Lack Of Sanitation Research Articles

Short relative leg length is associated with overweight and obesity in Mexican immigrant women

BackgroundPrior research suggests that undernutrition and enteric infections predispose children to stunted growth. Undernutrition and infections have been associated with limited access to healthy diets, lack of sanitation, and access barriers to healthcare – all associated with human rights. Stunting has also been documented to be a major determinant of subsequent obesity and non-communicable diseases. Short leg length relative to stature during adulthood seems to be a good proxy indicator tracking such barriers, and has been reported to be associated with adverse health effects during adulthood. Our objective was to examine the association between relative leg length (as measured by the leg length index, LLI) and measures of adiposity – based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) – in a population of recent Mexican immigrant women to the New York City Area.MethodsThe analysis was based on a cross-sectional survey of 200 Mexican immigrant women aged 18 to 70 years, whose data were collected between April and November 2008; although for purposes of the current study we restricted the sample to those aged 18 to 59 years. The dependent variables were BMI and WC, both transformed into categorical variables. The main independent variable was LLI, and other correlates were controlled for (i.e. age, education, having had children, characteristics of the community of origin, acculturation, chronic conditions, sedentary behaviors, access to fresh fruits and vegetables). Two probit models were estimated: the first one analyzed the effect of LLI on BMI categories and the second one estimated the effect of LLI on WC.ResultsThe probit assessing the effect of LLI on overweight/obesity suggested that having a short LLI increased the probability of overweight/obesity by 21 percentage points. Results from the probit model estimating the effect of LLI on WC indicated that having a short LLI increased the probability of having abdominal adiposity by 39 percentage points. Both results were statistically significant at p < 0.05.ConclusionThe study found an association between having shorter legs relative to one’s height and increased risk of overweight/obesity and abdominal adiposity. Findings support the epidemiological evidence regarding the association between short leg length, early life socioeconomic conditions (i.e. limited access to basic rights), and increased risk of adverse health effects later in life.

Causes and Social Implication of Migration to the Middle East (A Case Study of Village Zarobi/Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

Migration is the act of leaving one's native country or region to settle in another. There are many reasons why people might choose to emigrate. Many political or economic emigrants move together with their families toward new regions or new countries where they hope to find peace or job opportunities not available to them in their original location. Throughout history a large number of emigrants return to their homelands, often after they have earned sufficient money in the other country. Sometimes these emigrants move to countries with big cultural differences and will always feel as guests in their destinations, and preserve their original culture, traditions and language, sometimes transmitting them to their children. 26,604 engineers and 7,930 doctors had so far migrated to foreign countries. An estimated 52% migrant workers are from Punjab, 25% from the NWFP, 9.4% from Sindh, 6.5% from the Balochistan province, 5.4% from FATA and 1% from Azad Kashmir. Pakistan has a large pool of skilled manpower. It is cost-wise cheaper, considerably efficient and reliable, and can easily adapt to different cultures and conditions across the globe. A low level of domestic income for individuals results in lack of access to education, health care and other communal facilities like lack of sanitation, transportation and communication. The most consistent reason for migration has been poverty, lack of economic prospects and disparities in income levels. The Global Commission on International Migration has been discussing poverty as one of the main causes of migration. We believe migration provides an effective tool for addressing poverty. The current study focuses on the causes and social implications of migration of the people who migrated to Middle East for earning. The universe of the study is Zarobi/Swabi Village situated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from where the youth are rapidly migrating to the Middle East and Europe. The study is quantitative in nature; 86 respondents were interviewed through an Interview Schedule. Purposive Quota Sampling Technique was applied. The Accidental Sampling method was further applied while visiting houses. The first available emigrant was interviewed. The data is analyzed through SPSS and simple statistical tables. The study found that poverty, injustice and lack of job opportunities are the root causes of youth migration. The study recommends youth is the future of our nation and the government should accord priority to their welfare; should increase employment opportunities; establish political and security stability; offer a better standard of life.

