Lagoon Sludge Research Articles

USE OF GEOSYNTHETICS FOR DEWATERING, CONTAINEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF MINING SLUDGE

Whether it is sludge produced by the technological process of flotation, sludge tailings or sludge produced in another process, which contains pollutants such as heavy metals, it is necessary to dispose it in a controlled manner to reduce the risk for contamination of environment. Mining sludge has been disposed in open basins for decades, recently with measures taken to reduce the possibility of leakage or spillage of toxic contents into the environment. Reduction of the space for permanent disposal of sludge and significant reduction of the risk of spreading contamination is achieved using geosynthetics. In this paper, we will present the concept of dewatering and permanent storage of mining sludge in woven geotextile tubes, as well as the concept of using geosynthetic materials for the safe closure of mining sludge lagoons. Both concepts presented in the paper are accompanied by one case study.

Global occurrence of organic micropollutants in surface and ground water: Highlighting the importance of wastewater sanitation to tackle organic micropollutants

The occurrence, fate and distribution of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in different water matrices is of increasing concern due to the negative effects towards flora, fauna and human health. This metadata study provides an updated picture of the global occurrence of OMPs in freshwater and wastewater in five geographical regions, and illustrates how socioeconomic factors are key elements that influence the concentration of these OMPs in the different water matrices. The study also aims to provide a collated database of OMPs removal efficiencies achieved by the different biological treatment technologies. Our findings demonstrated that OMPs like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and triclosan are present globally in freshwater (> 500 ng/L) and wastewater (> 10, 000 ng/L), and at relatively higher concentrations than the other evaluated OMPs. Significant correlations between OMPs concentration in wastewater versus freshwater demonstrated wastewater to be a potential source of certain OMPs to the freshwater environment. This was further confirmed through correlation between OMPs concentration and socioeconomic factors like infrastructure index and governance index in both wastewater and freshwater. These results highlighted the importance of wastewater sanitation to control and reduce OMPs dissemination in the environment. Thus, various types of biological wastewater treatment processes including activated sludge processes, biofilm processes, wetland and lagoon, and membrane bioreactor were analyzed for their OMP’s removal efficiencies. Findings demonstrated that advanced processes like membrane bioreactors (MBR) may not always outperform other low-costs biotechnologies in the treatment of OMPs (e.g., bisphenol A removal by activated sludge with anoxic and oxic zone, AS-AAO was 93% versus MBR at 89%). But rather, the removal efficiency will depend on pollutant properties and certain operational parameters such as hydraulic retention time, treatment capacity, and removal efficiency of total suspended solids.

Development and Substantiation of Approaches to the Management of Sewage Sludge of Different Storage Periods

A widespread method of sewage sludge disposal is still simple storage in sludge lagoons. Subsequent thermal utilization is hardly possible because sludge properties change over time and energy content is reduced. Use as a soil conditioner in agriculture or landscaping is usually not possible due to high heavy metal contents. This paper describes a method in which a 10-year-old accumulated sewage sludge can be utilized as technical soil by mixing it with pyrolized fresh sewage sludge. For this purpose, physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of sewage sludge of different storage periods were identified, processes of thermal destruction of sewage sludge analyzed, toxicological characteristics of solid products of thermal sludge treatment determined, and the possibility of using the sewage sludge–pyrolysate mixture as technical soil was assessed. Results show that the gross calorific value of fresh and one-year stored sewage sludge is with approx. 15,000 kJ/kg dry basis sufficient to produce pyrolysate autothermally. It is also shown that when the pyrolysis residue is mixed with fresh or 1-year old sewage sludge, heavy metals can be immobilized and thus the leaching of heavy metals significantly reduced by up to 75%. The method described can thus be a possible option for recycling accumulated sewage sludge.

