Lack Of Qualified Personnel Research Articles

Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility by Karen s> Henderson (review)

REVIEWS 771 Finnishjournals in its negative comments on the Jews, often with regard to developments in Nazi Germany. To sumup, the pre-SecondWorldWar'Europebetween' had littlecommon political identity, though afterthe war one was imposed upon a large part of it. Today, these countrieshave gone, or are going, hell-for-leatherwestwards, thus destroying the alleged middle term that is meant to describe them. The cool reception of the Finnishpopulace to NATO and the EU extension shows once again that Finland, unlike Donald Rumsfeld, is hardly overjoyed by these developments. University ofTurku, Finland GEORGE MAUDE Henderson, Karen. Slovakia.TheEscape fromInvisibility. PostcommunistStates and Nations, I4. Routledge, London and New York,2002. iX+ 140 PP. Map. Chronology. Notes. Bibliography.Index. ?50.00. IMAGE mattersin politics. It is a 'tragicirony', arguesKaren Henderson in the preface to Slovakia:7The Escape fromInvisibility, that Vladimir Meciar, 'having become in late 1992 the founding fatherof the independent SlovakRepublic, proceeded to do more than any other individualto perpetuate the bad image of Slovakia' (p. xv). In the week this reviewer sat down to read Henderson's book, however, the racist chants of Slovak football fans during a Euro 2004 championship qualifierdid more to sully the image of Slovakiain the eyes of the average Brit than anything done by the self-declared 'Father of the Nation'. Perhaps more tellingly on the same weekend an advert in the broadsheet press for a budget airline, showing a map with all the company's European destinations, missed out Slovakia, labelling the country within the pre-I993 Czechoslovak borders as the Czech Republic. For some in Europe, Slovakiastillremainsinvisible. Henderson's new book should be required reading not just for advertising executives with a poor grasp of geography, but for all readers of the Slavonic andEast European Review.In I40 pages she guides the reader through the history,politics, foreignrelationsand economic development of Slovakia.The book forms part of the 'Postcommunist States and Nations' series published by Routledge which includes George Sanford'sPoland:TheConquest ofHistoiy (London, i999) and Rick Fawn's TheCzech Republic. ANationof Velvet (London, 2000). Attempting to encapsulatepre-I993 Slovakiahistoryin the space of a mere forty pages might be considered by some historiansto be a forlorn task, but Henderson provides a clear summary of the twists and turns of Slovakia's history through its various incarnations:inter-war Czechoslovakia, wartime puppet state and the Communist centralized then federal state. Despite the brevityHenderson hasmade room fora numberof interestingfacts.She notes, forexample, thatSlovaksheld I7per cent of atotalof 32 ministerialportfolios in inter-warCzechoslovakia of which no fewer than 6o per cent were held by just threemen:VavroSrobar,Milan Hodza and IvanDerer (p. 9). The core of the book analysesthe domestic politics and foreign relationsof independent Slovakia.Henderson does not slip into the facile explanations so 772 SEER, 8 I, 4, 2003 beloved by journalists during the I990S of blaming all Slovakia's woes on Meciar and what is sometimes dubbed the country's backward culture. Instead she provides an account of internal Slovak politics which highlights such factors as the lack of qualified personnel in the ministries, the rapidly draftedconstitution, differentdegrees of development in Slovakia'sregions, a Bratislava-basedelite unable to build bridgeswith the mass Slovakpublic and the salience of the national issue over the usual left-right political cleavage. Moreover, she stressesthe importance of Slovakdomestic politics in deciding the country'schances of foreignpolicy success. Two criticisms deserve to be levelled at the book. Firstly, the lack of a conclusion drawing together the book's many insights and venturing some projectionsfor Slovakia'sfuture.(The book stopsratherabruptlyat the end of the concise chapter on economics.) The second criticism should be levelled not at the author, but the publisher. Given the target marketfor the book is described in the front cover as 'studentsof East Central Europe, EU eastern enlargement and post-communist democratisation', one wonders how many sales Routledge imagines it will generate when a 40-page book is priced at no less than ?5o? The book's fate, therefore, is to be condemned to dusty university library shelves, which is a shame, because Henderson's excellent book deservesto have as wide an audience as possible. CREES T. HAUGHTON University ofBirmingham Bozoki, Andras (ed.). T7he RoundtableTalks of 1989. The...