A retrospective analysis on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax: the case of Adama City, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

BackgroundMalaria is more often considered a problem of the rural poor and the disease has been overlooked in urban settings for centuries due to the assumption that economic development in urban areas results in better life conditions, such as improved housing, drainage system and environmental changes that makes urban areas not conducive for breeding of the malaria vector. But, for many African countries, including Ethiopia, in most urban areas, although there are rapid developments, they are characterized by poor housing, lack of sanitation and drainage of surface water that would provide favourable conditions for vector breeding. Limited studies have been conducted as far as urban malaria is concerned in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of falciparum and vivax malaria transmission in Adama City, Eastern Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Understanding the local epidemiology of malaria will help policy makers and other stakeholders to design and implement tailored cost effective and efficient intervention strategies targeting urban malaria.MethodsThe study was designed to analyse 5-year trends of malaria burden by two co-endemic species in Ethiopia (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) and its annual and seasonal transmission pattern in the city, by using retrospective data on malaria burden by species, malaria related inpatient department (IPD) and outpatient department (OPD) consultations from 2013/14 to 2017/18.ResultsOPD retrospective data analysis indicated that adolescents and adults (≥ 15 years of age) were most affected by P. vivax 43.5% (2986/6862) and P. falciparum 31.7% (2179/6862). Plasmodium vivax was found to be a predominant species in causing malaria burden in the city exhibiting less seasonal occurrence, and the relative burden of P. vivax is gradually increasing from year to year over P. falciparum.ConclusionMalaria is endemic to the city showing a public health problem. The productive group of the community, adolescents and adults, were most affected exacerbating poverty. Plasmodium vivax was found to be the highest malaria burden in the city and the observed epidemiological shift from P. falciparum to P. vivax calls for additional tailored intervention strategies to reduce the associated burden.

An active surveillance of anaemia among pregnant women and its association with obstetric history and sanitation in urban areas of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Anaemia is still one of the challenging issues in India in spite of various ongoing nutritional programmes. Very few data have been observed from the state Uttar Pradesh especially from urban areas regarding the status of anaemia during pregnancy. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women and its association with the various socio-demographic determinants in urban areas of Kanpur.Methods: Cross-sectional study having total participants of 207 pregnant women were selected by simple random sampling method and interviewed by pretested questionnaire followed by testing haemoglobin level in blood through Sahli’s haemoglobinometer and collected data were analysed using SPSS Version 21.0 and Microsoft Excel 2007.Results: Out of 207 pregnant women 163 were estimated as anaemic.Conclusions: A high prevalence of anaemia was observed which is 78.7%. Adolescent age group, lack of sanitation and worm infestations were detected significant parameters contributing anaemia.

Pengaruh Faktor Kerawanan Pangan Dan Lingkungan Terhadap Stunting

Background: Globally, it is estimated that one in five children will fail to grow or be known as stunting in 2020. In Indonesia based on Nutritional Status Monitoring (PSG) data for the past three years. The prevalence of short-term toddlers has increased from 2016 to 27.5% to 29.6% in 2017. Method: The interaction between environment and nutrition, especially food insecurity presents interesting dynamics that can be studied further. In this review, the authors are interested in providing scientific evidence-based information about the effects of food and environmental vulnerability factors on the incidence of stunting. Search for published articles is done through databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL (EBSCO), the official website of national health organizations, online libraries, and the UNICEF library from February 10 to March 25, 201. Result: Stunting AND Risk Factors, Factors affecting stunting, Stunting AND food insecure, stunting AND environment factors, Stunting AND Indonesia. Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews, clinical reviews, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, clinical studies, health reports, and program guidelines. Conclusion: Factors influencing stunting including: food insecurity increases the risk of stunting (OR = 1.17 95% CI: 1.09-1.25) and less weight (OR = 1.17 95% CI: 1.01-1.36). lack of sanitation, flooring type and mycotoxin exposure in the form of AF-alb.

Taeniasis Solium dan Sistiserkosis pada Manusia

Taenia solium taeniasis (taeniasis) and cysticercosis in human are infectious diseases caused by pork tapeworm Taenia solium. They are zoonotic diseases and still a health problem in the world, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. The prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Indonesia is still quite high at 2% - 48% with the highest prevalence in Papua. Human taeniasis can manifest as a asymptomatic or intestinal minimally symptomatic. Cysticercosis can involve of neural tissue (neurocysticercosis) may manifest epilepsy seizure, headache, neurological symptom, cognitive disabilities, and death. The habit of eating raw or undercooked pork, lack of sanitation, and a lack of supervision the slaughterhouse are some of the factors causing taeniasis and cysticercosis in human. Avoiding eating raw pork, cooking meat over temperature 54oC, supervision at slaughterhouses, and maintaining hygiene is a way to prevent taeniasis and cysticercosis, therefore it is necesarry to do more intensive programs to prevent and control the diseases.