Summer odors to winter blooms: Treatment validation in the lower River Murray

AbstractA 12‐event survey of 8 water treatment plants (WTPs) was conducted to determine the impact of the 2021 summer (January) to winter (August) cyanobacterial challenge on WTP performance. High cyanobacterial numbers (>20,000 cells/mL) and high taste and odor (T&O) concentrations (>100 ng/L) were encountered. The summer to winter transition of this cyanobacterial challenge also saw the proliferation of Pseudanabaena blooms which challenged conventional WTPs and a breakthrough of cells was detected. This required further investigation into optimizing Pseudanabaena removal in WTP processes. WTP sampling determined that the sludge lagoons provided conducive conditions for cell accumulation and metabolite release. These cells and T&O compounds were recycled back into the head of the WTP through the supernatant return flows. In the most extreme case, 512 ng/L of T&O compounds was detected in the supernatant return. This study highlighted the need to understand the potential risks that treatment plants can encounter and ensure appropriate management during and after cyanobacterial events.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAY OF SEWAGE SLUDGE TREATMENT ON AMMONIUM NITROGEN CONTENT IN THE RETURN WASTEWATER FLOW

Wastewater treatment facility receives, in addition to the influent, the return flow after sewage sludge treatment. Thus, the organic load on the facility increases as well as the nitrogen and phosphorus content load. There was studied the effect of different stages of sewage sludge treatment (sludge thickening, mechanical dewatering, storage on the grit bays and in the gathering ponds) on ammonium nitrogen content in the incoming flow. It is established that the most concentrated water by ammonium nitrogen is the return water from the gathering ponds, but the less concentrated is the supernatant water from sludge lagoons. Taking into account volume of the return flow the secondary ammonium nitrogen load from the every stage of sewage sludge treatment is calculated. It is revealed the seasonal and climatic impact on the gathering ponds return flow composition; it is shown that the biggest fluctuations occur in spring-summer period. The dependence of ammonium nitrogen content in the return flow on sludge thickening process time in the sludge lagoons is determined. The load contribution on the treatment facility by ammonium nitrogen in the return flow was 3% in the relation to this in the influent. The conclusion was made that with the existing technology of sewage sludge treatment the isolated scheme of return water treatment is not required. The comparative analysis on the effect of thermophilic and mesophilic conditions of anaerobic sewage sludge treatment on ammonium nitrogen content in the liquor was carried out. It was found that the higher ammonium nitrogen secondary load is created by the liquor of thermophilically treated sewage sludge: it is 16,4% versus 11,8% of mesophilically treated. Hence, the including of anaerobic sewage sludge treatment in the scheme significantly increases the load on treatment facility by ammonium nitrogen. In the conditions of cascade denitrification the distribution of incoming in the denitrification zones water flow is of great importance for providing required content of readily available organic substances. The change of ammonium nitrogen content in this flow will require the adjustment of its volume.

Impacts of utilizing swine lagoon sludge as a composting ingredient

Lagoon sludge, a byproduct of swine operations in the Southeast United States, poses a management challenge due to its high mineral and metal content. Composting is a low-cost, scalable technology for manure management. However, limited information is available on composting swine lagoon sludge in terms of recipes, greenhouse gas emissions and end-product quality. Moreover, due to its high Zn and Cu content, high inclusion of sludge in composting recipes can potentially inhibit the process. To address these knowledge gaps, in-vessel aerated composting (0.4 m3each) was carried out to evaluate impacts of sludge inclusion, at 10% (Low Sludge, LS-Recipe) and 20% (High sludge, HS-Recipe) wet mass-basis, on composting process and end-product quality. Comparable maximum temperatures (74 ± 2.7 °C, 74.9 ± 2.9 °C), and organic matter loss were observed in both recipes. Similarly, sludge inclusion ratio had no significant impact on cumulative GHG emissions. The global warming potential (20-year GWP) for swine lagoon sludge composting using LS and HS recipes was observed to be 241.9 (±13.3) and 229.9 (±8.7) kg CO2-e/tDM respectively. Both recipes lost 24–28% of initial carbon (C) and 4–15% of nitrogen (N) respectively. Composting and curing did not change water-extractable (WE) phosphorus (P) concentrations while WE Zn and Cu concentrations decreased by 67–74% and 55–59% respectively in both recipes. End compost was stable (respiration rates <2 mgCO2-C/g OM/day) with germination index >93 for both recipes.

