Lack Of Professional Knowledge Research Articles

Establishment of Evidence-Based Nursing Indices for Dysphagia After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.

To select and obtain relevant evidence for the management of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery both domestically and internationally, clinical quality evaluation indicators were developed based on evidence-based nursing practices, and obstacles and promoting factors in evidence-based nursing practices were analysed. This research was aimed to provide a basis for evidence-based nursing practices to promote standardized management of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery. Dysphagia is the most common complication following anterior cervical surgery, but there is a lack of standard protocols and guidelines to direct clinical practice. Mixed methods were employed for the translational research to support evidence-based practice. This study was based on the JBI evidence-based health care model. According to the '6S Evidence Resource Pyramid Model', we searched from top to bottom. This study is guided by the knowledge to action (KTA) evidence-based practice model. Utilizing a comprehensive evidence-based approach and following the 6S evidence resource pyramid model, relevant evidence on the management of swallowing disorders after cervical anterior surgery was selected from both domestic and international sources. Based on the best available evidence, the Delphi expert consultation method was used to establish a management plan for swallowing disorders post-cervical anterior surgery. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted to identify barriers to clinical implementation, and clinical quality evaluation indicators, as well as promoting factors, were subsequently developed. Based on the 31 best evidence points, 12 evaluation indicators were developed. The baseline results of these indicators reveal that, apart from evaluation indicator 8, which has a compliance rate of 72.2%, the compliance rates for most of the other indicators are relatively low. Based on the results of the clinical quality review, the following main obstacles were analysed: negative behaviours and attributes, lack of professional knowledge, and lack of standardized management. Effective management of swallowing disorders after cervical spine surgery is crucial for enhancing treatment outcomes, reducing complications, shortening hospital stays and improving patient quality of life. This study identified the best evidence for managing dysphagia post-anterior cervical surgery and developed corresponding solutions. The next step involves applying these measures in clinical practice to improve patient prognosis and elevate the quality of care.

Research on Audit Risks in the Recognition of Data Assets on Financial Statements

This paper explores the audit risks associated with the recognition of data assets on financial statements, focusing on the complexities arising from their replicability, unique valuation patterns, and contextual dependencies. It identifies major misstatement risks at both the financial statement and assertion levels, including the potential for management to exaggerate data asset values, uncertainties in valuation methods, and deficiencies in data governance and internal controls. Additionally, auditors’ lack of professional knowledge and inappropriate audit methods can lead to inspection risks. The paper emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced accounting standards for data assets, effective guidelines for their recognition and measurement, and robust internal controls. Furthermore, it advocates for the exploration of effective valuation methods and the incorporation of advanced technologies, such as big data and AI, into auditing practices. By improving auditor training and methodologies, organizations can better manage the inherent risks associated with data asset auditing.

Research on Teacher Professional Development Based on Growth Mindset

At present, the main problems in each stage of teachers' professional development can be summarized from internal and external causes. The internal causes are weak consciousness of independent development, lack of professional knowledge and ability, lack of scientific research, and lack of teaching reflection spirit. The external causes are the lack of team cooperation resources, the lack of personalized training in the education sector and the heavy burden of non-teaching. Growth thinking can fully drive the internal power of teachers, stimulate the internal potential of teachers, and mobilize the enthusiasm of teachers' professional development, so as to effectively solve the practical problems in teacher professional development. The growth mindset helps teachers' professional development. The internal factors drive the strategy as follows: continuously improve the awareness of independent development, continuously learn professional knowledge, gradually improve teaching ability, continuously strengthen practice and research ability, and carry out in-depth evaluation and reflection; The strategy driven by external factors is to comprehensively promote team cooperation, give full play to the coordinating role of educational administrative departments and set up a burden reduction team to implement institutional burden reduction.