Where are the geohelminths? search of parasites in public recreation areas and parks in the metropolitan region of Campinas, SP, Brazil

Geohelminths are parasites that need, to complete their life cycle, a stage in the soil. Diseases caused by these helminths gain importance in public health because of their association with lack of sanitation and health education. The contamination of public spaces open to the community for leisure in the literature is quite common due to the risks that these areas offer: presence of waste, feces, insects, domestic animals, insolation, humidity and soil suitable for the survival of parasites. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the sanitary conditions of the soil (sand) from public areas and parks in the metropolitan region of Campinas, SP, Brazil.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND THE INCIDENCE OF DIARRHEA IN INFANTS

Background: Diarrheal disease is still one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Almost all geographic regions of the world and all age groups attacked diarrhea, but severe disease with high mortality primarily found in infants and toddlers. Diarrheal disease is a disease that based environment. Several factors related to the incidence of diarrhea is inadequate water supply, water contaminated by feces, the lack of sanitation (excreta disposal unhygienic), personal hygiene and bad environmental, food preparation undercooked and storage of food cook at room temperature is not should. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship environmental sanitation with the incidence of diarrhea in infants. Method: This research is in the form of observational survey with cross-sectional approach. The subject of this research houses who have children and reside in Puskesmas Mundu Cirebon. Total population of the house who have children and reside in Puskesmas Mundu Cirebon as many as 6021 children under five. the sampling is done using random sampling techniques Stratefied that the sample in this study, there are 98 people. Data collected from interviews using questionnaires and analyzed statistically using Chi square test significant level of p&gt; 0.05 (95% confidence level). Result: The result showed no relationship between drinking water, latrine ownership and type of floor of the house with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in Puskesmas Mundu Cirebon. There is no relationship between the physical quality of water with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in the work area of the health center mundu Cirebon Distric.

A beneficial by-product of ecological wastewater treatment: An evaluation of wastewater-grown duckweed as a protein supplement for sustainable agriculture

Ecological wastewater treatment systems that incorporate aquatic plants (like duckweed) have the potential to recover nutrients and produce high-quality protein, simultaneously alleviating two global issues: hunger and lack of sanitation. Although protein production by duckweed in simple lagoon systems and laboratory trials has been reported, its physiology throughout more complex wastewater treatment systems containing a range of different environmental conditions has not been examined. In this study, a duckweed co-culture (Lemna japonica/minor and Wolffia columbiana) was grown on wastewater from four different stages of a pilot-scale ecological treatment system. Contrary to the literature, the protein content of duckweed did not consistently increase with increasing aqueous nitrogen concentrations, but rather appeared to also be dependent on chemical and microbial interactions. This study indicates that with proper management, duckweed grown in ecological wastewater systems can sustainably produce protein at rates exceeding those of common land-grown forage crops (10.1 ton ha−1 yr−1).

Structural Violence- A case of Govandi-Mankhurd

Govandi-Mankhurd is a suburb of Mumbai where slum dwellers from all over the city were relocated after their shanties were cleared for development works. The residents live with substandard infrastructure; lack of sanitation, clean air and privacy; and overcrowding. We all have seen crowded, unhygienic and non-gated spaces in and around our lives. We all have pondered why people suffer like this. Some of us feel privileged that we were born in affluent families and erase our questions with gratitude and indifference. Others respond with sharp questions for this inequitable distribution of resources. Therefore, Govandi-Mankhurd is not an exception rather it is a norm. This paper is an attempt to sharpen our questions to understand the structures of power; historical injustices; social hostilities and political decisions that create these unequal and deprivating environments.

Current Status of the Sm14/GLA-SE Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Overcoming Barriers and Paradigms towards the First Anti-Parasitic Human(itarian) Vaccine.

