Lack Of Social Network Research Articles

Development of an Acute Stroke Care Seeking Framework.

BACKGROUND: A multitude of variables influence an individual's decision to seek care in emergency situations. By recognizing these variables and their impact on the timeline of an individual seeking care for a stroke, nurses have an opportunity to positively affect the outcomes of stroke within the community. The purpose of this narrative review was to develop a research framework describing the variables involved in care seeking during an acute stroke. METHODS: Using a theory synthesis methodology that included variable identification and the establishment of relationships between variables based on existing literature, a framework describing variables relevant to acute stroke care seeking behavior was developed. RESULTS: Fourteen recently published studies reported significant variables related to seeking emergency medical care during the hyperacute phase of a stroke. Eight variables were identified and characterized as either promoters or distractors. Promoters led an individual to seek acute stroke care earlier, such as perceived symptom severity, stroke knowledge, and the presence of others. Distractors led an individual to delay seeking acute stroke care and resulted in later hospital arrival times, such as a lack of social network or resources, comorbid conditions, and incongruity with the local health system. CONCLUSION: Although individual decision making is exceedingly complex and varies by individual and situation, the developed acute stroke care seeking framework may provide a basis on which to develop stroke awareness programs and interventions targeted at individuals at risk for delayed acute stroke care.

Gendered Citizenship Rights: A Case Study of Women in Morang District

This paper attempts to identify the intricate factors contributing to the alienation of rural women from obtaining citizenship and the far-reaching consequences this has on their overall wellbeing and livelihood options. The study delves into the underlying causes and seeks to shed light on the multifarious challenges faced by rural women in their pursuit of citizenship rights. The study is a qualitative research, following an exploratory research approach. The study site for this research was Morang District, which is one of the southern eastern Terai districts in Koshi Province of Nepal. The study has employed an experience survey to present the lived experiences of the affected women due to lack of citizenship. Analysis of data was done to identify recurring themes and patterns among the participants’ experiences that have faced discrimination in accessing citizenship rights. The collected data were analyzed using phenomenological analysis to explore the participants’ subjective experiences, perceptions and emotions to fulfill the research objectives. The major reasons for women to lack citizenship as identified by the field study was poverty, landlessness, illiteracy, patriarchal value system, and unjust provision, which make women dependent on their male counterparts to get citizenship, inaccessibility and lack of social network and administrative complexities.

Living in a multicultural context: Health and integration from the perspective of undocumented Mediterranean migrants, residents, and stakeholders in Italy. A qualitative-multimethod study.

To catch a representative view of a multicultural population's needs. Qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from July 2022 to January 2023 with the project's stakeholders, migrants, and residents. Data analysis was performed using a multimethod textual analysis technique. Territorial barriers, lack of social network, and specific professionals' training emerged as healthcare delivery obstacles. For migrants, language improvement emerged as a health priority. A deep relationship with migrants emerged as a deficiency for residents. A welcoming project equipped with solid leadership and the right resources can be fundamental in mediating health promotion and integration. In this process, the involvement of the resident population is essential. Analysing the migrants' needs and the strengths and limitations of a reception system could help identify the challenges for professionals in delivering culturally competent care. In this context, the nurse's role becomes relevant, being responsible for taking charge and caring for the population and the link between professionals and the population. WHAT PROBLEM DID THE STUDY ADDRESS?: The study addressed the problem of improving the overall health of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers, mainly focusing on reception and integration into a new society process. WHAT WERE THE MAIN FINDINGS?: Worse health was identified with adaptation, integration, and family problems. Territorial barriers emerged, hindering good health. WHERE AND ON WHOM WILL THE RESEARCH HAVE AN IMPACT?: These research findings can be valuable for health professionals who want to improve the reception process and enhance a care model integrated with residents. No patient or public contribution. To describe the research report, we referred to the COREQ checklist (Tong etal., 2007).