The Roundtable Talks of 1989: The Genesis of Hungarian Democracy (Analysis and Documents) by András s> Bozóki (review)

772 SEER, 8 I, 4, 2003 beloved by journalists during the I990S of blaming all Slovakia's woes on Meciar and what is sometimes dubbed the country's backward culture. Instead she provides an account of internal Slovak politics which highlights such factors as the lack of qualified personnel in the ministries, the rapidly draftedconstitution, differentdegrees of development in Slovakia'sregions, a Bratislava-basedelite unable to build bridgeswith the mass Slovakpublic and the salience of the national issue over the usual left-right political cleavage. Moreover, she stressesthe importance of Slovakdomestic politics in deciding the country'schances of foreignpolicy success. Two criticisms deserve to be levelled at the book. Firstly, the lack of a conclusion drawing together the book's many insights and venturing some projectionsfor Slovakia'sfuture.(The book stopsratherabruptlyat the end of the concise chapter on economics.) The second criticism should be levelled not at the author, but the publisher. Given the target marketfor the book is described in the front cover as 'studentsof East Central Europe, EU eastern enlargement and post-communist democratisation', one wonders how many sales Routledge imagines it will generate when a 40-page book is priced at no less than ?5o? The book's fate, therefore, is to be condemned to dusty university library shelves, which is a shame, because Henderson's excellent book deservesto have as wide an audience as possible. CREES T. HAUGHTON University ofBirmingham Bozoki, Andras (ed.). T7he RoundtableTalks of 1989. The Genesisof Hungarian Democracy(Analysis and Documents).Central European University Press, Budapest, 2002. xxxiv + 409 pp. Notes. Tables. Appendices. Bibliography .Index. ?39.95. HISTORY matters in Central and Eastern Europe. Given the ideological permeation of history-writingin the Communist era, historians have been particularlybusy since the inaugurationof regime change. Re-examination of the (if with significant exceptions) sterile, mechanistic 'Marxist-Leninist' understandingof historyserveda variety of needs. Among othersit reopened scholarly dialogue, it provided the basis for new school textbooks, while the need to understand, assess, and 'come to terms with' the Communist period itselfbecame an importantelement of the processof 'decommunization'. At the same time history once again became an ideological plaything for politician-intellectuals,who invented and reinvented the past to mobilize the population on the basis of 'identity'or 'symbolic'politics. The most notorious example was provided 'pre-transition',in I986, by the infamous nationalist Memorandum of the SerbianAcademy of Science. This was not to remain an isolated instance, nor was the political use of history restrictedto nationalist intellectuals. Many of those who spearheaded the 'revolutions' of I989 also played a key role in the new politicalparties.They proved more than readyto rewritehistorytojustify and promote theirown politicalpersuasions. This is but one reason for the importanceof the unstintingeffortsof Andras Boz6ki and his team of scholars to document fully the Hungarian Round REVIEWS 773 Table of I989. Hungary and Poland constitute the two cases where round table negotiations between the establishment and the opposition were absolutely fundamental to the path and pattern of post-Communist transformation . Like the Polish Communists, the MSzMP, dominated from midI988 by its reform wing, sought democratization as a means to the perpetuation of Partypower. Unlike the Poles, with whom they held a series of personal consultations, Hungarian leaders were more realistic in their analysis and increasingly sensitive to the growing precariousness of their position. Indeed, the new 'pragmatic,reformist,more enlightened, skepticalcynical generation' (Bozoki and Karfacsony,p. 93) was essential to both the start and the process of negotiations. The party rapidly abandoned its early institutional preferences, including bicameralism. Yet it held on until quite late to the view that it could continue to govern through a coalition arrangementwith the historic parties or with the (subsequentelection victor) the Hungarian Democratic Forum (Klmmardiscusses changing MSzMP strategy,pp.4I-69). The Polish case is only partly documented, and one consequence was the early emergence of a variety of conspiracy theories about relations between Solidarity intellectuals and the regime. The Hungarian Round Table was similarlyan elite affair,with little informationmade availableto the public as to the course of the discussions.Boz6ki'swork ensuresthe wholesale lifting of this veil, for he has overseen the publication in Hungary of eight volumes of detailedprimarysourcematerial,includingminutesandtranscripts.This book in turnprovidesananalyticalsynthesisofvariousdimensionsoftheroundtable process by...

