Lagerstroemia Indica Research Articles

Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR analysis of flower development in Lagerstroemia indica and L. speciosa.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a prevalent method for gene expression analysis, depending on the stability of the reference genes for data normalization. Lagerstroemia indica and L. speciosa are popular ornamental plants which are famous for the long flowering period. However, no systematic studies on reference genes in Lagerstroemia have yet been conducted. In the present study, we selected nine candidate reference genes (GAPDH, TUA, TUB, 18S, RPII, EF-1α, ATC, EIF5A and CYP) and evaluated their expression stability in different tissues during floral development of L. indica and L. speciosa using four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and, RefFinder). Results showed that RPII and EF-1α were the most stably expressed and suitable reference genes for both of Lagerstroemia species. Moreover, ACT exhibited high expression stability in L. indica and GAPDH was a suitable reference gene for L. speciosa in different flower development stages. TUB was an unsuitable reference gene for gene expression normalization due to significant variations in expression across all samples. Finally, we verified the reliability of the selected candidate reference genes by amplifying an AGAMOUS homolog (LsAG1) of Arabidopsis thaliana. This study provides a list of suitable reference genes, thereby broadening the genetic basis of the gene expression patterns in Lagerstroemia species.

First Report of Natural Infection of Watermelon mosaic virus on Lagerstroemia indica in China

First Report of Natural Infection of <i>Watermelon mosaic virus</i> on <i>Lagerstroemia indica</i> in China

Heritability and gene effects for plant architecture traits of crape myrtle using major gene plus polygene inheritance analysis

Plant architecture is important for crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) cultivation and breeding. To investigate the genetic inheritance of plant architecture traits in Lagerstroemia, a mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model was employed to analyze three traits in six generations (P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2), including plant height (PH), internode length (IL) and primary lateral branch height (PLBH). The three traits showed extensive coefficient of variation and high broad sense heritability (0.60–0.84). Though transgressive segregations were present, transgressive heterosis was not observed in all the generations. The results showed that the IL fitted the D-0 model, which was followed by a one additive-dominance major gene plus additive-dominance-epistasis polygene genetic model. In addition, the PH and PLBH were quantitative traits fitting the E-0 model, namely two additive-dominance-epistasis major genes plus additive-dominance-epistasis polygene genetic model. The highest heritability of the major gene (83.62%) for the IL was observed in F2 population, indicating that the IL trait was mainly controlled by genetic factors with a low effect of environmental factors and should be selected in early generations. However, the highest heritabilities of the major genes for the PH and PLBH were 43.23% and 70.29% in B1 population, indicating that the PH and PLBH should be selected in late generations due to the large effect of environmental factors. Therefore, these findings will provide a theoretical instruction for the QTL mapping and breeding of desirable plant architecture in crape myrtle.

The role of natural exogenous foliar applications in alleviating salinity stress in Lagerstroemia indica L. seedlings

The role of natural exogenous foliar applications in alleviating salinity stress in Lagerstroemia indica L. seedlings

Allometric Dynamics in Branch Growth of Crape Myrtle

Tree branches provide multiple functions in tree growth. It is necessary to study the allometric patterns of branches in order to understand some quantitative perspectives in tree growth. In this study, branches of seven crape myrtle trees (Lagerstroemia indica) were studied to examine allometric relationships in different times. The results indicated that the total basal area of branches at one order was far more than it at the next lower order (branches far from trunks). The scaling exponents of frequency distribution in both branch length and diameter decreased from above 1.0 in May to 0.1 in November as branches grew. The entropy of branch length and diameter both decreased at the beginning and then increased for all trees during the growing season. The observed entropy was always less than the maximum entropy. The average slenderness of branches was close to 20 for all trees. There were higher fluctuations in the slenderness within small or short branches (diameter less than 10 mm or length less than 100 cm). The scaling exponents between branch radius and length were concentrated at 1.0 for most trees. The correlation between the branch diameters of 1st order and the number of branches at 2nd order was not significant. The general trend and deviations in allometric relationships may help to understand the complexity in tree branch development.

Characterization and Complementation of a Chlorophyll-Less Dominant Mutant GL1 in Lagerstroemia indica.

Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) is a woody ornamental plant popularly grown because of its long-lasting, midsummer blooms and beautiful colors. The GL1 dominant mutant is the first chlorophyll-less mutant identified in crape myrtle. It was obtained from a natural yellow leaf bud mutation. We previously revealed that leaf color of the GL1 mutant is affected by light intensity. However, the mechanism of the GL1 mutant on light response remained unclear. The acclimation response of mutant and wild-type (WT) plants was assessed in a time series after transferring from low light (LL) to high light (HL) by analyzing chlorophyll synthesis precursor content, photosynthetic performance, and gene expression. In LL conditions, coproporphyrinogen III (Coprogen III) content had the greatest amount of accumulation in the mutant compared with WT, increasing by 100%. This suggested that the yellow leaf phenotype of the GL1 dominant mutant might be caused by disruption of coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPO) biosynthesis. Furthermore, the candidate gene, oxygen-independent CPO (HEMN), might only affect expression of upstream genes involved in chlorophyll metabolism in the mutant. Moreover, two genes, photosystem II (PSII) 10 kDa protein (psbR) and chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene (CAB1), had decreased mRNA levels in the GL1 mutant within the first 96 h following LL/HL transfer compared with the WT. Hierarchical clustering revealed that these two genes shared a similar expression trend as the oxygen-dependent CPO (HEMF). These findings provide evidence that GL1 is highly coordinated with PSII stability and chloroplast biogenesis.

Gas Exchange, Growth and Flowering of Lagerstroemia indica Treated with Different Concentration and Application Techniques of Paclobutrazol

Background and objectives: Lagerstroemia indica is a fast growing landscape shrub that require frequent pruning. The pruning process is a costly operation, temporary and partially successful in controlling tree growth. This study reports the effect of different concentration and application techniques of paclobutrazol, a growth and development of the plant in view of its management in height control and flowering enhancement. Materials and Methods: The study involved four different concentration (0 (control), 1500, 3000 and 4500 mg L–1) and two application techniques (foliar spray and soil drenching) of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on 2 month-old plants which were raised from semi hardwood cuttings. Changes in leaf photosynthesis, vegetative growth and flowering were measured. Results: Increasing PBZ rate to 3000 and 4500 mg L–1 reduced leaf photosynthesis and differ the rates markedly from plants of other treatments. The PBZ application, given as foliar spray and soil drenching reduced plants height. Among the two application techniques, the respective reduction in plant height for foliar sprayed and soil drenched plants were almost 75 and 90% compared to the control plants. The PBZ at 1500 mg L–1, given as soil drenching increased the number of flowers by 25% and at 3000 mg L–1 in foliar spray increased the number of flowers by 21% over the non-treated plants. Foliar PBZ sprayed plants produced significantly more leaves compared to those produced by the soil drenched plants. Paclobutrazol applications inhibited extension growth of stem thus reduced the overall height of plants which is linked to shorted internode but at the same time increased branch, leaf and flower number. Conclusion: These effects of PBZ observed here could be regarded as positive effects as the treatments would produce shorted statured plants which are normal desirable to landscape enthusiasts.

First Report of Gray Mold on Crepe Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) Caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea

First Report of Gray Mold on Crepe Myrtle (<i>Lagerstroemia indica</i>) Caused by <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> in Korea

Cadmium accumulation and tolerance of Lagerstroemia indica and Lagerstroemia fauriei (Lythraceae) seedlings for phytoremediation applications

ABSTRACTContamination by heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems generated from human activities. Because phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants, it could potentially be used to remediate metal-contaminated areas. A pot culture experiment with four levels of cadmium (Cd) (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg of Cd/kg dry soil) was conducted to investigate Cd accumulation and tolerance of roots, shoots, and leaves of Lagerstroemia indica and Lagerstroemia fauriei as well as their potential for phytoremediation. Experimental results indicated that Cd inhibited seedling growth only at the higher Cd exposure concentration (40 and 80 mg/kg). The tolerance index revealed that on average L. indica is more tolerant of Cd than L. fauriei. Moreover, plants in the experiment accumulated Cd differentially. In comparisons between L. indica and L. fauriei, the leaves of the former had higher concentrations of Cd, while the roots of latter had higher concentrations of Cd. Furthermore, the roots, shoots, and leaves had very high bioaccumulation factors that markedly exceeded 1.0 (exceptional only in shoots of 80 mg/kg for L. fauriei), indicating that the seedlings extracted Cd from the soil. The leaves' translocation factor of L. indica was greater than 1.0, being significantly higher than that of L. fauriei. Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and total declined in both species significantly as Cd concentrations exceeded 40 mg/kg in the soil. In contrast, lipid peroxidation and proline content was found to increase with increasing Cd concentration. From the assessments of biomass production, Cd tolerance and uptake L. indica and L. fauriei could stand as excellent species for remediating Cd-contaminated soils.

