Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Levels Research Articles

The impact of furan exposure on steroidogenesis in Leydig cells: cellular and molecular observations.

Furan is an organic compound that occurs as a result of heat treatment during the processing and cooking of many food products. Furthermore, the environment contains furan in tobacco smoke and vehicle exhaust gases, and it serves as an intermediate molecule in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical and chemical agents, pesticides, and stabilizers. Studies on the male reproductive system have not been able to elucidate the pathway through which furan exerts its negative effects. In this study, the TM3 Leydig cell line was exposed to various furan concentrations (0.03, 0.3, and 3 mM) for 24h. In order to assess the cytotoxic effects of furan on Leydig cells, we examined cell viability, cell proliferation, and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels. To investigate the detrimental effects of furan on testosterone biosynthesis, quantitative analyses were conducted on cAMP and testosterone levels, as well as the expression levels of key genes and transcription factors implicated in the steroidogenic pathway. The results indicate that furan inhibited the viability and proliferation of Leydig cells and enhanced the activity of lactate dehydrogenase. Leydig cells administered to furan exhibited notable reductions in cAMP and testosterone levels. Additionally, while the expression levels of steroidogenic genes were downregulated, significant changes were detected in the expression levels of the transcription factors responsible for the regulation of these genes. Consequently, our findings suggest that furan exerts inhibitory effects on steroidogenesis in Leydig cells through multiple mechanisms, ultimately leading to infertility by inducing dysfunction in Leydig cells.

The Relationship Between Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Levels and Myeloid Engraftment in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

BackgroundThe early detection of myeloid engraftment after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is of clinical importance for clinicians. In this study, we evaluated whether serum lactic dehydrogenase enzyme levels are significant predictors in the early detection of successful myeloid engraftment after HSCT. MethodsThe study included 74 patients, all of whom underwent HSCT between February 2014 and June 2020. Serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme and complete blood parameters were evaluated at the start of the preparation regimen, on the day of product infusion, 5 days before myeloid engraftment, on the day of myeloid engraftment, and 5 days after engraftment. ResultsLDH enzyme levels increased statistically significantly 5 days before myeloid engraftment (P = .005), and this increase was observed to continue on the day of engraftment, and 5 days after engraftment, but the differences between the measurements 5 days before engraftment and those on the day of engraftment, and 5 days after engraftment were statistically insignificant (P > .05). There was no significant difference in LDH enzyme levels between the measurements made at the beginning of the preparation regimen and those made on the infusion day (P > .05). ConclusionsIncreased LDH enzyme levels after HSCT are associated with increased myelopoiesis in the bone marrow. The monitoring of serum LDH levels and the detection of the onset of increase in enzyme levels in patients undergoing HSCT may be predictors of engraftment.

Exploring the Protective Effect against 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-Induced Breast Tumors of Palmitoylethanolamide.

Breast cancer remains a global health burden, and the need for effective therapies is of chief importance. The current study explored the in vivo chemoprotective activity of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast tumor in rats. Results of noninvasive photoacoustic imaging showed real-time progression in the tumor area and volume in DMBA-induced rats, while there was a reduction in tumor area and volume in PEA-treated tumor-bearing rats. The increase in the average oxygen saturation (sO2 %) and decrease in the average total hemoglobin (HbT %) indicated the PEA-mediated attenuation of hypoxia-induced neovascularization in DMBA-induced rats. Histopathological investigations confirmed the efficacy of PEA in mitigating breast carcinoma, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity driven by DMBA. Moreover, PEA-mediated alterations in the metabolic activity of the tumor microenvironment were evidenced by decreased glucose and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme level in the blood plasma and mammary tissue. PEA also maintained the redox balance by inhibiting nitric oxide level, reducing malondialdehyde (a product of lipid peroxidation), and increasing the level of antioxidant enzyme reduced glutathione. PEA altered the expression of apoptosis-related genes (BAX, P53,BCL-XL, CASPASE-8, and CASPASE-9) and induced the activity of Caspase-3 protein in the mammary tissue of tumor-bearing rats, indicating its apoptosis inducing ability. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that PEA may have a protective effect against DMBA-induced breast tumors.

Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Level in Women with Severe Preeclampsia: A Cross-sectional Study

Aim: To determine the frequency of raised lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in women with severe preeclampsia.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration: Obstetrics and Gynecology department at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from June 2018 to December 2018.
 Methodology: There were 141 primiparous women with severe preeclampsia, included in this study. After taking history regarding hypertension and obstetrical examination, patients were subjected to a relevant investigation that is, 5ml of blood sent to an institutional laboratory for the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, if it is >400 U/L then it was labeled as raised.
 Results: The frequency of raised lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (400 U/L) was 13.48% (19/141) women with severe preeclampsia.
 Conclusion: About 14% of women having Pre-eclampsia had raised lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. Severe preeclampsia is associated with severe multisystemic involvement. Raised LDH levels are indicative of cellular damage and severe hypertension in pregnancy.

Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Background: Diagnosis of the lower airway diseases (LAD) in horses relies on clinical signs, endoscopic examination and cytologic evaluation of lower respiratory tract flushing fluids as well. Specific enzyme activities in respiratory tract fluids of horses could be used as useful indicators in lower airway disorders. The main goal of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activites in tracheal wash (TW) fluids of horses with lower respiratory tract inflammation and/or damage and also in distinguishing of non-septic and septic inflammation in racehorses with LAD.Materials, Methods & Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted in racehorses. TW fluid samples were obtained from 83 racehorses (71 with lower airway diseases and 12 healthy controls) for the study. The One-Way ANOVA Test was used for the significance analysis of the differences between the groups in showing the normal distribution of blood serum ALP and LDH properties. Kruskal Wallis H Test and Tamhane T2 test were used for the significance analysis of the differences between the groups of tracheal ALP and LDH properties, which were not normally distributed. The sampled horses were classified into 3 groups as healthy control, non septic neutrophilic inflammation (NS-LAD) and septic neutrophilic inflammation (S-LAD) according to the tracheal mucus scores determined during endoscopic examination, clinical signs, cytologic and bacteriologic examination of collected TW samples. According to cytology results normal neutrophil levels (< 20%) were determined in the heatlhy control group (14.5%). However, increased neutrophil levels (≥ 20% and ≥ 80%) were encountered in the NS-LAD (61.4%) and S-LAD (24.1%) groups respectively. Also, the signs of degenerative changes and presence of intracellular bacteria in the neutrophil cells in the S-LAD group was observed. Bacteriologic analysis of the samples revealed Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was the most prevalent agent (85.6%) followed by Escherichia coli (4.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.8%). ALP and LDH enzyme activities of TW fluid were found to be significantly higher in racehorses with LAD compared with healthy controls (P < 0.01). On the other hand, a significant difference was also determined for LDH levels between NS-LAD and S-LAD cases determining with cytological and bacteriological examination (P < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between NS-LAD and S-LAD group. Serum ALP and LDH levels of racehorses revealed no significant difference between each study groups.Discussion: Respiratory system diseases have been known to be one of the main causes of training disruption and interruption of racing events in racehorses. Specifically, LAD is the most frequently diagnosed disorder in racehorses evaluated for poor performance. In the present study established for determining the usefulness of ALP and LDH enzyme levels in the TW samples of horses with lower respiratory tract inflammatory disorders. It was concluded that ALP and LDH enzyme activities of TW fluid could be considered as indicators of pulmonary inflammation and/or damage and LDH enzyme activity is thought to be useful in distinguishing neutrophilic non-septic and septic pulmonary inflammation in racehorses with LAD. On the other hand, data obtained from the study indicated that TW fluid ALP activity was not enough statistically to differenatiate horses with non-septic and septic lower airway inflammation.

