Correlation matrix has been used to assess the relationship between these environmental variables and social‐economic variables: urban expansion and carbon emission. Correlation coefficient indicated that urban expansion correlates negatively with surface greenness and surface moisture for both Lahore (−0.67 and −0.71) and Wuhan District (−0.5 and −0.75), respectively, while it had a positive relation with land surface temperature: 0.65 and 0.57 for Lahore and Wuhan District, respectively. These effects are more prominent within 10 km distance from the city center, where a substantial urban expansion is observed during the time window.

A retrospective analysis of tuberculosis in livestock farmers in Lahore district, Pakistan.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main cause of tuberculosis in humans, accounting for numerous illnesses and thousands of fatalities globally. Data regarding the association of various risk factors and TB in livestock farmers in Pakistan is scarce. A retrospective matched case-control study of TB cases was performed in Lahore, Pakistan to investigate the potential risk factors that lead to the development of TB in Pakistani livestock farmers. A total of 170 participants were included in the study. The case was matched with control based on neighborhood and the case-control ratio was kept 1:1. Data were statistically analyzed using R version 4.2.1. Conditional logistic regression was conducted to identify biologically and statistically plausible risk factors associated with the TB outcome among livestock farmers. In univariable analysis, 10 risk factors were identified (p < 0.05). Gender, age, being married, family type, living in a big family, BCG vaccination status, history of smoking, working at a cattle farm, co-housing with cattle at night, , consumption of raw milk. The multivariable model identified four risk factors i.e., consumption of raw milk (Odds Ratio [OR]: 7.7; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.95-30.68), living in big family (OR: 6.2; 95% CI: 1.25-30.82) and working at cattle farm (OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 1.08-16.56), while gender was found to be a protective factor with OR < 1 (OR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.26). This study demonstrated that sociodemographic risk factors and exposure to infected cattle can influence the development of TB in farmers.

Burden and factors associated with occupational tuberculosis infection among high-risk workers in Lahore District, Pakistan.

The main objective of the study was to estimate the burden of occupational tuberculosis infection in high-risk occupational workers and to identify risk factors associated with the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among high-risk occupational workers including veterinarians, abattoir workers, animal handlers, livestock farmers, and microbiology laboratory workers. Sputum samples were collected from 100 participants and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were done to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) infection. Data on potential risk factors was collected in a pre-designed questionnaire. The MTBC prevalence ratio was estimated. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors and the crude odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Among the 100 enrolled high risk occupational workers, the prevalence of MTBC was 46% (95% CI: 35.98-56.25). Living in a joint family (OR 3.85, 95% CI: 1.58-9.37), and use of unpasteurized milk (OR 3.42, 95% CI: 1.4-8.39), were significantly associated with MTBC infection. Tuberculosis is a significant health burden in high-risk occupational groups, especially animal handlers and laboratory workers, in Lahore, Pakistan. The study also emphasized the need for formal work-related training, and enhanced zoonotic TB awareness among occupational workers.

Risk factors associated with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09: a nested case control study of TB patients with ILI in Lahore District, Pakistan

BackgroundCo-morbidity with respiratory viruses including influenza A, cause varying degree of morbidity especially in TB patients compared to general population. This study estimates the risk factors associated with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 in TB patients with ILI.MethodsA cohort of tuberculosis (TB) patients who were admitted to and enrolled in a TB Directly Observed Therapy Program (DOTs) in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore (Mayo Hospital and Infectious Disease Hospital) were followed for 12 weeks. At the start of study period, to record influenza-like illness (ILI), a symptom card was provided to all the participants. Every participant was contacted once a week, in person. When the symptoms were reported by the participant, a throat swab was taken for the detection of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. A nested case control study was conducted and TB patients with ILI diagnosed with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 by conventional RT-PCR were selected as cases, while those who tested negative by conventional RT-PCR were enrolled as controls. All cases and controls in the study were interviewed face-to-face in the local language. Epidemiological data about potential risk factors were collected on a predesigned questionnaire. Logistic analysis was conducted to identify associated risk factors in TB patients with ILI.ResultsFrom the main cohort of TB patients (n = 152) who were followed during the study period, 59 (39%) developed ILI symptoms; of them, 39 tested positive for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, while 20 were detected negative for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. In univariable analysis, four factors were identified as risk factors (p < 0.05). The final multivariable model identified one risk factor (sharing of towels, P = 0.008)) and one protective factor (wearing a face mask, p = < 0.001)) for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection.ConclusionThe current study identified the risk factors of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection among TB patients with ILI.