A new triterpene glycoside from the stems of Lagerstroemia indica.

A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the stems of Lagerstroemia indica resulted in the isolation and identification of a new triterpene glycoside, lagerindiside (1), along with nine known triterpenes (2-10). The structure of this new compound was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data analysis as well as chemical method. The cytotoxic activities of the isolates (1-10) were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15) using a sulforhodamine B bioassay. Compounds 3 and 4 showed potent cytotoxicity on the tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 3.38 to 6.29μM.

ChemInform Abstract: Phenolic Derivatives from the Stems of Lagerstroemia indica and Their Biological Activity

Abstractisolation and structure elucidation of stroside A (I), stroside B (II), stroside C (III), and lagerindiol (IV)

Effect of type and time of pruning on flowering behaviour of Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) in sub-tropical landscape

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of type and time of pruning on flowering behaviour of Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) in sub-tropical landscape during 2013–15. The experiment was laid out in two-factor randomized block design comprising four different levels of pruning viz., P0 (unpruned), P1 (45 cm height from ground level), P2 (60 cm height from ground level), P3 (75 cm height from ground level) and five different times of pruning viz., T1(15th October 2013), T2(15th November 2013), T3(15th December 2013), T4 (15th January 2014) and T5 (15th February 2014). Among the levels of pruning, pruning at height of 75 cm from ground level was found to be best for increasing flowering period, quantity and quality. It induced early flowering (bud visibility at 151.53 days, bud opening at 165.33 days, full bloom at 177.87 days), greater flower number 699.33/plant and longer flowering duration 109.73 days. Among the months, February (2014) month responded best in terms of flower earliness (bud visibility at 102.25 days, bud opening at 117.58 days, full bloom at 132.50 days), more number of flowers per plant i. e. 676.33/plant and longer flowering duration 105.92 days compared to other pruning levels and time. The treatment combination pruning at 75 cm from ground levels in February month was the best for good quality flower production.

Characteristics and Management of Complementary Pond of Village

The purpose of this study is on identifying charactreistics and management direction of complementary pond of Dalmaji village in Gangjin. Accordingly, this village was indicated as Experience and Resort village by Korean government. This study describes the construction background and characteristics and identifies species diversity and characteristics through field survey. For this, literature and field survey was performed. In field survey, vegetational survey was performed in Aug. of 2015. D(Dominant degree) and S(Sociability degree) was measured by Brown-Blanquet`s method. The answer was searched from Myungsanron(明山論), a textbook of Fengsui(風水) in Joseon dynasty. Of these causes, it was considered that the representative one is a protection of fire and infectious disease because the Wolgak mountain is a fire mountain(火山) as a stone mountain in Fengsui. The results demonstrate decline of aquatic ecosystem because of neglect management. The total number of species was 24. Of the species, Zelkova serrata is a natural vegetation of this complementary forest. This is nominated as Lagerstroemia indica and Camellia japonica community. Species composition demonstrate the characteristics of Korean southern region as mixed forest of evergreen trees and deciduous ones which are indigenous plants. It was considered Juniperus chinensis KaizukaVariega in central round island was planted in Japanese colonial period and it have to be removed. It was considered that name of moon pond and moon island etc. projects the mind of village ancestors which are going to reach an ideal condition of moon. And management of quantity and depth of pond water was critical for restoration of disappearing lotus from related literature. Periodic management was needed for ecological structure and function improvement because of ecological disturbance by the invasive plants like Humulus japonicus.

