Lack Of Successors Research Articles

チャレンジショップ事業の効果及び問題点に関する研究<br>－全国調査及び奈良市「夢 CUBE」を事例として－

The existence of vacant stores are one of the major reasons caused the decline of shopping district. Challenge shop project is becoming more remarkable as the solutions to the issue such as the lack of successors and vacant stores in revitalization of shopping districts. we will separate Challenge shop project conducting as revitalization of shopping districts into five stages and systematize them based on the innovation-decision process. Once the five stages have been established, we will compare the state of measures by the mature stage as classification criteria, and points that are problems or issues of each stage.

The abandonment of traditional agricultural landscape in Slovakia – Analysis of extent and driving forces

Traditional agricultural landscapes (TAL) in Slovakia represents a mosaic of unique small-scale arable fields and permanent agricultural cultivations such as grasslands, vineyards and high-trunk orchards, which did not change during the collectivization of agriculture from the 1950s to the 1980s. After the change to a market-oriented economy in 1989, the management of these valuable structures decreased rapidly. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of TAL in Slovakia and to analyse the driving forces behind their accelerated abandonment. The study was conducted at two scales, i.e. country-wide and in three case-studies. 3013 TAL polygons encompassing 44,464 ha were mapped from aerial photos, recording basic characteristics such as land-cover composition or degree of management. A detailed field study concerning the attitude of local people to the management of TAL was conducted in three case study areas. The results from the country-wide mapping shows, that 50% of the TAL area is regularly managed, 34% is partly abandoned, and 16% is abandoned. Abandonment occurs most intensively on steep slopes and on less fertile soils. The distance from settlements is important in the case of TAL with dispersed settlements and TAL with arable land and grasslands. Interviews at the case study level showed that financial profit is the main factor, which would motivate the local people to farm the TAL. Around 30% of respondents showed no interest in management. Local farmers identified the financial instruments in agriculture, in the form of unfavourable subsidies and the financial inaccessibility of modern tools and machinery as the main barriers in ideal management, together with an inadequate market and the weak support of local government. In addition, there are other cultural factors that play a role in their abandonment such as changes in the rural culture, attractivity and diversity of other ways of living, lack of successors, health and age constraints, as well as a number of persisting problems regarding unresolved land ownership in some areas.

1A2-Q01 ロボットによるきさげ作業の実現(作業をするロボット(1))

Scraping is a very important process in precision machining because not only the quality of the product relate to life. However, because scraping is doing work manually by the expert, there is a problem, such as production costs and the lack of successors. It is that the one way to solve these problems developed a robot that automates the task. In this study, we aimed to reveal the specification in order to realize the scraping operation by the robot, a model is derived from the manual scraping work of a human is determined in the robot.

Nature's Embrace: Japan's Aging Urbanites and New Death Rites (review)