The Construction of a Human Development Index at the Household Level and the Measurement of Human Development Disparities in Punjab (Pakistan)

ABSTRACT The key objectives of this research study are to construct a valid and reliable household-based Human Development Index (HDI) and to estimate human development disparities in 36 districts of Punjab (Pakistan) by analysing Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey microdata. The household-level HDI, a composite index, is constructed by applying the arithmetic mean of the household-level health, asset, and education indices. The district of Lahore, among all the 36 districts of Punjab, has the highest HDI score of 0.743, followed by districts Rawalpindi, Jhelum, and Gujrat. Four neighbouring districts from South Punjab: Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzzaffar Gar, and Rahim Yaar Khan, have the lowest HDI scores of 0.492, 0508, 0.531, and 0.566, respectively. This paper has used the Palma-ratio and Gini-coefficient to estimate human development disparities in Punjab. The highest human development disparities are observed in the Rajanpur district with a Gini-coefficient of 0.38 and a Palma Ratio of 1.55. Both the Gini and Palma Ratio methods produce similar district rank orderings of inequality. This research recommends that additional efforts be made to uplift the districts with the lowest human development in Southern Punjab through local government restructuring and devolution of relevant powers, including the formation of a separate province.

Impacts of Community Participation on Sustainability of Rural Water Supply Sytems: A Study from District Lahore, Pakistan

The availability and functionality of an improved water supply system among the population are basic human rights and imperative to prevent numerous viral/infectious diseases. The provision of safe drinking water, improved sanitation, and hygiene plays a central role in individual and communal health, but unfortunately, the situation is strikingly poor among nations, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. To understand the existing situation and the impacts of community participation on the sustainability of the water supply system, this study was conducted in the district of Lahore, Pakistan. The prime objective was to find out the participation of the community in planning, execution, operation and maintenance, evaluation process, and the management approaches and techniques with a view of seeing how best community participation level contributed to the sustainability of the water supply program. For this purpose, a simple random sampling procedure was applied to draw the sample from the population. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection and validated through pilot testing. Results showed that participatory approaches in water supply program planning, execution, operation, maintenance, and evaluation led to community satisfaction and program sustainability.

Determinants of Community Participation in Sustainable Management of Rural Water Supply System: Evidence from District Lahore, Pakistan

Sustainable functionality of rural water supply systems is one of the most imperative aspects to ensure the provision of safe drinking water for communities. In recent decades, a number of projects have been initiated by national and international organizations to meet the desired need for safe drinking water and sanitation, but a large proportion of these development projects fail shortly after their execution. The majority of water supply projects fail in rural communities within three years after development due to the least level of community participation regarding decision-making, site identification, planning, execution, monitoring, evaluation and management process and, above all, unawareness, lack of basic technical and management skills. This study presents the most influencing determinants of community participation that are compulsory for the sustainable functionality of rural water supply systems. This study was conducted in the district of Lahore, Pakistan and simple random sampling methods and techniques were applied to draw the sample from the population. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The result of the study indicated that a significant association existed among community participation in planning, execution, operation, maintenance &amp; evaluation processes and sustainability functionality of rural water supply systems.

CHALLENGES OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL

The capacity of robots to mimic human thinking processes, especially in huge data systems for certain kinds of tasks, is known as artificial intelligence. The purpose of the study was to identify the barriers to artificial intelligence adoption at the university level. Research was quantitative in nature and a survey method was used to collect data. The population of this research is limited to all students enrolled in two public and two private universities located in the Lahore district. The 487 students were selected using a convenient sampling technique from two public and two private Universities in Lahore. Data was gathered by using a self-developed instrument. The data were analyzed through SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences). inferential statistics were used to calculate the data. Regarding the challenges posed by AI in higher education, male and female students' opinions did not significantly vary from one another. Universities should employ artificial intelligence, with explicit ethical principles for AI development that cover bias mitigation, student data protection, and responsible development. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Higher Education, Machine Learning

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ ATTRIBUTIONS FOR SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

The current study was designed to explore attributions made by students while reflecting on their success and failure in learning English as a second language (ESL). The study also focused on looking at different attributional patterns demonstrated by male and female students. The target population of the study consisted of all students enrolled in 12th grade at public sector colleges of Lahore district. The study included 2152 students (1076 male &amp; 1076 female) studying at intermediate level of public sector colleges. Data were collected by using ASQ &amp; AFQ. Results of t-test also highlighted the differences amid male and female students' attributions regarding success and failure. Based on the findings, college administration, and teachers can gain the valuable insights into the factors that impact students' learning experiences and identify areas for improvement in acquisition of a second language. Moreover, they can play an indispensable role in modifying the students’ attributions by using the appropriate measures such as providing constructive feedback on students’ work so they can develop a realization regarding relationship between actions and outcomes, and controllability over events.

