Lack Of Universality Research Articles

Perspectives on principal instructional leadership in Vietnam: a preliminary model

PurposeWorldwide interest in principal instructional leadership has led to global dissemination of related research findings despite their concentration in a limited set of western cultural contexts. An urgent challenge in educational leadership and management lies in expanding the range of national settings for investigations of instructional leadership. The current study addressed this challenge in the context of Vietnam, a nation with a very limited formal knowledge base in school leadership (Hallinger and Bryant, 2013b; Hallinger and Truong, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to describe the perspectives of Vietnamese primary school principals toward their role as instructional leaders, illuminate instructional leadership practices perceived as important by the principals, and develop a preliminary model of instructional leadership within the Vietnamese education context.Design/methodology/approachThis study was a qualitative inquiry that sought to illuminate the perspectives of Vietnamese principals toward their role as instructional leaders. The research employed semi-structured interviews with 27 primary school principals. Data analysis employed grounded theory in order to synthesize results gathered from the principals into a preliminary conceptual model.FindingsThe study yielded a preliminary model of principal instructional leadership in Vietnam. The authors’ model evidences similarities to western models of instructional leadership by including dimensions focusing on setting direction, managing curriculum and instruction and developing the school learning climate. Differences also emerged in terms of two additional constructs, building solidarity and managing external relationships. Other distinctive practices of Vietnamese instructional leaders also emerged in the findings which the authors suggest can be linked to the institutional, political and socio-cultural context of education in this society.Research limitations/implicationsKey limitations arise from the focus on primary schools, small size of the sample, absence of data from the Northern region of Vietnam, and lack of verification of principals’ perspectives with data from other stakeholders.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first empirical studies of Vietnamese school leadership submitted for publication in international refereed journals and the first study that has that sought to conceptualize the instructional leadership role of principals in Vietnam. Moreover, the study illustrates how conceptualizations of school leadership are shaped by features of specific societies. This lends credence to scholarly admonitions concerning the lack of universality of leadership theories.

Can Trading Volume Validate Extreme Price Movements in the Age of Higher Algorithmic Trading Activities?

We take the perspective of the practitioner who focuses on following the longitudinal performance of specific stocks and investigate whether volume may provide guidance on days of extreme price movements. For days of extreme price increases (the winners) and extreme price decreases (the losers), we show that extreme low volume is associated with future return reversal, whereas extreme high volume does not necessarily lead to future return persistence. We look at daily data from 1989 to 2014, and we consider 2004 to be the year when algorithmic trading activities began to intensify. We find that the usefulness of extreme low volume in repudiating extreme price movements has been diminishing since 2004. To the extent that extreme low volume may still be applied to repudiate extreme price movements, a practitioner may limit his or her scope to the low-volume winners and losers of small capitalization. In addition, we use Chinese data from 1992 to 2014 to replicate the tests. We find that the same characteristics are not shown there, indicating a lack of universality of the conclusions we derived from the U.S. data.

Freiburg Personality Inventory for assessment of the police officers

Background Psychological and psychiatric support of work activity of law enforcement officers is an inalienable component of the effective and professional operation of the system of internal affairs bodies. Improvement of this work is impossible without increasing the effectiveness of the psychological selection of candidates for work. Method Methods of research were "Freiburg personality inventory" (FPI) - Option «B», «Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory» – MMPI. The study group included 158 respondents: 79,1 % (125 people) of men and 20,9% (33 people) of women. To analyze the results obtained, we used the methods of descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and Kendell rank correlation. Results Particular attention should be paid to the fact that while comparing the scales of the diagnostic scales of the FPI and MMPI technique, it would be logical to expect the presence of correlations between the scales similar in their diagnostic orientation to such correlation links neither within the male or female gender it was not found (τ-b ≤0,17;p ≥0,06). This unexpected fact, as well as the lack of systematic and gender-wide universality of the revealed correlation links between the indicators of the FPI and MMPI methods, point to a rather serious content heterogeneity of these psychological tests. Conclusion The results of the analysis do not provide an opportunity to justify the FPI test for wide use in practical activities for the professional selection of law enforcement officers.