Effects of eccentric exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness on endoplasmic reticulum stress-related markers

Abstract Short Communications Apelin, pentraxin3 (PTX3), and interleukin6 (IL6) parameters are known as inflammation markers and found to be related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of eccentric exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) on ER stress-related markers in young athletes. Objectives and Methods ER stress and DOMS-related blood markers, maximal strength level, and rate of perceived exertion using the visual analog scale (VAS) were assessed before, immediately after, 24, 48, and 72 h after the muscle damage protocol. Results IL6 peaked 24 h after while creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels reached their peaks at 72 h after the protocol. The level of apelin continued to increase throughout the four measurements, and PTX3 peaked at 24 h, and then declined to the levels before the protocol but the differences were not significant. The significant decrease in the strength and the significant increase in VAS continued 48 h after the protocol. Conclusion ER is activated and ER stress occurred, due to increases in IL6, PTX3 and apelin levels after the test protocol concluded that a single vigorous eccentric exercise should be avoided in harmful effect on health as parallel with Physical Activity Guidelines.

La citometría de flujo al servicio del diagnóstico del linfoma en caninos

Canine lymphoma is a malignant tumor that represents 7 to 24% of all malignancies and 80% of hematopoietic tumors. In humans and canines, 80-85% of lymphomas originate from neoplastic B-lymphocytes (B-cell lymphoma) and 15 to 20% are lymphomas generated from T lymphocytes. The latter are generally more aggressive, have shorter survival time and may need differential therapy. For this reason, knowing the tumor immunophenotype (origin of the tumor) allows establishing a more accurate prognosis and treatment appropriate to the type of tumor. In this context, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry performed from a lymph node puncture is a tool of great diagnostic value for the veterinary clinic. The aim of this work was to present two clinical cases of canines with a clinical and cytological diagnosis of lymphoma, which underwent flow cytometry to determine the cellular origin of the neoplasm, as well as complementary studies to determine local and systemic repercussions of the tumor process. The result of the immunophenotyping evidenced the presence of a CD4 + T-cell lymphoma in one of the patients and B-cell lymphoma in the other. At the systemic level, the patient with T-cell lymphoma presented neutrophilic leukocytosis and hypercalcemia, while in both patients increases of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels were observed. Based on these results, it is discussed how through the tumor immunophenotyping, it is possible to deepen in the diagnosis, to give an accurate prognosis and provide to the treating clinician a value information helping them in their therapeutic decisions.

Evaluation of the prognostic value of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, and proteinuria in patients with acute pancreatitis admitted at Assiut University Hospitals and its correlation with Ranson\u2019s criteria scoring system

BackgroundAcute pancreatitis is a relatively common acute medical presentation that may progress beyond the pancreas to cause multi-organ failure or death. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality with mortality rates changing little in the past few decades despite advances in intensive care and surgical management. Early evaluation of acute pancreatitis severity is essential to allow the clinician to predict the patient’s clinical course, estimate the prognosis, determine the need for intensive care unit admission, and prevent complications. So, the purpose of our study is to evaluate the prognostic value of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, and proteinuria in patients with acute pancreatitis and its correlation with Ranson’s criteria scoring system as new, rapid, and easy parameters to predict severity of acute pancreatitis.ResultsThe mean age of patients in years was 47.97, and the median was 52 with a range of ages between 18 and 87; 38% of the patients included were males, and 61% were females. The mean Ranson’s score was 2.77 ± 1.4, and the median was 3 with a range of 0–6; 44.5% of patients included have low severity, 42.4% have mild severity, and 13.1% of patients have high severity. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio both at the time of admission and after 48 h of admission was significantly increasing with an increase in disease severity with a P value of < 0.001 that was statistically significant. Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme at the time of admission was also significantly increasing with diseased severity with a P value of 0.001 that was statistically significant and the same for lactate dehydrogenase enzyme level after 48 h of admission with a P value of 0.002 that was also statistically significant. Proteinuria is positive only in 15.2% of patients and with the same result after 48 h of admission.ConclusionThe neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio gives a rapid impression of the extent of the inflammatory process, and it can effectively predict severity at the time of admission and even after 48 h of admission and can also differentiate between patients with mild and severe acute pancreatitis in both calcular and non-calcular cause-dependent acute pancreatitis patients. Lactate dehydrogenase can be used to predict severity in calcular cause-dependent acute pancreatitis patients only at the time of admission and after 48 h of admission. Proteinuria in urine analysis on admission and after 48 h does not seem to be a reliable predictor for disease severity in acute pancreatitis.