Best practices for the administration of Behavioral Health Rehabilitation Services (Wrap Around) in Pennsylvania: Six basic problems and their solutions.

Many behavior analysts in Pennsylvania currently work as Behavior Specialists in early periodic screening diagnosis and treatment (EPSDT) funded Behavioral Health Rehabilitation Programs (BHRP). These services were devised originally to serve low income children's medical needs within their local communities. Over time these services have been expanded to mental health diagnoses and have the potential to help prevent many of the dire consequences typically found for children with untreated or undertreated disruptive disorders and developmental disabilities. For a variety of reasons BHRPs, commonly referred to as services, are often chaotic and poorly organized. Many programs fold within the first five years of their existence. However, rather than a problem with the constraints of EPSDT-funded programs, we see this as a program management issue. This paper introduces ways to improve BHRPs from a behavioral systems perspective. The Problems with BHRPs The development of Behavioral Health Rehabilitation Services (BHRS) for children and adolescents followed from the Scott vs. Snider decision (1991) critiquing the adequacy of then current services. In 1994, request for particular services, namely the Behavior Specialist Consultant, the Mobile Therapist, and the Therapeutic Staff support services, to be offered in home, school, and community, were requested so many times, that the PA Office of Medical Assistance Programs (OMAP) decided to place the services on the medical assistance fee schedule. This led to the beneficial effect of services being offered to a greater number of children more quickly. On the other hand, having structured positions on the fee schedule, each with limited roles and functions, has hurt innovation in service design. While the funded positions became more structured, the general call, at the state level, for programs to be innovative led many agencies to be lulled into a sense that 'anything goes' with little preference given to interventions demonstrated to be effective for the various children being served. Even worse, many agencies were attracted to the flexibility of programming because of the range of services for which they could bill; wrap around has become known as a cash cow which can support other agency programs and larger salaries. In addition, many agencies opened their doors without adequate institutional support. Finally, the positions specified in the OMAP regulations are beyond the present skills of many among available pool of potential staff. Unfortunately, rigorous training in the interventions shown to be effective for the types of problems that children being served is severely lacking, as attested to, in part, by the complaints of numerous schools who interact with these staff. All of these problems have led to generally poor quality services and the poor image that BHRPs have developed. Thus BHRPs suffer from a host of problems from program quality to integrity. Despite these problems, we argue that simple structural and functional solutions can achieve the goal of setting community-based BHRPs back on track.. As the reader will see many of these suggestions are critical to the development of any successful program. The six major problems that BHRPS suffer from are: (1) lack of qualified personnel and specificity of role and daily functions; (2) Poor training and supervision of staff; (3) lack of consumer knowledge of the program and informed consent; (4) lack of institutional support (i.e., lack of needed functional roles and staffing of those support roles) (5) poor forecasting of incoming clients and management of intake; and (6) economic contingencies from institutions to increase growth before proper institutional supports exist. This paper analyzes each of these problems and offers simple management techniques to these eliminate problems, restoring quality and integrity to most programs. Lack of qualified personnel and specificity of role and daily functions BHRPS in Pennsylvania have three primary positions: Behavior Specialist Consultant (BSC); Mobile Therapists (MT); and Therapeutic Staff Support (TSS). …