The Importance of Perfusion Assessment for Determination of Functional Sufficiency of Myocardium

Myocardial vascular bed is represented by a network of arterial and venous vessels as well as microcirculatory vessels including arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries, venules, and arteriolo-venular anastomoses. Myocardial capillaries are an exchange link providing perfusion of the myocardium with nutrients therefore sufficiency of the capillary circulation ensures the adequacy of metabolic processes in the cells of the heart muscle. There is no consensus among physicians of various specialties on the methodology of assessing coronary blood flow and blood supply to the myocardial tissue. The lack of universality and unity on measuring units, methods, and classification results in contradictions, both in defining approach to treatment strategy and to assessment of treatment effects. Currently, it is necessary to develop a common approach to assessment of coronary perfusion, which would allow to unify the criteria of sufficiency of blood supply to the heart and activity of metabolic processes in the myocardium. It is necessary to determine parameters of studying changes of myocardial vascular bed, closely related to metabolic processes in muscle tissue of the heart.

Fish traits as an alternative tool for the assessment of impacted rivers

The current scenario of worldwide exponential increase in river impoundment (dams) and the compounded effects of climate change are among the most important threats to freshwater ecosystems. The sharp decline in the biodiversity of impacted rivers demands the enhancement of available tools for biomonitoring and improved approaches for informing environmental decision-making. Here, we demonstrate examples of how fish trait analyses could be used to assess and predict the response of fish communities to damming and how this approach has potential advantages over traditionally used methods by linking suites of traits to stressor effects through plausible cause and effect mechanisms. Using a trait-based analysis is advantageous as it transcends taxonomy, can be applied across broad spatial scales and be easily integrated into current assessment programs. Therefore, it is a promising tool for biomonitoring in freshwater ecosystems. However, some challenges remain in the application of this approach namely the lack of universality of trait-habitat links; the availability, consistency, and applicability of existing trait data; low discriminatory power and poor mechanistic understanding. Nonetheless adaptive river management can benefit from this approach by sustainably operating dams in the light of knowledge on how the functional structure of fish communities are altered, thus enabling essential habitats for fish to be maintained.

Context at the International Criminal Court

The evolution of international criminal law leading to a permanent International Criminal Court has endeavoured to assert jurisdiction over the most serious crimes of international concern. However, the increasingly cross-border nature of modern conflict perpetrated by quasi-governmental and rebel forces in addition to the lack of universality in adopting the Rome Statute have created jurisdictional gaps where attacks that ought to fall within the ICC’s jurisdiction do not. In this article, I propose a contextual approach to jurisdiction normatively to be adopted by the Court’s Office of the Prosecutor and Pre-Trial Chamber in investigating and eventually prosecuting crimes under the Rome Statute. Under this contextual approach, I contend that both the Prosecutor and Pre-Trial Chamber are able to consider evidence outside the traditional notions of territorial and temporal jurisdiction to conceptualize a conflict in its entirety. The totality of cross-border and inter-temporal evidence should be considered when deciding whether to investigate attacks that the Prosecutor has a reasonable basis to believe fall within the Court’s jurisdiction. Adopting a contextual approach honors the Rome Statute’s current procedural and textual framework. Procedurally, the multi-step jurisdictional framework, the “Funnel Approach,” — beginning with the preliminary examination of a situation and proceeding to the arrest warrant for an accused — provides flexibility to admit extra-jurisdictional evidence. Textually, the open-ended ‘gravity’ threshold does not limit the Prosecutor to considering evidence within the Rome Statute’s territorial or temporal limitations. The argument for considering an expansive contextual approach when deciding whether to assert jurisdiction was recently put forth by Comoros pursuant to the Gaza Flotilla Raid. Nonetheless, there are examples in both the ad hoc tribunals and the ICC of information considered outside the Rome Statute’s strict jurisdictional limitations. By adopting a policy of expansive jurisdiction at the preliminary examination and investigation stages, the Court will aptly fill the impunity gap. This approach is not without its limitations and potential criticisms including a conflict with state sovereignty, a potential tendency to (further) politicize the Prosecutor’s role and that of the Pre-Trial Chamber and a penchant for ambiguous jurisdictional determinations.