Assessment of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels in saliva and serum of oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia patients.

Background:Pathology involving the oral epithelium may alter the level of salivary concentration of LDH. Thus its estimation can be used as a non invasive screening tool for the early detection of OPMDs and also to predict its malignant transformation especially in high risk population.Aims and Objectives:To evaluate the salivary and serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in patients having of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and leukoplakia and compare it with healthy individuals.Materials and Methods:A total of 120 subjects were selected and divided into three groups comprising clinically diagnosed cases of OSMF and leukoplakia and healthy subjects as controls. Unstimulated whole saliva and blood samples were collected under aseptic conditions for biochemical estimation of LDH by Semiautomatic Analyzer using LDH kit utilizing enzymatic UV-Kinetic method. The values obtained were statistically analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.0. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.Results:The mean salivary LDH level in Group I (OSMF) was 631.67 + 7.67, Group II (Leukoplakia) was 492.28 + 16.17 and Group III (Healthy Control) was 140.62 + 8.87. There was a statistically significant difference between the Serum and salivary LDH levels among the various groups of study population. A positive correlation between salivary LDH and serum LDH level was seen and the regression equation for OSMF and leukoplakia was computed.Conclusion:A significant difference was found between mean salivary LDH Levels and serum LDH levels in patients with leukoplakia, OSMF and health controls. A positive correlation was also established between salivary and serum LDH levels in patients with OSMF and leukoplakia patients making saliva a potent non invasive tool for early prediction and detection of PMOD and its malignant transformation.

Study of the correlation between CA15-3 and each of prolactin hormone and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in women with breast cancer in THI – QAR governorate – Iraq

The most malicious tumor in women is breast cancer. Its treatment at the early stage of its recognition in a woman provides her multiple options for diagnosis. Physical inspection and mammography are helpful screening processes for the primary recognition of breast cancer, they are also labor dependent and need health specialists who are exceptionally prepared and skilled. This experiment was designed to estimate and compare the CA15-3 level, hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in Breast Cancer patients and in apparently healthier individuals. Blood CA15-3, hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels were determined in 65 Women with Breast Cancer and 55 apparently healthy subjects. The levels of serum CA15-3, hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme were showing a significant increase in women with Breast Cancer in comparison to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). The study also investigates the correlation between the concentrations of the CA15-3 and each of hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, However, we compared all measurement parameters according to the type of disease. In Breast cancer patients, we increase CA15-3, hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme can clearly occur, and we positive correlation relationship between CA15-3 and each of PRL and LDH through coefficient correlation (r).

Investigation of dose-dependent effects of berberine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in experimental diabetic rats