A new species of Xanthagaricus (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

A new species, Xanthagaricus lahorensis, is described based on collections from the Lahore District, Pakistan. Morphological data and phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS &amp; LSU supported that the species is undescribed earlier. Xanthagaricus lahorensis is characterized by olive–yellow pileus with olive squamules at center going outward, dull yellowish-brown stipe, rough surface without rhizomorphic mycelial mat, absence of annulus, small, lacrymoid, brown walled with olivaceous guttule basidiospores (on average 4.2 × 3.2 µm), clavate, obovoid basidia, obovoid, clavate to broadly clavate cheilocystidia, and presence of clusters of cylindrical caulocystidia. With this new species, seven Xanthagaricus species have been reported from Pakistan. A key to the Pakistani Xanthagaricus species is provided in addition to the new species’ full description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results.

Obesity Profile of Lahore District: Risk Factors And Inflammatory Mediators

Obesity Profile of Lahore District: Risk Factors And Inflammatory Mediators

Molecular identification of Coxiella burnetii in raw milk samples collected from farm animals in districts Kasur and Lahore of Punjab, Pakistan

Coxiella burnetii is the worldwide zoonotic infectious agent for Q fever in humans and animals. Farm animals are the main reservoirs of C. burnetii infection, which is mainly transmitted via tick bites. In humans, oral, percutaneous, and respiratory routes are the primary sources of infection transmission. The clinical signs vary from flu-like symptoms to endocarditis for humans’ acute and chronic Q fever. While it is usually asymptomatic in livestock, abortion, stillbirth, infertility, mastitis, and endometritis are its clinical consequences. Infected farm animals shed C. burnetii in birth products, milk, feces, vaginal mucus, and urine. Milk is an important source of infection among foods of animal origin. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of C. burnetii in milk samples of dairy animals from two districts in Punjab, Pakistan, as it has not been reported there so far. Using a convenience sampling approach, the current study included 304 individual milk samples from different herds of cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep present on 39 farms in 11 villages in the districts of Kasur and Lahore. PCR targeting the IS1111 gene sequence was used for its detection. Coxiella burnetii DNA was present in 19 of the 304 (6.3%) samples. The distribution was 7.2% and 5.2% in districts Kasur and Lahore, respectively. The results showed the distribution in ruminants as 3.4% in buffalo, 5.6% in cattle, 6.7% in goats, and 10.6% in sheep. From the univariable analysis, the clinical signs of infection i.e. mastitis and abortion were analyzed for the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii. The obtained sequences were identical to the previously reported sequence of a local strain in district Lahore, Sahiwal and Attock. These findings demonstrated that the prevalence of C. burnetii in raw milk samples deserves more attention from the health care system and veterinary organizations in Kasur and Lahore of Punjab, Pakistan. Future studies should include different districts and human populations, especially professionals working with animals, to estimate the prevalence of C. burnetii.

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in a High-Risk Population in Urban Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Study.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a globally increasing health concern, and there is a growing focus on early screening and prevention efforts. However, the availability of data on CKD prevalence in Pakistan, particularly in the urban area of Lahore district, is limited. The objective of the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) Lahore was to assess the prevalence of CKD in a high-risk population residing in the urban area of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 254 participants, who were over 18 years old and belonged to a high-risk population according to the pre-defined operational definitions. The participants were randomly selected from various towns in Lahore. Screening camps were set up to measure serum creatinine levels and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), and then the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration 2021 (CKD EPI) equation. Results Out of the total 254 participants, a diagnosis of CKD was made in 62 (24.2%) individuals. Significant associations were found between CKD and risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, family history of CKD, ischemic heart disease (IHD) or congestive heart failure (CHF), intake of painkillers, and herbal medicines. However, no association was found between obesity (BMI ≥30) and CKD. Participants diagnosed with CKD had a mean age of 49.9 years and a mean serum creatinine level of 1.2 mg/dL, while non-CKD participants had a mean age of 43.7 years and a mean serum creatinine level of 0.7 mg/dL. Conclusion Our study revealed that CKD was prevalent in about one-fourth of the participants from the high-risk population of Lahore, indicating a high prevalence of the disease within society. Moreover, hypertension, diabetes, family history of CKD, heart disease, painkillers, and the use of herbal medicines were all significantly linked to CKD in the surveyed sample population.