Schistosomiasis, a disease historically associated with poverty, lack of sanitation and social inequality, is a chronic, debilitating parasitic infection, affecting hundreds of millions of people in endemic countries. Although chemotherapy is capable of reducing morbidity in humans, rapid re-infection demonstrates that the impact of drug treatment on transmission control or disease elimination is marginal. In addition, despite more than two decades of well-executed control activities based on large-scale chemotherapy, the disease is expanding in many areas including Brazil. The development of the Sm14/GLA-SE schistosomiasis vaccine is an emblematic, open knowledge innovation that has successfully completed phase I and phase IIa clinical trials, with Phase II/III trials underway in the African continent, to be followed by further trials in Brazil. The discovery and experimental phases of the development of this vaccine gathered a robust collection of data that strongly supports the ongoing clinical phase. This paper reviews the development of the Sm14 vaccine, formulated with glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA-SE), from the initial experimental developments to clinical trials including the current status of phase II studies.

Drinking water quality in schools of the Santarém region, Amazon, Brazil, and health implications for school children

The quality of drinking water and its health implications for school children were examined at schools in the Santarém region, Amazon, Brazil. In this region, the population is fully supplied by groundwater from the voluminous Alter do Chão aquifer. Drinking water samples from three schools in Santarem city and from one school at the rural Mojuí dos Campos town were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical compositional analyses. The health risk of human exposure to chemical compounds through water intake was also evaluated. The results indicated that most water samples were contaminated with total coliform and with E. coli, which could cause serious intestinal disorders for school children. Drinking water was acidic and most of the chemical element concentrations were within Brazilian water potability recommended levels. One exception was the high aluminium content in schools from Santarem served by shallower wells, suggesting that further epidemiological studies are necessary and the monitoring of exposed school children should not be discarded. Elevated nitrate concentrations were also noted in schools from Santarém with shallower wells, indicating lack of sanitation and the importance of periodic monitoring of drinking water to prevent adverse health effects. Quantification of human health risk indicated a hazard in schools served by shallower wells, with aluminium as the main pollutant, followed by nitrate. The results showed that most drinking water quality parameters are in accordance with Brazilian legislation. However, microbiological contamination, water acidity, aluminium and nitrate concentrations must be taken into consideration for local governments in order to prevent related diseases among school children.

Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Community Rural Water Supplies in Sankuri Division, Garissa District, Kenya

Water is the most important natural resource, indispensable for life and at the same time the backbone of growth and prosperity for humankind. More than 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2.6-billion lack access to basic sanitation in the world today. Water is not like other commodities in the sense that it is essential to human life. It is also essential to economic growth and poverty reduction. About 18% of the world’s population lacks access to improved water supply, According to WHO, 1.6 million deaths per year can be attributed to unsafe water and lack of sanitation (Pérard, 2007:42). Major threats to the sustainability of rural water supplies include high poverty levels in communities, weak institutional framework and inability of communities to handle breakdowns.&#x0D; The purpose of the research was to determine the factors that affect the sustainability of rural water supply facilities in Sankuri Division, Garissa District. To explore the causes of non-functionality of the water supply, a purposive survey was undertaken covering five (5) locations situated within the proximity of the Tana Rive with a sample of 384 households for quantitative data. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions and key informant interviews.&#x0D; The study established demographic characteristics of the study population, majority of the respondents (73.8%) that fetched water for the household were women, and 4.4% were female children. As concerns their level of education and ability to pay for the services, those with higher levels of education were more likely to pay for the water services. Economic factor had a bearing on the households’ ability to pay for the services and therefore the need to consider the cost implication for sustainability of the WSS. Aspects of the operations and management of the WSS elicited components of sustainability and the study’s findings whereby Water management Committee accounted for 48.6%, however components of management contributing to unsustainability among others were poor management skills 18%, corruption among the office bearers 8.4% and lack of accountability 8%.&#x0D; The study concluded that involvement of women in the management of the water systems since they are mostly involved in accessing this valuable commodity for their households is of utter importance, given their key role in this vital commodity for the members of their households. Cost has played a crucial role in the sustainability of the WSS, and lastly, Governance issues were not articulated to promote active community participation by the government policy, hence influence of the Operation and Management of the WSS.&#x0D; The study made recommendations at two levels: To the Government to incorporate basic Operations and Management skills for the WSS teams and enhance the capacity building in the initiation of the projects. Water Service Providers to be aware of the consumers’ preference in the management of the WSS. The committee members’ capacity building is crucial for the attainment of sustainability of the WSS. Water tariffs to be affordable in order to support the communities’ ability to pay for the services, and to facilitate maintenance of the systems. Lastly, planning of annual stakeholders and management meetings to promote trust and ownership of the water facility should be emphasized.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN DIARE PADA BATITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS HARAPAN BARUKECAMATAN LOA JANAN ILIR KOTA SAMARINDA TAHUN 2017