BackgroundIschemia–reperfusion injury causes various severe morphological and functional changes in diabetic patients. To date, numerous antidiabetic and antioxidant agents have been used for treatment of the disease-related changes. ObjectivesWe aimed to examine effective therapeutic doses or doses of berberine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model by histopathological and biochemical analysis. MethodsThirty male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with STZ injection for the development of diabetes, and divided into the following groups: STZ-induced diabetic group (STZ); IRI-induced diabetic group (STZ+IRI); 50mg/kg berberine (BRB) treated diabetic group after inducing IRI (STZ+IRI+BRB1); 100mg/kg BRB treated diabetic group after IRI (STZ+IRI+BRB2); 150mg/kg BRB treated diabetic group after IRI (STZ+IRI+BRB3). Bilateral renal ischemia model was applied for 45min, then reperfusion was allowed for 14 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Renal injury was detected histopathologically. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured in serum using the ELISA method. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) of renal tissue was studied by spectrophotometric assay. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as TOS-to-TAS ratio. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump), and Ca2+-ATPase (calcium ATPase) enzyme levels were measured in tissues using the ELISA method. Anti-apoptotic Bax and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels were detected by Western blot analysis. All data were evaluated statistically. ResultsThe highest histopathological score was detected in the STZ+IRI group compared to the other group. BRB administration at the doses of 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg markedly improved renal injury. BUN and creatinine levels significantly increased in the STZ+IRI group compared to the STZ group (p<0.001). 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg BRB administration significantly decreased those levels (p<0.01). The highest TOS and the lowest TAS levels were detected in the STZ+IRI group (p<0.001). IRI markedly aggravated inflammation via increasing levels of TNF-α and CRP (<0.001), and caused apoptosis via inducing Bcl-2 protein, and suppressing Bax protein (p<0.001). BRB administration at the doses of 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg showed anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects (p<0.01). The LDH enzyme, was used as a necrosis marker, was higher in the STZ+IRI group than other groups. BRB administration at all of the doses, resulted in the decline of LDH enzyme level (p<0.001). Ca2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activities decreased in the STZ+IRI group compared to the STZ group (p<0.001), while BRB administration at the doses of 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg significantly increased those of enzyme activities, respectively (p<0.05). ConclusionIschemia with diabetes caused severe histopathological and biochemical damage in renal tissue. The high doses of berberine markedly improved histopathological findings, regulated kidney function via decreasing BUN and creatinine levels, and rearranged intercellular ion concentration via increasing Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+− ATPase levels. Berberine showed anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. According to these data, we suggest that berberine at the doses of 100 and 150mg may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent renal ischemic injury.

Investigation of dose-dependent effects of berberine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in experimental diabetic rats

BackgroundIschemia–reperfusion injury causes various severe morphological and functional changes in diabetic patients. To date, numerous antidiabetic and antioxidant agents have been used for treatment of the disease-related changes. ObjectivesWe aimed to examine effective therapeutic doses or doses of berberine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model by histopathological and biochemical analysis. MethodsThirty male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with STZ injection for the development of diabetes, and divided into the following groups: STZ-induced diabetic group (STZ); IRI-induced diabetic group (STZ+IRI); 50mg/kg berberine (BRB) treated diabetic group after inducing IRI (STZ+IRI+BRB1); 100mg/kg BRB treated diabetic group after IRI (STZ+IRI+BRB2); 150mg/kg BRB treated diabetic group after IRI (STZ+IRI+BRB3). Bilateral renal ischemia model was applied for 45min, then reperfusion was allowed for 14 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Renal injury was detected histopathologically. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured in serum using the ELISA method. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) of renal tissue was studied by spectrophotometric assay. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as TOS-to-TAS ratio. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump), and Ca2+-ATPase (calcium ATPase) enzyme levels were measured in tissues using the ELISA method. Anti-apoptotic Bax and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels were detected by Western blot analysis. All data were evaluated statistically. ResultsThe highest histopathological score was detected in the STZ+IRI group compared to the other group. BRB administration at the doses of 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg markedly improved renal injury. BUN and creatinine levels significantly increased in the STZ+IRI group compared to the STZ group (p<0.001). 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg BRB administration significantly decreased those levels (p<0.01). The highest TOS and the lowest TAS levels were detected in the STZ+IRI group (p<0.001). IRI markedly aggravated inflammation via increasing levels of TNF-α and CRP (<0.001), and caused apoptosis via inducing Bcl-2 protein, and suppressing Bax protein (p<0.001). BRB administration at the doses of 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg showed anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects (p<0.01). The LDH enzyme, was used as a necrosis marker, was higher in the STZ+IRI group than other groups. BRB administration at all of the doses, resulted in the decline of LDH enzyme level (p<0.001). Ca2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activities decreased in the STZ+IRI group compared to the STZ group (p<0.001), while BRB administration at the doses of 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg significantly increased those of enzyme activities, respectively (p<0.05). ConclusionIschemia with diabetes caused severe histopathological and biochemical damage in renal tissue. The high doses of berberine markedly improved histopathological findings, regulated kidney function via decreasing BUN and creatinine levels, and rearranged intercellular ion concentration via increasing Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+− ATPase levels. Berberine showed anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. According to these data, we suggest that berberine at the doses of 100 and 150mg may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent renal ischemic injury.