Microbial responses to erosion-induced soil physico-chemical property changes in the hilly red soil region of southern China

Water erosion can significantly alter soil physicochemical properties. However, little is known about soil microbial responses to erosion-induced soil physicochemical properties changes in the hilly red soil region of southern China. This research was conducted to determine the impact of water erosion on soil biological properties and the relationships between microbial community compositions and physico-chemical parameters. Soil samples of the 0–10 cm layer in one fallow depositional site and five erosional sites (including a Pinus massoniana Lamb. site, Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsl. site, Michelia maudiae Dunn site, Cinnamomum bodinieri Levl. site and Lagerstroemia indica Linn. site) were collected. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of 16S rDNA were generated to describe the influence of soil erosion on bacterial communities. The results showed that the depositional site had greater microbial biomass and enzyme activities compared to most erosional sites. Redundancy analysis suggested that all physico-chemical parameters together accounted for 79.6% of the variation in bacterial community (P < 0.05). Among these parameters, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a predominant effect on the variation (19.3%; P < 0.05), while soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen individually contributed to only 3% and 2.5% of the variance in bacterial community, respectively (P > 0.05). These results indicated that soil deposition is beneficial to enhance soil microbial biomass, while soil erosion is in reverse. DOC is a more important factor influencing soil biological characteristics in comparison to other measured physicochemical parameters. Relative to the quantity of SOC, the quality of C is more important in influencing soil biological properties.

Comprehensive transcriptome analysis discovers novel candidate genes related to leaf color in a Lagerstroemia indica yellow leaf mutant

Lagerstroemia indica is a popular woody ornamental plant throughout the world. However, relatively little is known about the molecular processes regulating leaf color in L. indica compared with other ornamental plants. Although yellow leaf mutants from various organisms have been well characterized, L. indica yellow leaf mutant has not yet been reported. In this study, a L. indica yellow leaf mutant, named YL03, was characterized and its leaf transcriptome was sequenced. A total of 30,712,752 reads were generated and assembled de novo into 45,308 unigenes with an average length of 987.51 bp. Among these unigenes, 21,339 (47.10 %) were identified as putative homologs of annotated sequences in public databases. A total of 79 unigenes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation, photosynthesis and chloroplast development were identified. The expression levels of those genes were detected using quantitative real-time PCR in this study. Among those genes, 11 unigenes showed highly significant difference in the mutant compared to wild type plants. Conclusively, the leaf color formation is greatly affected by the activity of chloroplast development and chlorophyll metabolism. And the possible formation pathway of yellow leaf mutant is deduced based on our results.

Description of a new needle nematode, Longidorus asiaticus n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae), from the rhizosphere of crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) bonsai trees imported into Italy from China

A new longidorid nematode, Longidorus asiaticus n. sp., is described and illustrated from a population extracted from soil associated with the movement of crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) flowering bonsai trees imported from China into Italy. The new needle nematode is characterised by a small body size (2.74–3.52 mm), a bluntly-rounded lip region, ca 12 μm wide, continuous with body contour, amphidial fovea pocket-shape with posterior end rounded not bilobed, a moderately long and flexible odontostyle ca 85 μm long, stylet guiding ring located at ca 37 μm from anterior end, vulva almost equatorial (48–54 %), tail short, about 2/3 of its width, dorsally convex-conoid, with rounded terminus, with a c’ ratio ca 0.7, bearing two pairs of caudal pores and male absent. Integrative diagnosis was completed with molecular data obtained using D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, ITS-rDNA, and partial 18S-rDNA. The phylogenetic relationships of this species with other Longidorus spp. using D2-D3 expansion segments, ITS and partial 18S-rDNA indicated that L. asiaticus n. sp. clustered together with L. hangzhouensis, Longidorus sp. JH-2014, and L. camelliae: all of them sharing a common Asiatic geographic origin.

First Report of the Apple Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne mali, Infecting Crape Myrtle From Japan