Impacts of sonication on biomethane potential (BMP) and degradation kinetics of pig lagoon sludge

Lagoon sludge is a by-product of pig production in North Carolina. Sludge contains nutrients, minerals, and cellular biomass. Sustainable management of sludge is crucial to avoid accumulation impacts on lagoon performance. This study investigated sonication as a potential pre-treatment for sludge. The impact of sonication on sludge bio-methane potential and degradation kinetics was evaluated. At sonication energy dosage of 20,400 kJ.kg TS −1 , the dissolved total carbon (DOC) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased from 446 to 1055 mg L −1 and from 2297 to 9239 mg O2 L −1 , respectively. In the bio-methane potential (BMP) study, cumulative biogas and bio-methane yield increased from 21.0 to 28.4 mL biogas .g VS −1 and from 15.0 to 21.3 mL CH4 .g VS −1 due to sonication. Sonicated sludge reached 95% of its experimental biomethane yield more than 10 days earlier compared to raw sludge. The first order kinetics equation showed the highest co-efficient of determination ( R 2 ) and least root mean square error ( RMSE) when fitted to raw sludge bio-methane production, while transference model was the best fit for sonicated sludge bio-methane production. The transference model substantially overestimated the maximum gas production rate for sonicated sludge. A significantly higher hydrolysis constant ( p -value < 0.05) was observed for sonicated sludge (0.6 day −1 ) in comparison to raw sludge (0.08 day −1 ). Findings suggest sonication is a promising tool to aid organic matter and nutrient fractionation, and energy recovery pathway but the high energy inputs are still a barrier. • Sludge sonication increased organic matter and nutrients in dissolved fraction. • Sonicated sludge degradation yielded higher bio-methane in shorter retention time. • First-order kinetics and transference model best explained sludge's degradation. • High energy input may challenge wider adoption of sonication treatment.

Shear and solid-liquid separation behaviour of anaerobic digested sludge across a broad range of solids concentrations

Due to the non-homogeneous and multiphase nature of anaerobic lagoon constituents, CFD modelling for process optimisation requires continuous functions for shear and solid-liquid separation properties across a large range of solids concentrations. Unfortunately, measurement of existing material properties of anaerobic sludges is limited to only shear or solid-liquid separation, or to a limited solids concentration. In this work, the shear properties of an anaerobic sludge were measured from 0.4 to 12.5 vol%, which corresponds to the solids concentrations seen in lagoons. The sludge showed Newtonian behaviour at 0.4 vol% and Herschel-Bulkley yield stress fluid behaviour for higher concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 12 vol%. We compared multiple approaches to determine relationships between the model fitting parameters of consistency, k, flow index, n, and shear yield stress, τy with solids volume fraction ϕ.The solid-liquid separation properties were measured from sedimentation and filtration experiments to obtain compressibility and permeability properties across all the above-mentioned concentrations, enabling development of hindered velocity sedimentation curves. Comparison to full-scale anaerobic digestate identified that the pilot lagoon sludge had faster sedimentation at a given solids concentration in comparison to the digestate. This is the first study on simultaneous rheological characterisation and solid-liquid separation behaviour of an anaerobic sludge across a wide range of concentrations, thus enabling CFD modelling of the hydrodynamics and performance of anaerobic lagoons.

A mathematical model of Chenopodium album L. dynamics under copper-induced stress

Heavy metal contamination of the soil is a global problem that produces different harmful effects from an environmental and public health perspective. Although there have been numerous efforts to solve this problem, there is no precise methodology to decontaminate heavy-metal polluted soils. One of the strategies to develop such methods relies on mathematical modelling. Pursuing this goal, we propose a novel mathematical compartmental model consisting of a linear system of differential equations to address the suitability of the model plant (Chenopodium album L.) for the remediation of contaminated areas, such as sewage sludge lagoons. Our results show a tendency to maintain high concentrations of copper (Cu) in the roots with the possibility of continuing with good plants’ dynamics. Moreover, the model theoretically proposes contaminant concentration in the plants’ shoots and roots and predicts a more prolonged tendency to accumulate copper concentrations in the shoots and disrupt the shoots’ dynamics. These results provide complementary support for the suitability of this model plant to be used in contaminated areas. In addition, we present asymptotic tendencies of the plants’ biomass content and nitrogen-assimilatory (Nitrate reductase; NR) enzyme activity. In this way, we project the relationship between contaminant accumulation and plants’ measurements. These projections are essential as they can potentially be used for optimization purposes and strategic harvesting planning. Finally, we present a parameter sensitivity analysis to complement the model examination.