Diarrhea is environmentally based disease and occur in almost all geographic regions of the world. There are several factors associated with diarrhea that mother's knowledge, inadequate water supply, water contaminated by feces, lack of sanitation, unhygienic excreta disposal, personal hygiene, sociodemographic, unfavorable environment. The Children have susceptibility to an illness. This vulnerability is not only caused by their immune system but also influenced by their own environment. This research is an analytical survey research using Case-Control research design. The sample for the case was 29 and for the control of 29 using the Slovin formula. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square test with ? = 0.05. The result showed that there was no correlation between the level of knowledge with diarrhea (p = 0,070), there is no relationship between personal hygiene and diarrhea (p = 0,893), there is a relation between basic sanitation facilities (garbage and SPAL p = 0,019), and there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and diarrhea (p = 0,000). It is concluded that there is a relationship between basic sanitation facilities (garbage and SPAL), and there is a relationship exclusive breastfeeding and diarrhea in toddlers in the work area of Puskesmas Harapan Baru Village Loa Janan Ilir Samarinda city. It is advisable to the surrounding community to be able to use the trash closed, do not litter and making sewerage, and for breastfeeding mothers to be aware of the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months of age which has an effect on the immune system, especially on diarrhea.

Gestión patrimonial y hábitat: El caso de la Cooperación Española en el Centro Histórico de Cusco (1999-2010)

Una vez declarado Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad por la UNESCO (1983), la atención mundial se centró en el Centro Histórico del Cusco, núcleo de una ciudad con numerosos problemas, especialmente en cuanto a las condiciones de vida inadecuadas de sus habitantes: falta de saneamiento físico y legal, inseguridad, deterioro del tejido social y físico. Ante esta realidad, se realizó el primer esfuerzo para planificar y regular el patrimonio edificado mediante el Plan Maestro del Centro Histórico de Cusco (2005). La participación de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID) entre 1999 y 2010, tanto en la recuperación de viviendas como en la revitalización de ambientes urbanos y el fortalecimiento institucional de la Municipalidad Provincial del Cusco, se convirtió en una de las experiencias contemporáneas de trabajo con mayor cobertura e influencia en la gestión del espacio patrimonial en el Perú. El presente artículo resume el estudio realizado por la autora sobre la experiencia de la AECID en temas de hábitat e institucionalidad, donde se plantea una lectura de cómo esta aportó a la mejora de la calidad de vida de los beneficiarios de los proyectos y cómo estos pueden ser adaptados frente a la problemática actual.

To Study the Integrated Yoga Therapy (IAYT) Effect on Quality of Life and Positive and Negative Emotions in Tribal Adolescent Girls – A Single Group and Pre-Post Design