Teachers’ Perceptions of Young Gifted Children in China

Teachers’ perceptions are important in identifying and serving gifted children. However, little attention is given to gifted education in the early years in China. This study aimed to investigate teachers’ perceptions of young gifted children (aged 3–6), exploring teachers’ understandings, feelings, practices, and perceived challenges. Qualitative data were collected from seven teachers through semi-structured interviews. Major conclusions included the following: (a) teachers showed a multifaceted understanding of giftedness but exhibited confusion about twice-exceptional students; (b) teachers had mixed feelings about young gifted children and their negative feelings might be associated with unfamiliarity with gifted characteristics; (c) compared to whole-group teaching, “areal games” showed a higher level of differentiated instruction and a more active role that teachers played in challenging gifted children; and (d) lack of professional knowledge, time, and energy were major challenges perceived by early years teachers to serve gifted children. Important implications for practice and policy are addressed.

Stress Perception and Coping Strategies Among Healthcare Students: A Systematic Review

Background: The prevalence of stress among university students, particularly those studying in healthcare fields, has emerged as a significant worldwide concern. stress is characterized as a state of mental strain or anxiety stemming from challenging situations. The aim of this review is to deliver a systematic review of previous research, and knowledge on the stress perceived by healthcare students and their coping mechanisms. Methods: The articles were obtained from the online databases which are PubMed, Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, and EBSCO Discovery services. Only 40 studies were included in this review. Results: The result revealed, final year healthcare students mainly from medical and nursing course received stress from workload and assignment, lack of professional knowledge and skill and lack of free time. The students applied problem-focused, emotional-focused and avoidant coping to cope with their stressors. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review indicates the need for future research to focus on perceived stress and coping mechanisms especially for final year healthcare courses other than medical and nursing to emphasize the broader significant and potential impact on the finding.

Deciphering the influence: academic stress and its role in shaping learning approaches among nursing students: a cross-sectional study.

Nursing education presents unique challenges, including high levels of academic stress and varied learning approaches among students. Understanding the relationship between academic stress and learning approaches is crucial for enhancing nursing education effectiveness and student well-being. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of academic stress and its correlation with learning approaches among nursing students. A cross-sectional descriptive correlation research design was employed. A convenient sample of 1010 nursing students participated, completing socio-demographic data, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Revised Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F). Most nursing students experienced moderate academic stress (56.3%) and exhibited moderate levels of deep learning approaches (55.0%). Stress from a lack of professional knowledge and skills negatively correlates with deep learning approaches (r = -0.392) and positively correlates with surface learning approaches (r = 0.365). Female students showed higher deep learning approach scores, while male students exhibited higher surface learning approach scores. Age, gender, educational level, and academic stress significantly influenced learning approaches. Academic stress significantly impacts learning approaches among nursing students. Strategies addressing stressors and promoting healthy learning approaches are essential for enhancing nursing education and student well-being. Understanding academic stress's impact on nursing students' learning approaches enables tailored interventions. Recognizing stressors informs strategies for promoting adaptive coping, fostering deep learning, and creating supportive environments. Integrating stress management, mentorship, and counseling enhances student well-being and nursing education quality.

Evaluation of knowledge and oral healthcare practices among pregnant women in Pristina, Kosovo

Background. Pregnancy is an important period in a woman's life characterized by numerous physiological changes that can affect their oral health. For effective results, concerns about oral health during pregnancy should be checked and managed. Aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and reported practices regarding oral health among pregnant women in Pristina. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used, conducted in Pristina with a sample of 251 pregnant women treated at the University Clinical Center of Gynecology, in the Antenatal Care Department. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, women's knowledge of oral health, attitude toward oral health on the Likert Scale, and oral health practices. Results. The study revealed that 70.11% of the interviewed women were aged ≥25 years, and 46.2% of them were from rural areas. Unemployed women comprised 66.1% of the studied group, and 45.41% of pregnant women were educated. The study results indicate that 54% of the surveyed women know about oral health. Less than half, 27.9%, agreed on the importance of dental check-ups during the first trimester, and about 35.9% lacked knowledge that poor oral hygiene could cause premature birth. The majority, 54%, of surveyed women brush their teeth more than once a day. Discussion. The lack of professional knowledge is high, and most pregnant women need more information regarding this issue. Additionally, dental examinations are not performed on mothers, making it impossible to determine their current dental treatment needs. Conclusion. Pregnant women's knowledge appears deficient in almost all variables included in the study, despite the majority choosing the correct alternative, a significant percentage of them responded with “don't know”.