« Le corps des sages-femmes », entre identités professionnelle et sociale

Yannick Jaffré, Alain Prual: "The midwives corps", between professional and social identities. In subsaharian Africa, maternai mortality is a public health problem. Its rate is between 20 and 70 times higher than in industrialized countries. The most frequently cited causes concern the attitude of the populations and a lack of qualified personnel, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Logically enough, to solve this problem, the "professionals" of development hesitate between a naive valorization of traditional medicine (e.g. traditional birth attendants) and the implementation of technical programs and training programs. Several epidemiologic and anthropologie surveys, conducted in Niger, allow to better analyze the situation. In urban settings, pregnant women utilize widely public health centers, that, on the other hand, are overstaffed. An analysis of the "social identity" of nurses and midwives, of the representations they have of their profession and an analysis of the themes of the conflicts between the health personnel and the populations, allow to suggest explanatory causes of the dysfunctioning of maternal health services. Both the health personnel and the population are "trapped" in between two Systems: the System in relation to their respective social identity and the System of their professional identity. Improving the health situation in subsaharian Africa thus requires to add to the technical training programs of health personnels a qualitative training, where those problems of social identification and of professional identification would be approached in an innovative way.

Prosthetics and orthotics: a survey of centres in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

This paper reports the results of a survey carried out to evaluate existing prosthetic and orthotic facilities and programmes of education, training, and research and development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. One hundred and twenty hospitals and medical rehabilitation centres were each circularised with a questionnaire requesting information that mainly concerned (i) types of prostheses/orthoses, (ii) area of facility, (iii) personnel number and qualifications, and (iv) problems encountered and suggested solutions. The completed questionnaires revealed that in the final analysis of data there were only ten prosthetic/orthotic facilities. The survey provided useful data on the personnel, equipment, and facilities available in each hospital or medical rehabilitation centre, together with details of the services to prospective referring clinicians. Two centres were found to provide high quality services by qualified personnel. There were no formal prosthetic/orthotic training programmes and there was only one prosthetic/orthotic research and development centre. The respondents generally felt that there were three major problems: (i) lack of qualified personnel, (ii) lack of materials and components, and (iii) lack of continuing education and training programmes. It is hoped that presentation of these results will provide facts for both health-care providers and educators which may be used as a basis for development in this important area of healthcare.

The influence of various support systems for decubitus ulcer prevention on contact pressure and percutaneous oxygen pressure

In practice a number of methods are used for preventing decubitus ulcers. One basic principle is always emphasized (Juchli, 1983; King et al; 1983): based on pathophysiological considerations, which are discussed in detail below, pressure relief of the affected tissue appears to be the most effective measure for decubitus ulcer prophylaxis. If possible relief should take the form of turning the patient every 2 hours. This is thought to give the tissue under pressure suflicient time to regenerate. Lack of qualified personnel often makes turning every two hours impossible. In practice there is also a small group of patients who for specific reasons must not be turned and therefore have to remain on their backs for 24h. Patients who must not be turned for medical reasons have to remain on their backs for more or less extended periods of time. This is often the case in intensive-care units (e.g. massive circulatory disturbances on turning; various splints and extensions on both legs; patients with fractures of the cervical vertebral column etc.) but patients in general wards also often lie without moving,

Utilisation et réglementation des pesticides dans le Tiers Monde: problèmes et perspectives en Afrique

ABSTRACT Pesticides have become an important element of agricultural technology and of the control of disease vectors in the Third World. Their importance is directly related to the damage caused by pests in the tropics. Pesticide use is currently the quickest and cheapest way of reducing damage caused by noxious organisms. Third world countries use about 15% of the pesticides produced in the world. This utilization is carried out under less than ideal conditions: enormous influence of multinational corporations, lack of adequate government intervention either because of the absence of regulations or because of insufficient policing, lack of qualified personnel. The case of the Republic of the Ivory Coast is particularly examined. While recognizing the importance of chemical control and the difficulty to eliminate it, the author contemplates an approach more in tune with local needs and in harmony with the environment and, particularly, integrated pest management.

Reservoir Systems Optimization

Although systems analysis tools have been available for over a decade, no major reservoir system presently uses optimization models for real-time operation. Of the many existing reservoir systems, the Central Valley Project in California, and the Tennessee Valley Authority project in Tennessee were examined as representative systems. Though the TVA is actively engaged in developing optimization models, the reasons neither is presently using optimization models are summarized as lack of upper management support, lack of qualified personnel in the development and use, inflexibility of many optimization models, and numerous associated problems such as hardware deficiencies. The potential net benefits of optimization are however, apparently quite large which should encourage such systems operators to utilize these tools.