Wishes and obstacles to having children – Results from the nationwide Healthy Finland survey

Abstract Background Fertility rates have been declining globally since 2010, also in the Nordics. In Finland this decline has been steep and the country has now hit lowest fertility level ever. Changes in fertility rates often occur with economic status and life expectancy improvements in a population. In Finland, delaying childbearing is a major cause for declining fertility rates. The aim of this study was to examine how ethical, economic and societal factors affect having children. Methods In total 65,986 randomly selected adults living in Finland were invited to answer the Healthy Finland questionnaire-based survey in 2022-2023. Subjects (n = 28,480, participation rate 32.3 %, males 42.1 % and females 57.9 %) aged 20 to 54 years were asked questions on childlessness and infertility. Results 17.6% of subjects reported not wanting more or any children while 9.3% wanted to have (more) children. 14.7% reported never wanting to having nor wanting to have children. 4.2% reported having had an experience of infertility and 3.1% reported receiving fertility treatments. Currently 0.5 % were expecting a baby and 1.5% actively trying for a baby. In the sample population, most common reasons for not having children were economic situation (6.2%), never wanting to have children (6.1%), relationship situation (5.9%), and work or studies (5.6%). Other reasons included capability issues (4.3%), ecological or environmental reasons (4.1%), other miscellaneous reasons (4.0%), and loneliness or lack of social network (3.9%), lack of societal support (3.2%), and own, spousal or family illnesses (2.9%). Conclusions While childlessness may be a temporary state in many people's lives, close to every seventh person chooses it permanently. Several external reasons affect voluntary childlessness ranging from ethical to practical. Further data is needed to evaluate the societal and economic obstacles to make childlessness a truly voluntary choice. Key messages • The Healthy Finland population survey provides information on the major causes of voluntary childlessness, including economic reasons and never wanting to have children. • In this population, every seventh person did not have nor ever want to have children.

Social and Health Determinants of Quality of Life of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Malaysia.

Quality of life (QOL) of older adults is a complex issue that requires an understanding of the intersection between socioeconomic and health factors. A poor quality of life (QOL) is frequently reported as sub-optimal among older adults whereby concerted and collective actions are required through an evidence-based approach. Hence, this cross-sectional study aims to determine the social and health predictors of the QOL of a community-dwelling older adult Malaysian population through a quantitative household survey using multi-stage sampling. A total of 698 respondents aged 60 years old and older were recruited and the majority of them had a good quality of life. Risk of depression, disability, living with stroke, low household income, and lack of social network were identified as the predictors of a poor QOL among the community-dwelling older Malaysians. The identified predictors for QOL provided a list of priorities for the development of policies, strategies, programmes, and interventions to enhance the QOL of the community-dwelling older Malaysians. Multisectoral approaches, especially collective efforts from both social and health sectors, are required to address the complexities of the ageing issues.

Determinants of depressive symptoms in older outpatients with cardiometabolic diseases in a Japanese frailty clinic: Importance of bidirectional association between depression and frailty.

Frailty and depression may play important roles in the management of older patients with cardiometabolic diseases. We explored the determinants of depressive symptoms and their association with frailty among patients with cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation) in a cross-sectional study. A total of 633 outpatients aged 65 years or older with cardiometabolic disease and suspected symptoms of frailty participated in this study. Depressive symptoms, physical activity, and social network were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-15, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Lubben Social Network Scale-6 (LSNS-6), respectively. Frailty was evaluated using the Kihon Checklist (KCL) based on the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), the modified Cardiovascular Health Study (mCHS), and the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the determinants of depressive symptoms and their association with frailty. Depressive symptoms with GDS-15 scores ≥ 5 were present in 43.6% of the patients. In logistic regression, after adjusting for covariates, the determinants of depressive symptoms in all patients were lack of social network, low years of education, and frailty. In contrast, in logistic regression with frailty as the dependent variable, depressive symptoms were independently associated KCL-defined frailty (OR = 6.28, 95% CI: 4.13-9.55) and mCHS-defined frailty (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.70-4.17), but not with CFS. Similarly, significant associations between depression and frailty were observed in patients with hypertension, diabetes, or atrial fibrillation. Lack of social networks, low education, and frailty based on the KCL and mCHS were important determinants of depressive symptoms in all patients. The relatively strong associations between depressive symptoms and frailty based on CGA in patients with hypertension, diabetes, or atrial fibrillation suggest that the assessment of depressive symptoms is of great importance in clinical practice in those patients at high risk of frailty.