PSVII-4 Potential Value of Turkey Litter Ash and Dried Swine Lagoon Sludge as a Phosphorus Source for Growing Pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate turkey litter ash (TLA) and dried swine lagoon sludge (SLS) as alternative recycled sources of phosphorus. Analyzed concentrations (as-is basis) of Ca, P, and Na were 8.31, 3.98, and 0.70, respectively for TLA and 5.81, 4.31, and 0.12 for SLS. Fifty-six individually housed pigs (BW of 34.92±0.29 kg) were blocked by initial BW and randomly allocated within block to 1 of 7 treatments. Treatments consisted of a negative control diet (NC; 0.50% Ca and 0.12% available P (40% of requirement), NC plus 0.075% P from either monosodium phosphate (MSP), TLA, or SLS, and NC plus 0.150% P from either MSP, TLA, or SLS. Diets were balanced using MSP, calcium carbonate, salt and fine sand to maintain all other dietary ingredients at equal levels. A constant Ca:P ratio of 1.40 was maintained. Pigs were limit-fed individually at 3x197 kcal ME/kg BW0.60 based on the BW for each block. Final body weight tended (P = 0.085) to increase linearly with increasing P from MSP, but not from TLA (P = 0.271) or SLS (P = 0.367). Overall ADG linearly increased (P = 0.022) with increasing P from MSP (761, 814, and 839 g/d), tended to increase (P = 0.072) with P from TLA (761, 786, and 810 g/d), and was not impacted (P = 0.164) by P from SLS (761, 797, and 814 g/d). Kidney weight relative to BW linearly decreased (P = 0.041) with increasing MSP, but liver, heart, and spleen weights were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.07). Serum P linearly increased (P = 0.007) with increasing MSP (8.76, 9.08, and 10.00 mg/dL), but not with TLA (P = 0.250; 8.76, 8.52, and 9.28 mg/dL) or SLS (P = 0.143; 8.76, 9.18, and 9.41 mg/dL). Serum Ca concentrations linearly decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.033) with increasing MSP, TLA, and SLS. Data suggest that the value of TLA and SLS as a P source is limited compared with MSP.

Impacts of Utilizing Swine Lagoon Sludge as a Composting Ingredient

Impacts of Utilizing Swine Lagoon Sludge as a Composting Ingredient

New solutions for remote monitoring of pre-cast concrete service reservoir and sludge lagoon

The use of distributed temperature and/or strain measurements for embankment and reservoir monitoring has grown in recent years. The paper elaborates on two different methods applied through two installation examples in the UK. To reduce risk, a leakage monitoring system using distributed fibre optic temperature sensing (DTS) with a spatial resolution of 0.7 m has been installed at the newly constructed 45ML Hanchurch Service Reservoir. The gradient method provides information regarding possible seepage by monitoring absolute temperatures over time. Heat pulse method consists of measuring the temperature changes over time using DTS following heating the hybrid cable with a known electrical power input. Central to the £7 million investment on the century-old Curdworth sludge lagoon is the installation of a novel combined leakage and movement of the early detection system. The system is based on distributed fibre optic sensing methods for measuring strain and temperature, both fully automated with a time resolution of about an hour. Instrumentation can be analysed in real time. Trigger levels are being established during a trial period, linked to an automatic alarm system, which supplements site-based surveillance. This will facilitate the early detection of potential embankment/reservoir integrity issues and, in turn, will enable prompt action to be taken to reduce risk and in an extreme case the implementation of essential repairs in order to prevent a dam failure.

Hydrogen peroxide assisted electrocoagulation treatment of rice gain based biodigester effluent: mechanism, performance, and cost analysis

Abstract In the current scenario treatment of industrial waste water is big challenge especially waste water that contain high organic load. Hydrogen peroxide assisted electrocoagulation (EC) process provides better result to treat highly polluted wastewater as compared to EC alone. However, hydrogen peroxide is well known as a strong oxidant, which cast a potential threat to human health. To overcome this problem hydrogen peroxide has been used here for treatment of wastewater in small quantity, and that consume during the process. Therefore the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide in human and aquatic life could be minimized. This work is an attempt to treat biodigester effluent (BDE) using H2O2 assisted EC processes with respect to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color reductions. To perform this experiment both iron and aluminum electrodes are used as an electrode material in the presence of H2O2. In case of iron electrode the maximum COD and color reduction efficiency of 98.3 and 83.6% was achieved at the cost of 1.5 Wh/dm3 energy consumption while maximum COD and color removal efficiency of 96.8 and 77.1% with 1.7 Wh/dm3 of energy consumption was observed in the aluminum electrode based EC process. A part from this conventional biological process (i.e., activated sludge treatment, ponds, and lagoon etc.) and physiochemical treatment process (i.e., coagulation, adsorption) provided treatment efficiency of 40–80% hence hydrogen peroxide assisted EC process should a better choice to treat distillery effluent. Furthermore, hybrid EC process was also performed with iron used as anode and aluminum as cathode in the presence of H2O2. Iron electrode based peroxi-EC process provided better result at optimum operating conditions; current density of 114 A/m2, initial COD concentration of 12,000 mg/dm3, initial pH of 7.3, H2O2 concentration of 120 mg/dm3, stirring speed of 120 rpm and electrolysis time of 90 min. The cost estimated for operation is 1.56 US $/m3. Finally, sludge analysis and cost optimization are also incorporated in this article.