Effect of Orthodontic Force on Salivary Levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme

Orthodontic tooth movement is characterized by tissue reactions, which consist of an inflammatory response in periodontal ligament and followed by bone remodeling in the periodontium depending on the forces applied. These processes trigger the secretion of various proteins and enzymes into the saliva. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in saliva during orthodontic tooth movement using different magnitude of continuous orthodontic forces.

Non-traumatic splenic rupture - a rare first presentation of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and a review of the literature

BackgroundCases of non-traumatic splenic rupture are rare and entails a potentially grave medical outcome. Hence, it is important to consider the differential diagnosis of a non-traumatic splenic rupture in patients with acute or insidious abdominal pain. The incidence of rupture in Diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is highly infrequent (Paulvannan and Pye, Int J Clin Pract 57:245–6, 2003; Gedik et el., World J Gastroenterol 14:6711–6716, 2008), despite reports of various non-traumatic splenic rupture in the literature (Orloff and Peksin, Int Abstr Surg 106:1-11, 1958; Paulvannan and Pye, Int J Clin Pract 57:245–6, 2003). In this article, we attempt to highlight the features of a rare cause of splenic rupture that might serve as a future reference point for the detection of similar cases during routine clinical practice.Case presentationA 40-year-old man presented with 1 week history of left hypochondriac pain associated with abdominal distention. There was no history of preceding trauma or fever. Clinical examination revealed signs of tachycardia, pallor and splenomegaly. He had no evidence of peripheral stigmata of chronic liver disease. In addition, haematological investigation showed anemia with leucocytosis and raised levels of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. However, peripheral blood film revealed no evidence of any blast or atypical cells. In view of these findings, imaging via ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdomen was performed. The results of these imaging tests showed splenic collections that was suggestive of splenic rupture and hematoma. Patient underwent emergency splenectomy and the histopathological report confirmed the diagnosis as DLBCL.ConclusionsThe occurrence of true spontaneous splenic rupture is uncommon. In a recent systematic review of 613 cases of splenic rupture, only 84 cases were secondary to hematological malignancy. Acute leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were the most frequent causes of splenic rupture, followed by chronic and acute myelogeneous leukemias. At present, only a few cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have been reported. The morbidity and mortality rate is greatly increased when there is a delay in the diagnosis and intervention of splenic rupture cases. Hence, there should be an increased awareness amongst both physicians and surgeons that a non-traumatic splenic rupture could be the first clinical presentation of a DLBCL.

Back Cover: The effects of low level laser therapy on both HIV‐1 infected and uninfected TZM‐bl cells (J. Biophotonics 10/2017)

Graphical Abstract HIV infected TZM-bl cells were irradiated using a 660 nm diode laser with fluences of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 J/cm2. Laser irradiation had damaging effects on the infected cells as shown by the high number of round cells and high Lactate Dehydrogenase enzyme levels. Furthermore, laser irradiation reduced HIV infection in cells as shown by the reduction in luciferase activity as compared to non-irradiated cells. Further details can be found in the article by Masixole Yvonne Lugongolo et al. on pp. 1335–1344.