Prediction of Marital Burnout Based on Feelings of Loneliness and Emotional Divorce in Infertile Women

Background: Infertility is one of the most painful experiences of life leads to marital burnout. Psychological, emotional, and social factors affect marital burnout of infertile women. This study was done to predict marital burnout based on feelings of loneliness and emotional divorce in infertile women. Methods: The method of the research was descriptive-correlational. The participants were women (aged 25-45) referring to Ibn-e Sina Infertility Clinic in 2019 in Tehran. A sample of 175 participants was selected by convenience sampling and completed the Marital Burnout questionnaire, Feeling of Longlines questionnaire, and Emotional Divorce questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression using SPSS v. 22. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant and positive relationship between loneliness and its subscales (lack of intimacy and lack of social network) (r= 0.62) and also a positive and significant relationship was found between emotional divorce and its subscales (feeling of separation from each other, feeling of loneliness the need for a companion, boredom, and restlessness) and marital burnout (r= 0.65). Also, feeling lonely and its subscales and emotional divorce and its subscales could predict the marital boredom of infertile women (P<0.01). Conclusion: Feeling lonely and emotional divorce have a significant and positive relationship with marital boredom and can predict marital boredom in infertile women.

Implementation, Mechanisms and Context of the MAMAACT Intervention to Reduce Ethnic and Social Disparity in Stillbirth and Infant Health.

The MAMAACT intervention aimed to address ethnic and social disparity in stillbirth and infant health by improving management of pregnancy complications. This process evaluation of the intervention was guided by the British Medical Research Council’s framework. We examined implementation through dose, reach, and fidelity, important mechanisms and the influence of contextual factors. The intervention included a six-hour training session for antenatal care (ANC) midwives in intercultural communication and cultural competence, two follow-up dialogue meetings, and health education materials (leaflet and app) on warning signs of severe pregnancy complications and how to respond for pregnant women. A mixed-methods approach was applied. Cross-sectional survey data and administrative data were used to assess intervention reach and dose. Qualitative data (records from dialogue meetings with midwives, participant observations and field notes from ANC visits, focus group interviews with midwives, and individual interviews with non-Western immigrant women) evaluated intervention fidelity, mechanisms, and contextual barriers. More than 80% of women received the MAMAACT leaflet and many found the content useful. The app was used more selectively. Midwives described being more aware and reflective in their communication with women from various cultural backgrounds. Organizational factors in ANC (time pressure, lack of flexibility in visits, poor interpreter services), barriers in women’s everyday life (lack of social network, previous negative experiences/lack of trust and domestic responsibilities), and habitual interaction patterns among midwives served as contextual barriers. The reach of the intervention was high and it was evaluated positively by both pregnant women and midwives. Organizational factors hindered changes towards more needs-based communication in ANC potentially hindering the intended mechanisms of the intervention. When interpreting the intervention effects, attention should be drawn to both organizational and interpersonal factors in the clinic as well as the pregnant women’s life situations.

Prolonged grief disorder in refugees from Syria: qualitative analysis of culturally relevant symptoms and implications for ICD-11

ABSTRACT Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is a new mental disorder recognised by the ICD-11. However, the cultural norms for grief in refugees or humanitarian migrants from Syria have not yet been established. Here we conduct an exploratory qualitative study of 10 key informant interviews with refugees from Syria with two main aims: (1) to identify common symptoms of normal or abnormal grief in refugees from Syria (2) to identify barriers to the acceptability of the new prolonged grief disorder. Three levels of qualitative analysis informed a new model of grief in Syrian refugees. Important culturally relevant symptoms such as “emotional outburst” and “weariness” emerged. The theme of “refugee experience” including sub-themes such as loss of homeland, lack of social network and ambiguous loss, emerged as potential predictors of grief severity. Finally, the level of culture and society revealed key barriers to the acceptability of the PGD diagnosis including stigma.