Reviewed by: Nature's Embrace: Japan's Aging Urbanites and New Death Rites Ian Reader Nature's Embrace: Japan's Aging Urbanites and New Death Rites. By Satsuki Kawano. University of Hawai'i Press, 2010. 232 pages. Hardcover $47.00. Japan's social changes—including an aging population, declining birth rates, fewer marriages, economic constraints, and increasing urbanization—are, as Satsuki Kawano shows in Nature's Embrace: Japan's Aging Urbanites and New Death Rites, challenging traditional cultural constructions of death in Japan. These constructions have centered on notions of ancestorhood with the deceased continuing to have a role in this world and a "generational contract" (p. 25) existing between past, present, and future age cohorts in which each generation looks after the previous one. Such after-death care and memorialization requires a grave (where the ashes of the deceased are interred) and familial successors [End Page 445] (married offspring who will also have children to continue the lineage) to tend to that grave. This system is increasingly at risk as people die older and have fewer (or no) children. Challenges to the traditional order have led to the emergence of new ways of dealing with death, including ash scattering, in which the deceased are cremated and their remains ritually scattered in natural settings. Kawano's study is based on fieldwork done from 2002 to 2004 in one small organization, the Grave-Free Promotion Society (GFPS). Founded in 1991 and run by Yasuda Mutsuhiko, a former journalist, the GFPS is a nonprofit organization managed by a small staff plus volunteers. It initially campaigned, successfully, to get ash scattering declared legal in Japan (although some municipalities still do not permit it, claiming it is environmentally polluting) and has subsequently promoted the practice as a natural means of ending the individual's life journey. The GFPS portrays this as a return to nature that symbolizes continuity and the natural flow of life. This emphasis is important in a cultural context in which the "natural" process has been assumed to be death, cremation, and the interment of the ashes in a family grave to be cared for by future generations, and it serves to counter any claims that the deceased are simply being abandoned or cast aside. One has to be a member of GFPS to have one's ashes scattered under its auspices. Whether the GFPS has a monopoly here or whether there are alternative ash-scattering agencies is unclear; Kawano does not discuss the matter. While the GFPS has yet to attract many members, it can be seen, according to Kawano, as one response by a particular generational cohort (she writes that many of her GFPS informants were born between 1927 and 1942) to combat their lack of successors and graves. As she notes, in the traditional stem-family system, the family grave is inherited by the first son—leaving other offspring to acquire their own. This is an expensive process in urban areas and one that many resent, especially when it means paying large fees to the Buddhist temples that have long held sway in dealing with death. And, indeed, ash scattering is far cheaper than having a grave built. It is evident that antipathy to religious specialists is a factor of some importance; Kawano cites a seventy-five-year-old informant who says he does not want to buy a grave because he does not want to make a Buddhist priest richer (p. 86). Unfortunately, Kawano does not examine whether this is a prominent consideration for many who opt to be "returned to nature" via GFPS rituals. Besides finances, primary motivations for those who choose ash scattering are to determine one's own fate, to decide, while alive, how one is to be treated after death, and to avoid becoming a burden on future generations. Indeed, for those without descendants to care for them, ash scattering removes the worry of an untended grave; given that neglect in death has often been associated with an unhappy afterlife, this fear can be very real. "Returning to nature," aside from being a potentially viable strategy for dealing with all of these concerns, is also evidence of a continued shift away from community...

生産・流通基盤からみた茨城県友部町におけるキク産地の維持機構

Japan is one of the leading flower producers, with chrysanthemums being typical flowers. Although the plastic green house sector has been developed in Japanese floriculture since the 1970's, a considerable amount of chrysanthemums is still cultivated in open fields. Tomobe town, located in Hitachi diluvial upland, is known as an active chrysanthemum producing area in Kanto Plain. In this research, the author pays attention to the production and distribution basis of floricultural farms to examine the maintain mechanism of chrysanthe mum cultivation in Tomobe town, Ibaraki prefecture.Open field chrysanthemum cultivation at Tomobe town was started by a veteran returning in 1946. Because the major crop cultivation system on the upland fields at the time was a double cropping system of wheat and potato, only a few farms were interested in floriculture. When chrysanthemums were sold at high prices in the flower wholesale market in Mito city, chrysanthemum cultivation began to spread among farms in the Namusanzuke district of Tomobe town.The number of chrysanthemum farms in Tomobe increased from the 1950's to the mid-1960's. Chrysanthemums were shipped to flower wholesale markets in Tokyo metropolis and Tochigi prefecture in the early 1950's. After three shipment cooperatives were founded in the mid-1950's, chrysanthemums were also shipped to local flower wholesale markets in distant regions, such as Kanagawa prefecture and Miyagi prefecture. Although the three cooperatives were united as a branch of Agricultural Cooperatives in 1972, the relationship between farms and wholesale markets still restricts distribution by floricultural farm.Floricultural farms in Namusanzuke district are divided into two types, on bases of total sales revenue from cut flowers: six full-time floricultural farms and 15 part-time floricultural farms. The farm management of the former farms is characterized by two generations of agricultural family labor with chrysanthemum cultivation in open fields and cut flower cultivation in plastic greenhouse facilities. The farm management of the latter farms is characterized by one generation of agricultural family labor and chrysanthemum cultivationin open fields. The aging of family labor and lack of successors is hindering cut flower cultivation in some of the later farms.The former farms sell a large amount of products through cooperative shipments of Central Ibaraki Agricultural Cooperative. The latter farms sell products largely through individual shipments of the Agricultural Cooperative. Cooperative shipments forward cut flowers mainly to large flower wholesale markets in Tokyo metropolis and Kanagawa prefecture. Individual shipments forward cut flowers mainly to various local flower wholesale markets in eastern Japan through distribution centers in Tokyo metropolis.The cut flower's production-distribution mechanism is suitable for the structure of flower wholesale markets of Japan, e. g., several enormous wholesale markets in the metropolitan area and many small wholesale markets in local cities. The individual distribution system for local wholesale markets is an important factor for maintaining the chrysanthemum production, especially by part-time floricultural farms. However, unified flower wholesale markets in Tokyo and large-scale wholesale markets, which request high-quality flowers through cooperative shipments, are to be constructed. The regional organizations, such as the flower section of Central Ibaraki Agricultural Cooperative and the municipality of Tomobe town, should endeavor to introduce producers to new cultivation techniques for producing high-quality flowers that can pass the standard for cooperative shipment.