Adolescents May Be Older Than We Think: Today 25 Is the New 18, or Is It?

There is a marked dearth of research on the lived experience of adolescents with celiac disease in the United States in the current literature. A vulnerable population, adolescents with celiac disease can get lost in the gap between healthcare research and practice related to treatment regimens, health teaching and health counseling. The period of adolescence is triphasic and a time of rapid physical growth and development. It includes developmental tasks of identity formation, the separation from authority as a means of independence and seeking conformity with peers. Varying age range brackets for adolescents were identified through a review of the current literature of adolescents with celiac disease. The lack of universality in age bracketing prompted the question, What is the age range for the period of adolescence? Current literature surveyed from the United States and Great Britain state that 25 is the new 18. Social and cultural factors and neuroscience research support that adolescents may be older than we think. In the United States there are more than 80 million Millenials also known as Generation Y, born between 1980 and 1995, that fall within this expanded stage of emerging adulthood. The general consensus across disciplines remains undecided in benchmarking an expanded age bracket for adolescence. Further discourse and research is warranted to determine a universal age standard for the period of adolescence, as it relates to the research of Millenial/Generation Y adolescents with celiac disease.

Unification Requirements of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

By increasing electric vehicles in numbers and getting the public attention, availability, safety and accessibility of its charging infrastructure are key factors to users’ satisfaction. Charging infrastructure in electric vehicle industry can have a role as an interface for exchanging information among other components as well. Currently, lack of universality in electric vehicle industry has caused an isolation in networks of electric vehicles. This isolation will cause difficulty in having an aggregated set of information about electric vehicles and their consumption pattern. The paper reviews current charging infrastructure and the possibility of providing universality based on candidate protocols and technologies.

Nonuniversality due to inhomogeneous stress in semiconductor surface nanopatterning by low-energy ion-beam irradiation

A lack of universality with respect to ion species has been recently established in nanostructuring of semiconductor surfaces by low-energy ion-beam bombardment. This variability affects basic properties of the pattern formation process, like the critical incidence angle for pattern formation, and has remained unaccounted for. Here, we show that nonuniform generation of stress across the damaged amorphous layer induced by the irradiation is a key factor behind the range of experimental observations, as the form of the stress field is controlled by the ion/target combination. This effect acts in synergy with the nontrivial evolution of the amorphous-crystalline interface. We reach these conclusions by contrasting a multiscale theoretical approach, which combines molecular dynamics and a continuum viscous flow model, with experiments using ${\text{Xe}}^{+}$ and ${\text{Ar}}^{+}$ ions on a Si(100) target. Our general approach can apply to a variety of semiconductor systems and conditions.

Direct tests of measurement uncertainty relations: what it takes.

The uncertainty principle being a cornerstone of quantum mechanics, it is surprising that, in nearly 90 years, there have been no direct tests of measurement uncertainty relations. This lacuna was due to the absence of two essential ingredients: appropriate measures of measurement error (and disturbance) and precise formulations of such relations that are universally valid and directly testable. We formulate two distinct forms of direct tests, based on different measures of error. We present a prototype protocol for a direct test of measurement uncertainty relations in terms of value deviation errors (hitherto considered nonfeasible), highlighting the lack of universality of these relations. This shows that the formulation of universal, directly testable measurement uncertainty relations for state-dependent error measures remains an important open problem. Recent experiments that were claimed to constitute invalidations of Heisenberg's error-disturbance relation, are shown to conform with the spirit of Heisenberg's principle if interpreted as direct tests of measurement uncertainty relations for error measures that quantify distances between observables.

Mechanostability of cohesin-dockerin complexes in a structure-based model: anisotropy and lack of universality in the force profiles.