Awareness and Application of Personal Knowledge Management by Academic Librarians in University Libraries in South-East Nigeria

This study investigated the level of awareness and application of personal knowledge management by academic librarians in university libraries in South-East Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population comprised 175 academic librarians from ten public universities. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequency counts and percentages were used for research question 1, arithmetic mean were used for research questions 2 and 3. The study revealed among others that the level of awareness of personal knowledge management was moderate and the level of application of personal knowledge management was high. Challenges associated with application of personal knowledge management includes, difficulty in expressing tacit knowledge of individuals and lack of social network among others. The study recommended that university libraries should formulate a knowledge management strategy based on actual needs of the university. Keywords : Awareness, Application, Personal knowledge Management, Academic Librarians. DOI : 10.7176/IKM/10-6-05 Publication date :September 30th 2020

What can we learn from the national implementation of The MAMAACT intervention?

Abstract Initiatives to improve maternal and child health among non-Western immigrant populations in Western countries are still sparse. So far, interventions within antenatal care have primarily focused on doula support and group-based antenatal care. A qualitative evaluation of the implementation of the intervention was undertaken to explore midwives and non-Western immigrant women’s attitudes towards and experiences of using the MAMAACT intervention. The evaluation also investigated key contextual factors impacting the interventions utilization. Data consisted of focus group interviews with midwives (n = 9) and in-depth interviews with non-Western immigrant women (n = 15), as well as observations of midwifery visits (n = 42). Data were collected at five intervention sites across Denmark and it was analyzed using systematic text condensation. Findings show that midwives found the MAMAACT intervention to be a relevant tool, which was easy to implement in antenatal care. Several organizational factors such as task load, interpreter services and lack of cooperation with general practitioners impacted the implementation of the intervention. Non-Western immigrant women found the leaflet and app to be useful tools in distinguishing between normal and abnormal pregnancy symptoms. The degree to which the intervention was used by the women varied between the participants, and women also used other sources of information during their pregnancy. Contextual factors such as lack of social network and material resources as well as language proficiency impacted how women responded to their pregnancy symptoms. Findings show that in addition to targeting the intervention to midwives and non-Western immigrant women’s informational needs, structural factors such as the organization of antenatal care and women’s socioeconomic conditions need to be addressed in order to reduce ethnic disparity in reproductive health.

Risk analyses of pressure ulcer in tetraplegic spinal cord-injured persons: A French long-term survey

To identify the long-term clinical, individual, and social risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers (PUs) in traumatic spinal cord-injured persons with tetraplegia (TSCIt). Cohort survey with self-applied questionnaires in 1995 and 2006. Thirty-five French-speaking European physical medicine and rehabilitation centers participating in the Tetrafigap surveys. A total of 1641 tetraplegic adults were surveyed after an initial post-traumatic period of at least 2 years. Eleven years later, a follow-up was done for 1327 TSCIt, among whom 221 were deceased and 547 could be surveyed again. Main outcome measure was the proportion of PUs documented at the various defined time points, relative to the medical and social situations of the TSCIt, by using univariate analyses followed by logistic regression. Of the participants, 73.4% presented with a PU during at least one period after their injury. Four factors had an effect on the occurrence of PU at the long-term. On the one hand, a protective feature for this population, persons with incomplete motor impairment (OR = 0.5) and moreover those who were able to walk (OR = 0.2); on the other hand, a strong predictive factor was the development of a PU during the initial post-trauma phase (OR = 2.7). Finally, a significant situational factor was the lack of social network (OR = 3.1). We believe that the highlighting of a motor incomplete feature of SCI, protective for the development of PU, and of a medical risk factor, an early PU, which served as a definitive marker of the trajectory of TSCIt, together with a social situational factor, indicates the crucial role of initial management and of long-term follow-up.

Clinical and cognitive factors affecting psychosocial functioning in remitted patients with bipolar disorder.