Habitat diversity enriches waterbird community at Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant in South Australia

The wastewater treatment plant at Bolivar in South Australia contains three groups of ponds which provide different managed habitats. Ponds 1, 2 and 3 contain a constant level of water of &gt;1 metre in depth throughout the year, whereas in Ponds 4, 5 and 6 the water level is reduced each year with the result that the ponds become largely dry for several weeks from late summer. The third group of eight ponds, the sludge lagoons, are anaerobic and each year two or three of these ponds gradually dry out. In this study, we compared the abundance of the various species of waterbirds on these three groups of ponds throughout the period from September 2021 until December 2023. We found major differences in abundance of birds between the three groups. Most of the waders, together with Black Swan Cygnus atratus, Hardhead Aythya australis and Eurasian Coot Fulica atra, were largely present on Ponds 4–6, whereas Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis, dabbling ducks, and three species of cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) tended to be more abundant on Ponds 1–3, with the sludge lagoons generally having mainly Grey Teal Anas gracilis.

Oxygen Transfer Capacity as a Measure of Water Aeration by Floating Reed Plants: Initial Laboratory Studies

Reed-Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud, an aquatic plant, commonly used in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment, supplies oxygen into the subsurface environment. Reed may be used as a ‘green machine’ in the form of a floating vegetation cover with many applications: wastewater lagoons, manure lagoons or sewage sludge lagoons. An important measure of the performance of the plant system is the oxygen transfer capacity (OTC). Accurate prediction of the OTC in relation to reed biomass would be crucial in modelling its influence on organic matter degradation and ammonia–nitrogen oxygenation in such lagoons. Laboratory experiments aiming to determine OTC and its dependence on reed biomass were carried out. Eight plants with a total dry mass ranging from approximately 3 to 7 g were tested. Mean OTC was determined per plant: 0.18 ± 0.21 (g O2·m−3·h−1·plant−1), with respect to leaves-and-stem dry mass (dlsm): 44.91 ± 35.21 (g O2·m−3·h−1·g dlsm−1), and to total dry mass (dtm): 33.25 ± 27.97 (g O2·m−3·h−1·g dtm−1). In relation to the relatively small root dry mass (drm), the OTC value was 136.02 ± 147.19 (g O2·m−3·h−1·g drm−1). Measured OTC values varied widely between the individual plants (variation coefficient 115%), in accordance with their differing size. Oxygenation performance was greatest in the reed plants with larger above ground dry mass (&gt;4 g dlsm), but no influence of the root dry mass on the OTC rate was found.

Performance evaluation and sustainable, cost-effective and energy-efficient process enhancement measures for Pagla sewage treatment plant, Bangladesh

At present, Pagla Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is the only sewage treatment plant in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, with a capacity to treat 120 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage. Evidence suggests that the plant is overburdened and cannot by itself handle the wastewater generated in Dhaka. Furthermore, the treatment plant is hampered by a number of functional problems which limit both its capacity to treat wastewater, and the efficiency of the treatment process. Rectifying the functional problems of the plant and implementing enhancement measures would greatly improve the functionality of Pagla STP. A thorough evaluation was carried out on the performance of the plant and a detailed process flow diagram developed. Several functional problems were identified, mostly pertaining to the primary sedimentation tanks and the unused sludge lagoons. The influent and effluent characteristics of Pagla STP were also assessed using BOD5 values as the primary criteria. It was found that the influent BOD5 value was 832 mg/L and effluent BOD5 was 497.5 mg/L, against design values of 120 mg/L and 50 mg/L respectively. Based on the evaluation, theoretical analysis was done, and a sustainable, cost and energy efficient retrofit was proposed whereby the sludge lagoons would be converted to anaerobic lagoons to facilitate biological pretreatment. It is estimated that implementing such an enhancement would increase the treatment capacity of the plant beyond its original design. Furthermore, theoretical calculations show up to 5,000 m3 of methane gas can be generated daily from the plant, which is enough to power 6,000 homes with renewable energy.