Role of cerebrospinal fluid, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of tubercular and pyogenic meningitis

Background: Etiological diagnosis for meningitis remains a challenge and often a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination may not give the precise diagnosis. Many enzymes are known to be present in abundance in nervous system. In meningitis, nerve tissue damage leads to release of these enzymes into CSF, which may have important diagnostic and prognostic role. Aim was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes in CSF of tubercular and pyogenic meningitis.Methods: A prospective case control study of 50 subjects with pyogenic or tubercular meningitis, admitted in Department of Medicine, S.R.N. Hospital, M.L.N.M.C. Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from September 2015-August 2016 was done. Level of CK and LDH were estimated in CSF and serum on day of admission and 7th day. 50 subjects with non-neurological diseases were taken as control.Results: Out of total 50 patients, 36 were of tubercular meningitis and 14 were of pyogenic meningitis. Mean CSF CK and CSF LDH levels were significantly raised in both conditions with respect to controls (p&lt;0.001 and p&lt;0.05 respectively). Mean CSF CK and CSF LDH level were significantly reduced from day of admission to 7th day in both tubercular and pyogenic meningitis patients.Conclusions: Enzymes level in CSF like CK and LDH are significantly raised in pyogenic and tubercular meningitis. Accessing its value can be an important diagnostic and prognostic marker.

Estimation of salivary lactate dehydrogenase in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a biochemical study.

Enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is found in the cells of almost all body tissues. The profile of salivary total LDH enzymes is similar to that found in oral epithelium, indicating that the major source of salivary LDH is probably the oral epithelium-shedding cells. Consequently, LDH concentration in saliva, as an expression of cellular necrosis, could be a specific indicator for oral lesions that affect the integrity of the oral mucosa. Study comprised of three groups as follows: Group I: Comprised of 25 healthy individuals of comparable age. Group II: 25 otherwise healthy and consenting patients with oral leukoplakia (OL). Group III: 25 otherwise healthy and consenting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Biochemical estimation of LDH was done with the help of Semiautomatic Analyzer. Inter comparison of salivary total LDH levels between all the three groups revealed that salivary LDH levels increase from healthy control group to Oral Leukoplakia group to further increase in OSCC group. On comparisons between the histopathological grades of OSCC group the level of LDH were found to increase from well differentiated to moderately differentiated to further increase in poorly differentiated patients. The present salivary analysis for LDH enzyme reveals an overall altered salivary LDH enzyme level in OL and OSCC cases.

Effect of 1,10-phenanthroline on DNA binding, DNA cleavage, cytotoxic and lactate dehydrogenase inhibition properties of Robson type macrocyclic dicopper(II) complex

DNA targeting macrocyclic dicopper(II) complex, [Cu2L(H2O)2](phen)2(ClO4)2 (L = μ-11,23-dimethyl-3,7,15,19-tetraazatricyclo-[19.3.1.19,13,21] he p t a c o s a-1(24), 2, 7, 9, 11, 13(26), 14, 19, 21(25), 22-decaene-25,26-diol) (2), has been synthesized and characterized. This has been synthesized by reacting a Robson type macrocyclic precursor dicopper(II) complex [Cu2L(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (1) and 1,10-phenanthroline in ethanol. Solution ESR, electronic, and ESI-MS spectral studies suggest that 1,10-phenanthroline replaces coordinated water in 1, giving 2. The influence of the phenanthroline on DNA binding, cleavage, and anticancer properties of 2 have been investigated. Complex 2 displays better DNA binding and cleavage than 1. The dicopper(II) complexes 1 and 2 show cytotoxicity in human cervical HeLa cancer cells, giving IC50 values of 79.41 and 15.82 μM, respectively. Antiproliferative properties of 1 and 2 were confirmed by Trypan Blue exclusive assay and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme level in HeLa cancer cell lysate and content media.