Impaired interpersonal, social, and occupational functioning is very often observed in patients with bipolar disorder, not only at the acute stages of the illness but in remission as well. This finding raises the question of multiple factors that might affect psychosocial functioning in bipolar patients, such as residual subsyndromal symptoms and neuropsychological deficits. Social cognition impairment, especially impaired Theory of Mind (ToM), might also play an important role in bipolar patients' every-day functioning, similarly to what was found in patients with schizophrenia. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of clinical and cognitive factors on the psychosocial functioning of patients with bipolar disorder during remission, assessing ToM along with a broad range of basic cognitive functions. Forty-nine patients with bipolar disorder type I in remission and 53 healthy participants were assessed in general intelligence, working memory, attention, speed processing, verbal learning and memory, and executive functions using a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The Faux Pas Recognition Test was used to assess ToM. The two groups were matched for gender, age and education level. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were also administered to the patients. Every-day functioning was assessed with the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). In order to examine the contribution of many factors in psychosocial functioning, we used hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Bipolar patients presented significant impairment compared to healthy participants in all the basic cognitive functions tested with the exception of verbal memory. Moreover, patients had significant poorer performance than healthy controls in overall psyand cognitive ToM but not in affective ToM as measured by Faux Pas. Psychosocial functioning in patient group was significantly correlated to symptom severity-especially depressive (p<0.001) and psychotic symptoms (p=0.001), history of psychotic episodes (p=0.031) and ToM, overall (p=0.001) as well as its cognitive (p=0.023) and affective (p=0.004) components. Only the contribution of ToM in psychosocial functioning remained significant in the final multiple regression model. The findings of the current study indicate that residual symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions, especially deficits in social cognition, negatively affect psychosocial functioning of remitted patients with bipolar disorder. Moreover, our results suggest that ToM may play a central role in these patients' functioning. ToM is a mediator of the relationship between other clinical or cognitive variables and functioning, while it has also significant effect on social skills independently of other factors. Therefore, specific therapeutic interventions targeting social cognitive dysfunction might improve functional outcome in bipolar disorder. Putative contribution of other clinical characteristics (comorbid personality disorders, substance abuse, anxiety) and psychosocial factors (stigma, self-stigma, lack of social network) in bipolar patients' functioning should be examined in future studies.

Mental health and related factors after the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami.

Mental health is one of the most important issues facing disaster survivors. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and correlates of mental health problems in survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami at 6–11 months after the disaster. The questionnaire and notification were sent to the survivors in three municipalities in the Tohoku area of the Northern part of Honshu, Japan’s largest island, between September 2011 and February 2012. Questionnaires were sent to 12,772, 11,411, and 18,648 residents in the Yamada, Otsuchi, and Rikuzentakata municipalities, respectively. Residents were asked to bring the completed questionnaires to their health check-ups. A total of 11,124 or (26.0%) of them underwent health check-ups, and 10,198 were enrolled. We excluded 179 for whom a K6 score was missing and two who were both 17 years of age, which left 10,025 study participants (3,934 male and 6,091 female, mean age 61.0 years). K6 was used to measure mental health problems. The respondents were classified into moderate (5–12 of K6) and serious mental health problems (13+). A total of 42.6% of the respondents had moderate or serious mental health problems. Multivariate analysis showed that women were significantly associated with mental health problems. Other variables associated with mental health problems were: younger male, health complaints, severe economic status, relocations, and lack of a social network. An interaction effect of sex and economic status on severe mental health problems was statistically significant. Our findings suggest that mental health problems were prevalent in survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. For men and women, health complaints, severe economic status, relocations, and lack of social network may be important risk factors of poor mental health. For men, interventions focusing on economic support may be particularly useful in reducing mental health problems after the disaster.

Denied Inclusion for Prejudiced Women

Women are subject of stereotypical discrimination that disables their agency for action. Women with intellectual disabilities are double discriminated compared to non-disabled women and live in a stage of denied relationships in community. This article argues that the situation of women with disabilities is worsened by the lack of social network that limits the access to relationship. The research has made use of qualitative methodology to analyse the characteristics of the social networks that facilitate the social integration and community participation for women with intellectual disabilities. The semi-structured interviews yielded information about the aspects of social networks that enhance effective participation and boost wellbeing for women with intellectual disabilities. The research revealed that women with intellectual disabilities lack the social relationship and social network support for independent living. Disabled women’ opportunities for social inclusion and relationship are limited by environmental factors that decrease participation. Environmental agents influence social exclusion and deny women the basic structure for social relationships. Environmental aspects address behavioural adjustment which compensates for the shortcomings of intellectual functioning, by affecting the ability of women with intellectual disabilities to better cooperate with environment. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n1p129

Managing the Barriers to Entrepreneural Endeavours in a Developing Economy as Nigeria