We use a structure-based coarse grained model to elucidate stretching of three cohesin-dockerin complexes that are found in the cellulosome. The average strength of mechanostability is comparable to that of the I27 domain of titin, but the force profiles depend on the pulling direction and anisotropy effects can be substantial. Even though the force profiles for individual cohesins and dockerins are similar, those for their complexes are visibly distinct for any pulling direction.

Analytical Comparisons of Standardized Nasal Cavity

Human nasal cavities are unique and distinct when compared to each other. This causes difficulties in comparing the available information as there are no clear guidelines or standard procedures to adhere with. The creation of a standardized model is important to represent a certain population and will be beneficial for related fields of research. A standardized healthy female Malaysian nasal cavity was used as an initial step towards generalizing the bigger population. This is the first essential step towards solving inter-individual differences caused by geometrical variations among humans and the lack of universality from previous researches. In this study, critical comparisons were carried out to evaluate the standardized model with eight different models from previous works. This paper focuses on several aspects for comparisons such as cross sectional areas of the complete model, half model (right nasal cavity) and pressure drops obtained from computational analysis. The results show obvious differences as individual models used were obtained from different populations. This provides a new opportunity for a better understanding of the standardized model which will be a vital addition to the available models in literature.

ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT (CASE OF UKRAINE)

Environmental security is a key issue in the context of the national security evaluating of each state and the world in whole. The lack of universality in the term definition, not to mention the technology of an assessment of environmental security, encourages researchers to develop and improve methods and approaches to assess integrated index of environmental safety at the level of the country and its regions. The main scientific results of this study include the following: given the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of well-known techniques and approaches to the evaluation of ecological security in the world and in Ukraine, represented the authorial approach to the calculation of the integral index of environmental security of Ukraine and its regions, with the option of cross-state comparison calculated integral index of ecological safety of Ukraine (1996 – 2013) held the comparative analysis of the ecological security of Ukraine and other selected countries proposed the system of indicators for ranking of regions of Ukraine at the level of its environmental security.

One Size Does Not Fit All in Follicular Lymphoma

One Size Does Not Fit All in Follicular Lymphoma

Performance-Related Pay

Performance-related pay (PRP) is now a globally accepted tool to align the performance of employees, both individually and collectively, for strategic compensation management. However, there is a lack of universality in approach, both across the countries and across the organizations within a country. From an organizational point of view, PRP is expected to help achieve business goals. From the employees’ point of view, PRP provides an opportunity to earn higher compensation, motivates their behavior and serves as a retention strategy. These ends are not conflicting but rather are complementary. Hence, understanding best-fit PRP practices is a legitimate line of enquiry for compensation in every country. This study critically examines the PRP systems of two central public sector enterprises (CPSEs), based in India, that were implemented more than 5 years ago. The study, based on performance data from two large CPSEs, an energy company and a steel company, over a decade (5 years before PRP and 5 years after PRP implementation), examined the impact of PRP in terms of incremental change in the performance of the enterprises. The data analysis could not substantiate any significant change in the performance of the CPSEs, and hence the study suggests the need for future longitudinal research to recraft the PRP systems in order to make it more supportive of the business strategy, rather than continuing with what has been a conventional tool to dole out cash incentives even to nonperformers.

El sistema interamericano de derechos humanos: el debate sobre su fortalecimiento en el seno de la Organización de Estados Americanos

This paper reflects on the discussions carried out during 2011 and 2012 within the Organization of American States about the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights’ procedures and how to strengthen the Inter-American human rights system. The paper shows that, while these debates are not new, the current discussion started in a complex and tense environment for the various actors of the Inter-American system. Then, rather than looking at the items on the agenda, the paper examines the cross-cutting problems or deficiencies that have emerged in the current discussion process. These problems are: how to finance the bodies of the Inter-American system; the system’s weakness due to its lack of universality; the conflicts between the Inter-American Commission’s mandate to promote and to protect human rights; the Inter-American Human Rights Commission’s autonomy to decide on countries’ recommendations; and, finally, the reluctance of the States to accept external guardianships or international supervision within a democratic context.