USE OF THE BIOLOG SYSTEM TO SPECIES IDENTIFY MICROORGANISMS FROM MINED-OUT SITES

Poproč post-mining area in Slovakia is an old environmental burden which has been contaminated by toxic metals and semi-metals, predominantly arsenic and antimony, in connection with the extraction of antimony ores. Nowadays, revitalization work is undergoing in the closed mine with three adjacent sludge lagoons. The outcomes deal with anthropogenic manifestations of mining in-situ and their influences on microbes. Using the BIOLOG test system we identified representatives of indigenous microbes, whose adaptation to high levels of toxic metals and semi-metals are one of the main bioindicators of the state of the post-mining environment and a basic indicator of the evolution of effects on organisms of a higher ecological level. The analyses of microbial diversity in Poproč found the strain of Firmicutes to be the most abundant, with the highest diversity in the genus Bacillus. Based on the biochemical tests, the Bacillus genus was confirmed to be highly adaptable to the change in biogeochemical conditions in metal-contaminated substrates. The variable parameters of the identified representatives of the Bacillus genus correspond to its high diversity, which has been confirmed by a set of oxidative and assimilation tests. Keywords:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mined-out site, sludge lagoon, microbial diversity, BIOLOG system, Bacillus DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0019

Improving nitrogen removal in an IFAS nitritation–anammox reactor treating lagoon supernatant by manipulating biocarrier filling ratio and hydraulic retention time

A lab-scale integrated fixed-film activated sludge sequencing batch reactor (IFAS-SBR) was established for a one-stage nitritation–anammox process treating lagoon supernatant and optimized by altering both the biocarrier filling ratio and HRT for 500 days. The reactor’s nitrogen removal rate increased slightly from 0.25 kg N m−3 d−1 to 0.29 kg N m−3 d−1 when biocarrier filling ratio was increased from 35% to 55% at a HRT of 2.5 d, and further increased to 0.46 kg N m−3 d−1 and 0.54 kg N m−3 d−1 when the HRT was reduced to 1.5 d and 1.2 d, respectively. Meanwhile, both NH4+N and TN removal efficiencies increased from 81.8% and 74.8% to 95.2% and 87.4%, respectively, with the increased biocarrier filling ratio; however, they decreased slightly to 91.8% and 82.1% at HRT of 1.5 d and to 89.6% and 78.8% at HRT of 1.2 d, respectively. A distinct segregation of anammox bacteria and ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was achieved in the IFAS system and was highlighted by the decreased HRTs, which also contributed to the excellent nitrogen removal. The specific anammox activity was higher in biofilm than in suspended flocs, and vice versafor the specific AOB activity. The abundance of major microbial communities involved in this process were analyzed, which supported the observation of reactor performance changes. The present study provides critical knowledge for optimizing the one-stage IFAS nitritation–anammox reactor treating supernatant of anaerobically digested sludge thicken lagoon.

Effects of Chemical Conditioners on Deep Dewatering of Urban Dewatered Sewage Sludge in the Temporary Sludge Lagoon

AbstractTo solve problems regarding the urgent need for deep dewatering of massive urban dewatered sewage sludge in the temporary sludge lagoon (UDSS-TSL), this study investigated the effects of va...

Studying the Moisture Capacity of Artificial Soils Containing Industrial Byproducts

Artificial soils based on sand and clay contain multiple byproducts such as defecation precipitate and byproduct of wet magnetic separation (WMS). The organic portion is the sediment from the sludge lagoons of the pig farm.We have studied the moisture retention capacity of artificial soils. The moisture capacity is mainly contributed to by clay (28 mg/g), defecation precipitate (20 mg/g), and the sludge-lagoon sediments (30 mg/g).Specific surface area of artificial soils lies within a range of 50 to m2/g, which is close to ordinary chernozem soils.The obtained artificial-soil compositions can be used for land reclamation as an alternative substrate of natural soil.