Mozambique: communication and transition of socialism

Information played a crucial part in the war of independence in the Mozambique. It was considered from the start as one of the fronts. The Movement for independence counted with the tanzanian radio. However the majority of the population had no access to radios; therefore information was carried in any possible way (posters, caricatures, pictures, pamphlets). The messages were addressed mainly to 3 groups of people: militants of the Frelimo (liberation movement), the people of Mozambique, and the soldiers from the colonial army. For outside propaganda, the liberation movement had a periodical report which was published in French, English and Portuguese. The participation of foreign film producers was very important. Information in the Mozambique is very inefficient. The 2 main reasons for this are the lack of qualified personnel and a certain indifference in some areas towards the importance of information. The principle which lies behind information in the Mozambique is not so much to solve problems, but rather to ask questions. The people must participate largely to the information. There is no television in the Mozambique, although the Portuguese broadcasting set up for military purposes could be extended. For the 1st time in a country of transition to socialism, the possibility of refusing or even differing the installation of television is considered. Television is no longer seen as a tool of democratisation, but more as a danger to provoke a segregation between rural and urban areas. It is difficult to create a national conscience in a country where 6 different languages and as many dialects are spoken. Most medias only use Portuguese; only the radio tries to use national languages.

Library service in the Bahamas

At this point in time it seems to me that the importance and value of library service is an established and accepted fact. The efforts of those engaged in any form of library service are therefore directed towards the improvement of existing services whether they be national or local, public or academic. We in the Bahamas would indeed be fortunate if those ultimately responsible for library service were of the same mind. The Ministry of Education and Culture which is responsible for both the school system and the nation’s libraries does not appear to connect the two as complementary forms of education. It concentrates its energies, such as they are, on the school system, practically neglecting the public libraries. Library service in the Bahamas suffers from deficiencies in three areas: lack of funds, lack of a definite policy and lack of qualified personnel. These three do not exist separately from one another but can be seen each in its individual context. Whether one considers the public libraries, the school libraries or the library of the College of the Bahamas (the only institution of tertiary education in the country) one fact becomes apparent-all libraries lack the necessary funds to even offer adequate service. Within the public library system government funds have declined from approximately $150 000 in 1970 to less than a third of that in the past year. From this sum the five public libraries in Nassau must pay all expenses including salaries, new acquisitions, supplies, etc. No wonder the libraries must continue to collect fines and charge subscription fees. This is necessary for them to survive. In his 1970 UNESCO report 1, D. G. Reid found that government expenditure amounted to 60 cents per capita. He suggested that in order to meet minimum library standards an expenditure of six dollars per capita would be necessary. That was in 1970 but even if applied