The tribal community faces problems by way of Poverty, Malnutrition, Low literacy, Lack of Sanitation and Quality drinking water, Lack of basic health services, Social – Traditional belief and customs etc., an overall environment will be resulted in to poor quality of life; leads to poor mental health. This research study has planned to know the effect of short term integrated yoga module for to know the effect of Quality of Life and Positive Negative Emotions of the Tribal Adolescent School Girls; living in Chhatralaya. Tribal adolescent girls; aged 10 to 19, total 46 nos. of adolescent girls were participated and attended yoga classes taught by trained yoga therapist for 15 days. The module included loosening, Suryanamaskara, asanas, breathing exercises, Krida yoga, and meditation and relaxation techniques. The assessment was carried out one prior intervention as wells as on 15 th day. All the participants were asked practice regularly. The Quality of Life was measured by using Youth Quality of Life (YQOL-SF). This contains 15 perpetual items measuring the domain of sense of self, social relationship, environment and general quality of life. The Positive Negative Emotions were measured by using Positive Negative Affects Schedule (PANAS-SF). The PANAS is a 20 items self-report measure of positive and negative effects. This contains two 10 items mood scale and was developed to provide brief measure of positive and negative effects. For the results, normality test was carried out for consideration of parametric / non-parametric test. The data was found that it was normally distributed; Shapiro Wilk test; paired ‘t’ test at 95% confidence interval level was carried out for hypothesis testing to measure the effects after 15 days IAYT. Quality of Life Results: The results showed significant improvement: t (34) = -2.202, P = 0.035. PANAS Results: PANASSF Score: For Positive Affects Mean Scores = 33.3 (S.D. ± 7.2). The results showed that there was no significant improvement (p = 0.187). The Mean Score and Standard Deviation before and after IAYT: Before: M = 39.97 (S.D. ± 5.71), After: M = 41.285 (S.D. ± 6.355). For Negative Affects: The Mean Scores according to PANAS-SF for NA is: M = 17.4 (S.D. ± 6.2). The results showed that there was no significant improvement (p = 0.068). The Mean Score and Standard Deviation before and after IAYT: Before: M=29.37 (S.D. ± 4.81), After: M = 26.91 (S.D. ± 6.96). For Positive Affect (PA): Parameters Showed significant improvement: t (9) = -2.709, P = 0.024. For Negative Affect (NA) Parameters Showed no significant improvement: t (9) = -2.022, P = 0.074. Combine Effect of Quality of Life and Positive Negative Emotions: Increased effect on Positive Affects leads to improvement in Quality of Life and decrease the Negative Affects. Improvement in Quality of Life leads to increase in Positive Affects and decrease in Negative Affects. Thus, change in Quality of Life impacts over Emotions and Change in Emotions impacts over Quality of Life. Conclusion: Study shows the general dominants problems in tribal adolescent girls is due to their lower Quality of Life and Emotional imbalances. These can be improved with the application of regular practice of IAYT and for that awareness of about Yoga is essential for them. Finding shows that 15 days short duration Yoga intervention has significant effect on Quality of Life and Positive Affect parameters; reduction in Negative Affect found faster than Positive Affect. It is to be concluded that for overall improvement in Quality of Life and Positive and Negative Emotions, long term IAYT would be required for better to best.

Sanitary quality of the rivers in the Communities of Manguinhos´ Territory, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Sanitation actions are rare in the communities of Manguinhos, so evaluation of the sanitary conditions of the river waters and the peridomestic soils of the communities allows the diagnosis of the risk of contamination. This study evaluated coliform levels (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) by the filter membrane method, and parasitological (by adapted Lutz and Baermann-Moraes methods) in the waters and soils of the Faria-Timbó, Jacaré and Canal do Cunha Rivers that pass through the communities of the Territory of Manguinhos, RJ, according to the standards established in Brazilian legislation. In all points of the rivers, the water was unfit, with an average level of Escherichia coli 3,800 times higher than that standardized in CONAMA Resolution No. 274/2000. Larvae, helminths eggs and protozoan oocysts were observed. Soil samples were also unfit, with mean total coliform level 77,000 times higher than that considered acceptable by SMAC Resolution 468/2010. The Escherichia coli average level was 53,000 times higher than that permitted by the legislation. However, helminths eggs were found in only one soil sample. It was concluded that the lack of sanitation in this locality results in the high coliform and parasitological levels of the river waters and in the peridomestic soils, and that immediate modifications are needed to the Brazilian environmental paradigm, which uses its water bodies as sewage disposal ditches.

Assessment of banana fruit handling practices and associated fungal pathogens in Jimma town market, southwest Ethiopia.

Banana fruits are highly perishable and affected by different microbial contaminates because ripe bananas are very perishable. One of the most important factors causing great economical loss of banana fruits is postharvest fungal diseases caused by lack of proper handling along postharvest chains. In line with this, the study was carried out to assess banana fruits handling practices and identify the major causal agents of postharvest fungal disease of banana fruits in Jimma town of bishishe market. Assessment was carried out using purposive sampling to select the study area, followed by simple random sampling to collect information on handling practices through observation and interview using pretested questioners. The survey result revealed that losses of banana fruits due to spoilage and physical injury were common problems for all fruit vendors. Practices such as lack of sanitation, temperature management, and improper packaging and transportation problems were identified among the common causes for observed losses. A total of 48 fruits were purposively selected from open market, wholesales and retailers and fruit damage, disease incidence, disease severity and identification of diseases causing fungal pathogen were conducted under laboratory. The highest fruit damage (56.2%) was recorded in sample taken from retailers’ shop, and the associated disease incidence and severity were 54.2% and 34%, respectively. Morphological identification of pure culture revealed that anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae and crown rot caused by fusarium spp. are the most important disease causing agents and result in large percentage of fruit loss in Jimma town of bishishe market.