DNA and protein targeting 1,2,4-triazole based water soluble dinickel(II) complexes enhances antiproliferation and lactate dehydrogenase inhibition

Water soluble dinickel(II) complexes [Ni2(L)21–2](NO3)4 (1–2), where L1–2 are triazole based dinucleating ligands, were synthesized and characterized. The DNA binding, protein binding, DNA hydrolysis and anticancer properties were investigated. The interactions of complexes 1 and 2 with calf thymus DNA were studied by spectroscopic techniques, including absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The DNA binding constant values of the complexes 1 and 2 were found to be 2.36×105 and 4.87×105M−1 and the binding affinities are in the following order: 2>1. Both the dinickel(II) complexes 1 and 2, promoted the hydrolytic cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Kinetic data for DNA hydrolysis promoted by 1 and 2 under physiological conditions give the observed rate constants (kobs) of 5.05±0.2 and 5.65±0.1h−1, respectively, which shows 108-fold rate acceleration over the uncatalyzed reaction of ds-DNA. Meanwhile, the interactions of the complex with BSA have also been studied by spectroscopy. Both the complexes 1 and 2 display strong binding propensity and the binding constant (Kb), number of binding sites (n) were obtained are 0.71×106 [1.47] and 5.62×106 [1.98]M−1, respectively. The complexes 1 and 2 also promoted the apoptosis against human carcinoma (HeLa, and BeWo) cancer cells. Cytotoxicity of the complexes was further confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase enzyme level in cancer cell lysate and content media.

A Series of Oxyimine-Based Macrocyclic Dinuclear Zinc(II) Complexes Enhances Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis, DNA Binding, DNA Hydrolysis, and Lactate Dehydrogenase Inhibition and Induces Apoptosis

A symmetrical macrocyclic dizinc(II) complex (1) has been synthesized by using the ligand (L(1)) [μ-11,24-dimethyl-4,7,16,19-tetraoxa-3,8,15,20-tetraazatricyclo-[20.3.1.1(10,13)] heptacosa-1(25),2,7,9,11,13(27),14,20,22(26),23-decaene-26,27-diol]. A series of unsymmetrical macrocyclic dizinc(II) complexes (2-6) has been synthesized by Schiff base condensation of bicompartmental mononuclear complex [ZnL] [μ-3,16-dimethyl-8,11-dioxa-7,12-diazadicyclo-[1.1(14,18)] heptacosa-1,3,5(20),6,12,14,16,18(19)-octacaene-19,20-diolato)zinc(II)] with various diamines like 1,2-diamino ethane (L(2)), 1,3-diamino propane (L(3)), 1,4-diamino butane (L(4)), 1,2-diamino benzene (L(5)), and 1,8-diamino naphthalene (L(6)). The ligand L(1) and all the zinc(II) complexes were structurally characterized. To corroborate the consequence of the aromatic moiety in comparison to the aliphatic moiety present in the macrocyclic ring on the phosphate ester hydrolysis, DNA binding and cleavage properties have been studied. The observed first order rate constant values for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate ester reaction are in the range from 2.73 × 10(-2) to 9.86 × 10(-2) s(-1).The interactions of complexes 1-6 with calf thymus DNA were studied by spectroscopic techniques, including absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The DNA binding constant values of the complexes were found in the range from 1.80 × 10(5) to 9.50 × 10(5) M(-1), and the binding affinities are in the following order: 6 > 5 > 1 > 2 > 3 > 4. All the dizinc(II) complexes 1-6 effectively promoted the hydrolytic cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Kinetic data for DNA hydrolysis promoted by 6 under physiological conditions give the observed rate constant (k(obs)) of 4.42 ± 0.2 h(-1), which shows a 10(8)-fold rate acceleration over the uncatalyzed reaction of ds-DNA. The comparison of the dizinc(II) complexes 1-6 with the monozinc(II) complex [ZnL] indicates that the DNA cleavage acceleration promoted by 1-6 are due to the efficient cooperative catalysis of the two close proximate zinc(II) cation centers. The ligand L(1), dizinc(II) complexes 1, 3, and 6 showed cytotoxicity in human hepatoma HepG2 cancer cells, giving IC(50) values of 117, 37.1, 16.5, and 8.32 μM, respectively. The results demonstrated that 6, a dizinc(II) complex with potent antiproliferative activity, is able to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in human cancer cells. Cytotoxicity of the complexes was further confirmed by the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme level in HepG2 cell lysate and content media.