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 99, No. 6First Report of the Apple Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne mali, Infecting Crape Myrtle From Japan PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of the Apple Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne mali, Infecting Crape Myrtle From JapanJ. F. Gu and J. HeJ. F. GuSearch for more papers by this author and J. HeSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations J. F. Gu J. He , Technical Centre, Ningbo Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Ningbo 315012, Zhejiang, China. Published Online:27 May 2015https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-14-1145-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) is commonly imported from Japan to Ningbo Port, China. In 2014, during inspections of imported crape myrtle plants for plant-parasitic nematodes, five of 51 inspected trees had roots showing small and round galls (0.4 to 0.7 mm in size). Females of Meloidogyne spp. were dissected from these galls. Nematodes were also extracted from soil surrounding the roots using a modified Baermann funnel methods and second-stage juveniles (J2) were detected. The perineal patterns of females (n = 10) were oval with smooth, fine striae. Both the dorsal and ventral arch were low and flat, and the phasmids were large and wider apart than the length of vulval slit. The body length and tail of J2 (n = 20) were short, 362 to 466 μm and 29.2 to 39.3 μm, respectively. Tail length/tail diameter (c′) = 11.6 to 15.3. These morphological characteristics were the same as those for Meloidogyne mali Itoh, Ohshima & Ichinohe, 1969 (2). The morphological identification was confirmed by sequence analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segment of the 28S rDNA gene following amplification with the primers D2A (5′-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTT-3′) and D3B (5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3′) (3). A PCR product approximately 780 bp in length was obtained and sequenced. The sequences were compared with previously published sequences in the NCBI database and showed 96 to 100% sequence similarity with M. mali (JX978226, KF880399, KF880398, and KF895396). Amplification and sequencing of the partial 18S rDNA gene was also performed with two overlapping PCR fragments. For the first fragment, primer 988F (5′-CTCAAAGATTAAGCCATGC-3′) was used in combination with the primer 1912R (5′-TTTACGGTCAGAACTAGGG-3′). The second fragment was amplified with primers 1813F (5′-CTGCGTGAGAGGTGAAAT-3′) and 2646R (5′-GCTACCTTGTTACGACTTTT-3′) (3). A PCR product approximately 1,750 bp in length was obtained and sequenced. Sequences were compared with those in the NCBI database and had 99 to 100% identity with sequences from M. mali (JX978225, EU669947 to EU669949). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode M. mali in crape myrtle from Japan. M. mali was first reported in Japan in 1969, with the type host being apple. There are about 44 different plant species currently recognized as hosts for M. mali (1). It is highly probable that this root-knot nematode has an even wider host range and distribution than is currently known.

Soils beneath suspended pavements: An opportunity for stormwater control and treatment

Trees provide air quality, water quality and aesthetic benefits to urban areas. However, urban soils are frequently compacted to meet the structural stability requirements of pavements and buildings. Suspended pavement systems create an uncompacted soil volume beneath pavements in built environments to provide suitable conditions for tree root growth and structural stability for pavements. Another potential use of the soil–root matrix beneath a suspended pavement includes stormwater management. Two suspended pavement systems were constructed in Wilmington, North Carolina, USA, and runoff was routed through the root–soil matrix for detention and treatment. The two retrofits each contained 21.2m3 of soil volume with a crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica x fauriei) and were nearly identical. An impermeable geomembrane isolated the water quality impacts of the system and an internal water storage (IWS) layer promoted NO2,3-N removal through denitrification. At one retrofit, 80% of runoff over the yearlong monitoring period was treated. For storms that did not generate bypass, significant mitigation of peak discharge (QP) was observed (62%). Pollutant concentrations of TKN, NO2,3-N, TAN, TN, O-PO43−, TP, TSS, Cu, Pb and Zn all decreased significantly at both retrofit sites. Effluent NO2,3-N concentrations between the retrofit sites were not significantly different despite varying organic matter content and a substantial difference in influent NO2,3-N concentrations. Effluent concentrations of TSS, Cu, and Zn were not statistically different between the sites, indicating consistent treatment of particulate and particulate-bound pollutants within the systems. This proof-of-concept study illustrates that the soil–root matrix beneath a suspended pavement system can be used as a stormwater control measure (SCM) to concomitantly achieve water quality, pavement stability and urban forestry goals.

Analysis on Growth Characteristics of Landscape Trees in Apartment Complex

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for improving the method of landscape planting in apartment complex by objective surveying and analysing the growth ratio by type and ground planted in landscape tree. The results are as follows. In the survival ratio of tree, Pinus densiflora was the highest and Abies koreana was the lowest in evergreen tree. In case of deciduous tree, the species of the highest survival ratio were Diospyros kaki, Zelkova serrata, Prunus mume, Lagerstroemia indica and Ginkgo biloba. There showed that Sorbus commixta and Chaenomeles sinensis had the lowest survial ratio. In case of tree growth by types, Pinus strobus was the highest and Pinus densiflora var. globosa was the lowest among evergreen trees. Among deciduous trees, the growth ratio of Zelkova serrata was the highest, and the trees showed the lowest growth were Lagerstroemia indica, Magnolia denudata and Cornus officinalis. Pinus strobus, Cornus kousa, Ginkgo biloba, Chionanthus retusa and Acer palmatum were good growth in natural ground, and Zelkova serrata and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu were good in artificial ground. In the future, if you study the growth characteristics and shrubs that are excluded from the study of landscape trees in various locations are expected to derive objective data.