秋吉台の「山焼き」をめぐる住民意識

Most of Japan's grasslands are thought to be the result of the human interruption of vegetational succession. In the Akiyoshidai National Park, a karstic plateau located in Yamaguchi pref., an artificial firing has long been set on every February to maintain its grassland landscape. The firing was one of the agricultural works done by the cattle breeders in old days. But recently, its agricultural importance has diminished as the decline of breeding, the firing is now carried out as the largest sightseeing event. About 1, 000 residents from 31 settlements take part in making firebreaks and firing itself.The motivation of this paper is what emotional change has occurred to the residents in the stream of history. The history of Akiyoshidai is divided into following three stages:1) Pre-modernization stageAgricultural use was active. Residents who were mostly farmers used grasses as green mature and to feed cattle. They cultivated at dolines on the plateau.2) Modernization stageThe post war rapid growth of economy caused the decline of agricultural importance of the grassland. On the other hand, the U. S. Army's maneuvers were planned to be done on the Akiyoshidai in 1956, and the opposition movement took place. This movement brought out the national interest on Akiyoshidai's landscape and its preservation.3) Tourism prevailing stageAs Akiyoshidai became a famous sightseeing place, the number of tourists has much increased after new traffic methods like Shinkansen were available. Thus the firing became important sightseeing event.From the interviews with residents, the author noticed several features as follows:1) Although the importance of tourism has increased, they are not very interested in it. For some residents the Akiyoshidai is recognized not as a nature-preserved area, but still as the open field to gather some plants.2) Although the firing work faces the excessive aging of residents and the lack of successors, they conservatively have no idea but that work must be done by them as long as possible.3) They seem to be unconscious of the purpose of the firing. It is concluded that the firing is to no more than their custom kept from days when they were cattle breeders, and is now what reminds them what they were.

Estimation of technical efficiency in Greek livestock farms

In this present paper we use a panel data set during the period 1989-1992 to explore the distribution of productive efficiency among small sheep-breeding farmers operating in Greece. The results show that the average technical efficiency of the stock farmers was quite low (73.80%) and suggest the need for an advanced development strategy to improve their economic performance. Finally, the farmer's age and formal education, the credit access, the lack of successors and the farm's location are important factors explaining efficiency variation among farmers.

一九世紀イギリスにおける製鉄業経営とランティエ化

The Crawshays, a famous iron-maker family in South Wales, became inactive in the management of their iron-works in the middle of the 19th century. On the contrary, Crawshay (William II) rapidly increased his investment in securities such as Consols and domestic and foreign railway bonds, becoming in 1867 the greatest government stock holder in Great Britain. Why happened such a transition from industrial investment to investment in securities since 1850's?The general condition of Crawshay's business was very sound in 1850's. Some unfavourable factors, however, were forecast in the future of their business: first, the decline of production of iron ore in South Wales, a drastic change of the products from wrought iron to steel and the development of labour movement. In addition to these external factors, there was an unfavourable circumstance in Crawshay family itself: the lack of successor's talent for management. The reasons above mentioned seem to have been the key factors for the change from an ironmaster to a rentier.Crawshay thus suffered a great loss in iron-making in 1870's and eventually closed the iron-works. On the other hand, Crawshay's securities which amounted to over one million pounds brought the family tens of thousands pounds return a year. This article compares also Crawshay with the Dowlais Iron Company, and explains the difference in investment activity between the two rivals.