The Compensation and Motivation of Petroleum Engineers

The policies and practices companies adopt to obtain, retain, and effectively use petroleum engineers are identified in terms of salary administration programs, compensation plans, and employee incentives. Introduction The assets available to any company are frequently divided into three major categories - money, materials, and manpower. Petroleum engineers spend a large percentage of their professional time making the most of the first two. Employment and effective use of the third asset, manpower, is the primary concern not only of many company executives, but also of every individual petroleum engineer. Industry's salary administration programs, compensation plans, and employee incentives directly reflect industry's policies and long-range plans regarding manpower. Long-range plans of companies always include consideration for manpower requirements. Here is a typical example of a manpower policy statement included in a major oil company's long-range planning program: planning program:Institute programs required to insure that no existing operation, growth area, or diversification program will be delayed or dropped because of the lack of qualified personnel. personnel. To accomplish this kind of policy, it is necessary to employ and motivate the number of petroleum engineers that operating managers feel are necessary to conduct their business. The purpose of this paper is to correlate the policies and practices that companies adopt to obtain, retain, and effectively use petroleum engineers with salary administration petroleum engineers with salary administration programs, compensation plans, and employee incentives. programs, compensation plans, and employee incentives. Obtaining Engineers Salary Administration - Starting Salaries To obtain petroleum engineers, companies respond to simple market supply and demand in setting starting salaries. Supply is reflected by college petroleum engineer enrollments, and demand pressures are petroleum engineer enrollments, and demand pressures are reflected in starting salaries. It does not take a great deal of logic to explain the continuous upward movement of starting salaries. Fig. 1 shows the trend of total enrollment of petroleum engineers graduating over the last 12 years. petroleum engineers graduating over the last 12 years. It follows that the greatest inflation of starting salaries will occur when the supply of the desired skills is low and not equal to demand. When a company's need for petroleum engineers becomes critical enough, the company will decide to pay a competitive salary or accept the fact that operations will be delayed or averted for lack of manpower. Fig. 2 shows the trend of increase in average starting salaries over the last 6 years. The rate of increase has reached a high of about 7 percent/year. As long as the supply of petroleum engineers continues to fall short of companies' demands, this rate of annual increase can be expected to continue. Adjustment of Internal Salaries Another salary administration fact is that rapid inflation of starting salaries will also cause rapid inflation of salaries paid for experienced personnel. JPT P. 281

Implementation of Management Science in Latin America: A Case Study and Generalization

Private and public programs designed for rapid industrialization and for raising living standards have caused a growing demand in Latin America for persons trained in management science. Current sources for such training include special “productivity centers,” departments or institutes of management science at various Latin American universities, technical personnel of North American firms, and professional academicians of North American educational institutions. If the level of private business between North and South America increases, it would be quite reasonable for North American firms to assume a greater responsibility for the transfer of management science techniques to Latin America. This paper describes an actual case study of the application of management science to the business and operational problems of a Latin American meat processing firm. Located in Paraguay, the firm is a subsidiary of a large multi-management company—Ogden Corporation. In conjunction with the local management, the study was conducted by Ogden's department of Operations Research. The following aspects of the Latin American firm were analyzed for possible application of management science techniques: (1) organization structure, (2) ranch operations, (3) product mix problems, (4) investment analysis, and (5) inventory control. Based on Ogden's experiences in a typical Latin American business setting, we attempt here to describe some of the present problems and the future potential for management science applications in Latin America. Major problems of implementation identified in this case and considered typical to Latin America are: (1) lack of qualified personnel, (2) lack of EDP facilities, and (3) existence of traditional cultural and political barriers to scientific approaches. However, because of a rising technological function, management science application offers a fertile territory in Latin America.

The Environment, the Community and Tuberculosis

SUMMARY During the year 1963 in the United States, a total of 54,042 new active tuberculosis cases were reported for the first time. This total gave an attack rate of 28.7 per 100,000 population. Reported deaths totalled 9,311, a death rate of 4.9 per 100,000. The above figures conclusively prove that the disease tuberculosis is still a major communicable disease problem. Although we have had declining numbers of cases and deaths reported for quite a number of years, the disease still remains a challenge to the medical profession and to community organization. This presentation outlines the major problems of distribution in our large American cities and their suburbs and the practical approach to solving these problems. The medical profession at the present time has enough knowledge not only to control, but to eradicate this disease. We admit this is not a simple problem, since it means the total cooperation of the medical and allied professions plus the education of the public and the person who contracts the disease. The cooperation of the patient with the program of treatment is the most important single factor. Various avenues of approach to discovering the disease, treating the patient, protecting the contacts and alerting the public have been discussed. Some of these recommendations have already become practice in many metropolitan areas. However, lack of vision and limited funds, as well as a lack of qualified personnel have delayed the application of some of these measures. The challenge to each of us is to do all in our power to use the knowledge we have, to raise the funds we need, to teach the facts as we know them and to do the job that lies before us.

The Effectiveness of Short-term Group Counseling Upon the Academic Achievement of Potentially Superior but Underachieving College Freshmen

(1961). The Effectiveness of Short-term Group Counseling Upon the Academic Achievement of Potentially Superior but Underachieving College Freshmen. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 169-173.