구미 휴브글로브 주변 삼림생태계에서 불화수소가스 유출 사고에 기인한 식생피해 진단 및 그 피해를 완화시키기 위한 복원 계획

구미의 화학약품 제조업체 휴브글로브에서 불산 유출사고가 발생하고 약 1년 후인 2013년 8월 초 사고 발생 현장 주변에 성립한 식생 피해에 대한 조사를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 소나무와 스트로브잣나무는 매우 심한 피해, 은행나무, 상수리나무, 리기다소나무, 왕버들, 무궁화 및 배롱나무는 심한 피해, 굴참나무, 참싸리 및 참억새는 중간수준의 피해 그리고 갈참나무, 청미래덩굴, 새, 아까시나무 및 오동은 가벼운 피해를 나타내었다. 우리는 피해 현장 주변에서 피해를 입지 않은 어떤 식물도 발견하지 못하였다. 이러한 결과는 불소가 대기, 토양 및 물에 오랫동안 남아 생태계의 모든 수준에 걸쳐 부정적인 영향을 미친다고 알려졌듯이 이 지역에서 지난 해 발생한 불소피해가 여전히 지속되고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 한편, 여천공업단지에서 조사된 결과에 의하면, 식물 잎에 포함된 불소 농도는 비료공장으로부터 거리에 따라 달라졌고 식생 피해는 그 농도에 비례하는 경향이었다. 이런 점에서 불산 유출사고 현장 주변 생태계에 잔존하는 불소의 제거 및 해독 대책이 시급히 요청되고 있다. 불소를 불활성화 시킬 수 있는 칼슘과 마그네슘을 함유하고 있는 돌로마이트의 시비가 그 피해를 완화시킬 수 있는 복원계획의 하나로 준비되었다. 그밖에 토양개량 효과를 증진시키기 위해 인산염 비료 시비가 복원계획으로 추가되었다. 나아가 우리는 불소피해를 완화시키기 위한 두 번째 대책으로 내성종의 도입을 추천하였다. 불소가스 피해로 고사된 나무들을 대체하여 새로운 숲을 만들기 위한 내성종으로 우리는 갈참나무를 추천하였고, 그 숲이 안정된 내부 환경을 확보하기 위한 망토군락을 이룰 식물 종으로는 청미래덩굴과 새를 추천하였다. We obtained the following results from investigation on vegetation damage from 5 to 6 August, 2013, about one year after an accident that hydrofluoric acid leaked from a chemical maker, Hube Globe in Gumi. Pinus densiflora and Pinus strobus showed very severe damage. Ginko biloba, Quercus acutissima, Pinus rigida, Salix glandulosa, Hibiscus syriacus, and Lagerstroemia indica showed severe damage. Quercus variabilis, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, and Miscanthus sinensis showed moderate damage. Quercus aliena, Smilax china, Arundidinella hirta, Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Paulowinia coreana showed slight damage. We did not find any plants without leaf damage around there. This result means that fluoride damage still persists in this area as was known that fluoride remains for a long time in air, soil and water and exerts negative effects at all levels of an ecosystem. In addition, fluoride content contained in plant leaf depended on the distance from a fertilizer producing factory and vegetation damage tended to proportionate to the concentration in the Yeocheon industrial complex. In these respects, a measure for removal or detoxification of the remaining fluoride is urgently required around the hydrofluoric acid leak spot. Fertilizing of dolomite containing Ca and Mg, which can trap fluoride, was prepared as one of the restoration plans. In addition, phosphate fertilizing was added in order to enhance soil ameliorating effects. Furthermore, we recommend the introduction of tolerant plants as the second measure to mitigate fluoride damage. As the tolerant plants to make a new forest by replacing trees died due to hydrofluoric acid gas damage, we recommended Q. aliena and S. china, A. hirta, etc. were recommended as plant species to add mantle vegetation to the forest margin to ensure stable interior environment of the forest.