Relationship between School Culture and Moral Development of Students at the Secondary Level

This study explores the intricate relationship between student moral growth and school culture within the secondary education landscape of Lahore, Pakistan. The research aimed to investigate how student moral development intertwines with the prevailing school culture, as perceived by students themselves. The study population included students and teachers of both public and private schools in the Lahore district. Employing a quantitative approach, data was collected from 420 respondents through systematic sampling techniques. Data analysis revealed a significant relationship between moral development and classroom culture. The study also indicated satisfactory and insufficient areas of moral development among school students with respect to their teachers' role. It was recommended that the schools should provide a conducive atmosphere which may satisfy the unsatisfactory areas of moral development among their students. School culture and curricula should both be modified and developed to foster moral development among the students. Similarly, ethical leadership culture should be promoted among the teachers and Heads to cultivate responsible citizenship among students.

Obesity Profile of Lahore District: Risk Factors And Inflammatory Mediators

Obesity Profile of Lahore District: Risk Factors And Inflammatory Mediators

Socio- Cultural Challenges for Widows: A Case Study in district Lahore, Punjab

This research study focuses on the socio-cultural problems faced by widows in the district of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, and the current causes of their defame helplessness and disdainful status while living in their own community and facing barriers. The stigma around widows played a significant role in their marginalization within society and the community. This limited the widow’s views and caused her to be destitute in life. We used a purposeful sampling method in this qualitative research study. We collected information from the twenty respondents through in-depth interviews. The aim of the in-depth interview is to address the socio-cultural problems posed by widows in Lahore. The respondents’ widows were of lower socio-economic status. The results of the study show that a widow is waiting for a new challenge every day; however, widows do have some opportunities like financial assistance and skill development through government institutions as well as the private sector. They become victims of stereotypical ideas and face many social and cultural problems, such as violence, family indifference, poverty, depression, etc. A widow is fighting for her freedom, but there is no awareness. This study proposed potential strategies to tackle the social and cultural issues faced by widows, including raising media awareness through drama and setting up an economic package system for widows.

Exploring the Nexus of Visual Impairment, Social Interaction and Relationships among Higher Education Students

Objective: Social interaction and relationships are the real assets for students with visual impairment to grow in their matrixes. This study aimed at seeking the impact of visual impairment on social interaction and relationships. Methodology: This study was quantitative and descriptive. The sample of the study (N=39) was the students with visual impairment from various colleges and universities of the Lahore district. A convenient sampling technique was used in this study. The instrument for this study was a self-developed structured questionnaire. After the completion of the data collection process, the data was analyzed through SPSS version 25 through frequency distribution and descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The results of the study revealed a nexus between visual impairment and the relationships with family and friends of students with visual impairment. Moreover, students with visual impairments often feel excluded from social activities and events because of their visual impairment. Implications: The study recommends that higher educational institutes should enhance awareness of the accessibility needs of visually impaired students in social settings to foster inclusivity and understanding.

STUDY OF DIAGNOSIS, ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AND IN-VITRO ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OFSALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)

The ostrich meat is considered healthy as it contains low cholesterol and fat levels. Foodborne diseases caused by the bacterium Salmonellaare a significant public health concern. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence, the risk factors involved, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates recovered from captive ostrich feces in the district of Lahore, Pakistan. There is not a single research on this issue in Pakistan up to date in ostrich. A total of 100 ostrich fecal samples were collected- and specifically cultured on Salmonella Shigella agar. The antimicrobial susceptibility was checked for different antibiotics throughthe Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The 21% fecal samples were found positive for Salmonella. The disease was found to besignificantly(p&lt;0.05) associated with risk factors; water type(p=0.027), bird’s capacity(p=0.042), cage hygiene(p=0.024), age of bird(p=0.041) andother bird species around (p=0.031) while enclosure size and diet were found non-significant. The bacterium was found highly susceptible to Amoxicillin followed by Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, andEnrofloxacin respectively.Further Salmonella species-level diagnostic studies along with susceptibility checks of more therapeutic agents are suggested to future researchers.