Bureaucracy in the Rehabilitation Institution: Lower Level Staff as a Treatment Resource

HE various types of rehabilitation institutions differ in structure, staff functions, major roles, techniques employed, and the attitude of the public toward their inmates. However, at a higher level of abstraction, they are similar in their objectives, their organizational problems, and the resources employed. Both the mental hospital and the prison have the objective of modifying the behavior of inmates to the end that they will become capable of performing roles consistent with the norms of total society. To achieve this, both of these rehabilitation institutions must instill in the inmate an identification with the total social order and must reorient his attitudes into a more constructive and positive form. Both encounter the handicaps of inadequate facilities, lack of qualified personnel, and insufficient operating budgets. Although the use of tranquilizer drugs and new intensive therapy procedures have brought significant improvements in the situation for mental hospitals, both types of rehabiliation institutions have had difficulties in meeting the demands for ordinary living of inmates. Treatment beyond custody has encountered even greater difficulties. In addition to coping with the sheer number of inmates, the rehabilitation institution has had to adjust itself to new demands on staff and resources brought by efforts to supplant custodial-oriented programs with expensive and time-consuming treatment programs. With greater insights into the etiology of behavioral maladjustment and development of improved treatment techniques, there has come a greater need for specialized training. This, in turn, has brought increased division of labor to the staff, a trend more advanced in mental hospitals but already noticeable in penal institutions. The increased size of staff and of inmate population and the greater division of labor within the professional staff have created the need to systematize the relationships between the staff members and between staff members and inmates. Informal and personal arrangements have had to be supplanted by codes of formalized rules and deliberately created organizational plans implemented by specialized functionaries skilled in the techniques of bureaucratic administration. The trend from dilettantism to bureaucracy is found in other institutions, as Lentz has noted for voluntary hospitals,' but it has special implications for rehabilitation institutions to be discussed shortly. This trend is signalled by the appearance of elements of bureaucracy in the organization and activities of the rehabilitation institution. Functional jurisdictions are fixed formally within the total area of activity, with responsibilities and authority distributed and strictly delimited in accordance with a deliberately conceived organizational scheme based on a hierarchy of official positions. Each position is occupied by a person possessing specific qualifications consistent with the function of that position. These qualifications increasingly are dependent upon formal, professional, and specialized training. This manner of implementing the rehabilitation programs tends toward greater impersonality in relationships between holders of various positions and between staff and inmates. As one of the general social consequences of bureaucratic control, Max Weber noted:

Europe's Chemical Industry Shows Renewed Vigor

PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II, the United States leaned rather heavily upon European developments for new ideas. Until this time Europe traditionally had been the home of new developments in chemical processes and products. The examples of synthetic rubber, synthetic ammonia, soda ash, cellophane, and many others are familiar to all. Physically, of course, many plants on the Continent were shattered by the war and, while the English plants were more fortunate, there were severe interruptions in production. Research work during the war could only be conducted on the most urgent matters related directly to achieving military victory. Nonmilitary research was limited by lack of qualified personnel, facilities, and communication of technical data. At the end of the war, therefore, no large backlog of new ideas could be found in the industry as a whole. There were exceptions. Some companies, like Societe Belge de l'Azote, whose production facilities were shut down under German occupation, devoted ...

The Community and the School

THE community relationships of American schools were profoundly affected by war needs and developments. In certain respects this influence was salutary. The stimulation given to school-sponsored community service projects such as scrap collection, bond and stamp sales, student staffing of child-care centers, wide-spread work experience achieved in agriculture and in industry, and the like was wholesome. School participation in the community integration and leadership movement as previously reported by Cook (18) was also a highly desirable development in the direction of enduring school-community cooperation. Somewhat offsetting these gains, however, is the fact that war-caused shortages in all forms of motor transportation, together with the requirements of national security and a general lack of qualified personnel, practically eliminated the field trip programs, the local surveys, and the week end or summer camps previously operated by many school systems. Nevertheless, the basic concept of the community school, as that concept had emerged during the later 1930's, steadily increased in professional favor thruout the war years.