Reply to “Comment on ‘Systematics of radial and angular-momentum Regge trajectories of light nonstrangeqq¯-states’ ”

In his Comment, D. Bugg argues against our usage of the PDG collection of light non-strange states together with the half-width rule to analyze the linearity of radial and angular-moment Regge trajectories in the large-N_c limit. After taking into account his observations on our choice of data, the radial Regge trajectories are again analyzed. We still find that our conclusion on the lack of universality between radial- and angular-momentum Regge trajectories is valid.

Compton scattering off massive fundamental bosons of pure spin 1

Relativistic particles with spins $J>0$ are described by means of multicomponent wave functions which transform covariantly according to Lorentz-group representations that contain at rest the spin of interest. The symmetry group of space-time provides not one but an infinity of such representations which are equivalent for free particles but yield different electromagnetic couplings upon gauging; thus the challenge is to develop criteria which allow us to select those of them which relate to physically detectable particles. We here take the position that the unitarity of the Compton scattering cross sections in the ultrarelativistic limit, when predicted by a consistent method for a spin-$1$ description, could provide such a criterion. We analyze the properties of massive fundamental spin-$1$ bosons transforming as antisymmetric tensors of second rank, $(1,0)\oplus(0,1)$. For this purpose, we employ the Poincar\'e covariant projector method, which provides consistent, causal, and representation specific Lagrangians. This formalism yields a twofold extension of the Proca Lagrangian for the description of spin-$1$ bosons, first from an in-built $g=1$ value of the gyromagnetic ratio to an unspecified $g\not=1$, and from, single-parity, to parity-doublet degrees of freedom. We find different results for Compton scattering in these theories and track the differences to the lack of universality of the vector-antisymmetric-tensor equivalence theorem which is specific only to Proca's framework, and valid for $g=1$, while it is violated within the covariant projector formalism. Our main result is that a finite Compton scattering differential cross section in the ultrarelativistic limit requires us to consider the contributions of both parities in $(1,0)\oplus(0,1)$. On that basis, we conclude that massive spin-$1$ bosons transforming as antisymmetric tensors are physical parity doublets.

Intermittent dissipation and lack of universality in one-dimensional Alfvénic turbulence

Abstract The randomly driven Cohen–Kulsrud–Burgers equation is used to study the influence of viscous intermediate shocks (IS) on Alfvenic turbulence. Some of these structures are unstable and undergo gradient collapse leading, as the viscosity is reduced, to increasingly intermittent dissipation bursts. The slow decay at intermediate scales of stable IS prevents the existence of a usual inertial range. Furthermore, the dissipation is unable to adiabatically compensate for the energy injection, making the total energy sensitive to the viscosity parameter. Turbulence thus looses its universal character. Preliminary simulations extend these conclusions to magnetohydrodynamic equations with anisotropic viscosity, typical of strongly magnetized plasmas.

Reconceptualising policy integration in road safety management

Unless sustained, coordinated action is generated in road safety, road traffic deaths are poised to rise from approximately 1.3 to 1.9 million a year by 2020 (Krug, 2012). To generate this harmonised response, road safety management agencies are being urged to adopt multisectoral collaboration (WHO, 2009b), which is achievable through the principle of policy integration. Yet policy integration, in its current hierarchical format, is marred by a lack of universality of its interpretation, a failure to anticipate the complexities of coordinated effort, dearth of information about its design and the absence of a normative perspective to share responsibility. This paper addresses this ill-conception of policy integration by reconceptualising it through a qualitative examination of 16 road safety stakeholders’ written submissions, lodged with the Australian Transport Council in 2011. The resulting, new principle of policy integration, Participatory Deliberative Integration, provides a conceptual framework for the alignment of effort across stakeholders in transport, health, traffic law enforcement, relevant trades and the community. With the adoption of Participatory Deliberative Integration, road safety management agencies should secure the commitment of key stakeholders in the development and implementation of, amongst other policy measures, National Road Safety Strategies and Mix Mode Integrated Timetabling.