Entrepreneurship combines the passion of a social mission with an image of business commonly associated with the high-tech or low-tech business ventures. Entrepreneurship has long been perceived as one of the significant factors leading to development. This research examined the barriers that pose as obstacles to the pursuit of entrepreneurial endeavours in Nigeria. The objective of the research is to have an insight into common daily activities that relate to all aspects of our lives. The research is based on quantitative research, using a questionnaire of 27 items for data collection. Descriptive data and statistical analyses were presented to identify and assess barriers to entrepreneurship in Nigeria. The research provided valuable insight into the factors affecting entrepreneurial inclination in developing countries like Ngeria. The findings of this research suggested that there are important barriers to entrepreneurship in developing countries. In Nigeria, the most significant of those barriers are: lack of social network, lack of external stability, lack of risk aversion technique, and lack of good business environment that is conducive to entrepreneurship. The significance of this research lies in the fact that it fills an important gap in the literature of entrepreneurial development, offering deeper understanding of the barriers to entrepreneurship in a developing nation, like Nigeria.

The Scholarly Benefits of Physical Fitness

Dieticians use Body Mass Index (BMI) to evaluate a person's physical fitness. We find that BMI influences the Grade Point Average (GPA) of students in Higher School of Economics in Nizhny Novgorod. BMI matters only for out-of-city students, suggesting that the driving force is not the professors' bias in grading or health issues. The effect is significant (going from 20 to 25 BMI suggests a decrease of 0.3/10 GPA, enough to deter a cum laude), and stronger on the lesser values of BMI. We argue that this effect is due to lack of social network around non-local students: low-BMI students find friends faster.

Differences in social relations between persons with type 2 diabetes and the general population

Poor social support and lack of social network are well-established risk factors for morbidity and mortality in general populations. Good social relations, such as social support and network contacts, are associated with better self-management and fewer psychosocial problems in persons with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether persons with type 2 diabetes have poorer social relations than the general population. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in three settings: a specialist diabetes clinic (SDC) (n = 1084), a web panel (WP) consisting of persons with type 2 diabetes (n = 1491) and a sample from the 2010 Danish Health and Morbidity Survey, representative of the general population (n = 15,165). We compared social relations using multivariate logistic regression. Compared to the general population, persons with type 2 diabetes more often lived without a partner (SDC, OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.49-2.06; WP, OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.43-1.87), met with family less than once a month (SDC, OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.40-2.27; WP, OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.94-2.84) and were less certain they could count on help from others in case of illness (WP, OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.08-1.41). Our findings suggest that persons with type 2 diabetes have poorer social relations than the general population. From a public health point of view, special attention is needed with regards to strengthening existing networks and establishing alternative networks among persons with type 2 diabetes.

Monitoring new oral anticoagulants, managing thrombosis, or both?

Monitoring new oral anticoagulants, managing thrombosis, or both?

Incident Dementia in a Defined Older Chinese Population

BackgroundCurrent knowledge about incident dementia is mainly derived from studies undertaken in the West, showing that dementia is related to older age, low socio-economic status, lack of social network, depression and cardiovascular disease risk factors. We know little about incidence and predictors of dementia in China, where the prevalence is increasing and the patterns of risk factors are different.MethodsUsing a standard interview method, we examined 1526 non-demented people aged ≥65 years who had at least minimal educational level in China in a 7.5-year follow up. Incident dementia was diagnosed by GMS-AGECAT algorithms and psychiatrists.ResultsAge-standardised incidence of dementia was 14.7 per 1000 person-years (95%CI 11.3–18.2 per 1000 person-years). The increased risk was significantly associated with age, female gender (adjusted odds ratio 2.48, 95%CI 1.20–5.13), low educational levels, smoking, angina (2.58, 1.01–6.59) and living with fewer family members. Among participants with low educational level, the increased risk was associated with higher income, and with the highest and lowest occupational classes; adjusted odds ratio 2.74 (95%CI 1.12–6.70) for officers/teachers, 3.11 (1.61–6.01) for manual labourers/peasants.ConclusionsOur findings of high incidence of dementia and increased risk among people having low education levels but high income suggest a more potential epidemic and burden of dementia populations in China. Maintaining social network and activities and reducing cardiovascular factors in late life could be integrated into current multi-faceted preventive strategies for curbing the epidemic of dementia.