Enteroparasites in Riverside Settlements in the Pantanal Wetlands Ecosystem.

Background Intestinal parasites are a major source of health problems in developing countries, where socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions contribute in maintaining the biological cycles of various parasites and facilitating their spread. The objective of this study, conducted in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, was to investigate the occurrence of intestinal parasites in riverside communities in the South Pantanal wetlands and conduct educational interventions focused on health and environmental preservation. Method In total, 196 stool samples were tested for parasites using the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique and spontaneous sedimentation and educational activities were carried out. Results Enteroparasite prevalence was 72% (65.6–78.2%; 95% CI). Of the 141 positive cases, monoparasitism was found in 34.7%, biparasitism in 23%, and polyparasitism in 14.3%. Entamoeba coli was the most frequent protozoan (70.2%). Among helminths, hookworms were the most prevalent. Enteroparasitosis prevalence did not differ for sex or place of abode but proved higher in individuals older than 10 years. Conclusion The high positivity rate for enteroparasites found for the communities stems from lack of sanitation and poor personal and environmental hygiene habits, indicating that effective health policies and educational interventions are needed to reduce the current risk levels.

Childhood diarrheal morbidity and sanitation predictors in a nomadic community

BackgroundDiarrhea remains a leading killer of young children on the globe despite the availability of simple and effective solutions to prevent and control it. The disease is more prevalent among under – five children (U5C) in the developing world due to lack of sanitation. A child dies every 15 s from diarrheal disease caused largely by poor sanitation. Nearly 90% of diarrheal disease is attributed to inadequate sanitation. Even though, the health burden of diarrheal disease is widely recognized at global level, its prevalence and sanitation predictors among a nomadic population of Ethiopia are not researched. This study was therefore designed to assess the prevalence of childhood diarrheal disease and sanitation predictors among a nomadic people in Hadaleala district, Afar region, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study design was carried out to investigate diarrheal disease among U5C. A total of 704 households who had U5C were included in this study and the study subjects were recruited by a multistage cluster sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and an observational checklist. All the mothers of U5C found in the selected clusters were interviewed. Furthermore, the living environment was observed. Univariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to choose variables for the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis on the basis of p- value less than 0.2. Finally, multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with childhood diarrhea disease on the basis of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p < 0.05.ResultsThe two weeks period prevalence of diarrheal disease among U5C in Hadaleala district was 26.1% (95% CI: 22.9 - 29.3%). Childhood diarrheal disease was statistically associated with unprotected drinking water sources [AOR = 2.449, 95% CI = (1.264, 4.744)], inadequate drinking water service level [AOR = 1.535, 95% CI = (1.004, 2.346)], drinking water sources not protected from animal contact [AOR = 4.403, 95% CI = (2.424, 7.999)], un-availability of any type of latrine [AOR = 2.278, 95% CI = (1.045, 4.965)], presence of human excreta in the compound [AOR = 11.391, 95% CI = (2.100, 61.787)], not washing hand after visiting toilet [AOR = 16.511, 95% CI = (3.304, 82.509)], and live in one living room [AOR = 5.827, 95% CI = (3.208, 10.581)].ConclusionChildhood diarrheal disease was the common public health problem in Hadaleala district. Compared with the national and regional prevalence of childhood diarrhea, higher prevalence of diarrhea among U5C was reported. Types of drinking water sources, households whose water sources are shared with livestock, volume of daily water collected, availability of latrine, presence of faeces in the compound, hand washing after visiting the toilet and number of rooms were the sanitation predictors associated with childhood diarrhea. Therefore, enabling the community with safe and continuous supply of water and proper disposal of wastes including excreta is necessary with particular emphasis to the rural nomadic communities.