Trajectory of change in perceived stress, coping strategies and clinical competence among undergraduate nursing students during clinical practicum: a longitudinal cohort study

BackgroundClinical practicum is crucial for strengthening nursing students' clinical competence. However, nursing students often experience considerable stress during clinical practicum, and so they employ coping strategies to alleviate it. There is almost no empirical evidence on the change trajectory of perceived stress, coping strategies, and clinical competence among nursing students during a one-year clinical practicum. This study aimed to investigate the trajectory of change in perceived stress, coping strategies, and clinical competence among undergraduate nursing students during a one-year clinical practicum.MethodsThis study used a longitudinal cohort design. Undergraduate nursing students were recruited from a science and technology university in Taiwan to participate from February 2021 to January 2022. Perceived stress, coping strategies, and clinical competence among students in basic training practicum (T1), advanced training practicum (T2), and comprehensive clinical nursing practicum (T3) were surveyed by using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Coping Behaviour Inventory (CBI), and Clinical Competence Scale (CCS). PSS, CBI, and CCS in T1, T2, and T3 were compared using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) to deal with correlated data. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05.ResultsA total of 315 undergraduate nursing students completed the questionnaire. The study results show that the overall perceived stress of the students is the highest in T2 and the lowest in T3. The main source of stress of the students is 'taking care of patients' at T1 and 'lack of professional knowledge and skills' at T2 and T3. Students' perceived stress in 'taking care of patients' gradually decreases over time. The four coping strategies of CBI, which are 'stay optimistic', 'problem-solving', 'transference' and 'avoidance' in this order, remain the same ranking in three surveys.The main stress coping strategy used by students is 'stay optimistic', while the coping strategy 'avoidance' is used more frequently in T2 than in T1 and T3. Students' mean scores of the overall clinical competence and in the 'general nursing' and 'management' subscales in T3 are higher than those in T1 and T2. However, their mean scores in 'self-growth' and 'positivity' subscales are the highest in T1 and the lowest in T2.ConclusionsThe results show that through experiential learning in clinical practicum at different stages time after time, students' overall perceived stress is the lowest and their overall clinical competence is the highest in T3. The main coping strategy used when students managed stress is 'stay optimistic'. According to the results, we suggest that clinical educators provide students with appropriate guidance strategies at different stages of stress and continue to follow up the clinical competence and retention rates of these nursing students in the workplace in the future.

Fundamentals, Operation and Global Prospects for the Development of Biogas Plants—A Review

As the global demand for renewable energy continues to rise, biogas production has emerged as a promising solution for sustainable energy generation. This review article presents the advantages of biogas technologies (mainly agricultural, based on waste of animal and plant origin) and extensively discusses the main principles of biogas production in the anaerobic digestion (AD). In this respect, the main parameters of the process, which require monitoring and decisive for its efficiency are described, therefore: temperature, pH value, retention time and organic loading rate (OLR). The principles of substrate selection are also discussed and the necessity and advantages of the use of organic waste according to the model of a circular economy and the concept of sustainable development, are indicated. It is emphasized that according to the new European regulations, the crops classified as food cannot be considered energy crops. The part on biogas production is summarised with an explanation of the necessity to treat and purify biogas. Biogas purification is important from the point of view of the efficiency of its conversion into electricity. A special place in this paper is devoted to the design, construction, functioning and operation of biogas plants, based on both scientific and practical aspects. In conclusion of this chapter, the economic aspects and profitability of operating biogas plants are discussed. Cost and benefit analyses are the major tool used for the systematic evaluation of the financial costs and potential benefits associated with the operation of biogas plants. The important fact is that the return on investment can be achieved within a few years, provided the activities are well-planned and executed. In addition to the fundamental issues of the operation of biogas plants, this article presents the global situation regarding the development of biogas plants, discussing in detail the specific needs and limitations on different continents. It is a interesting and extensive part of this article. The global agricultural biogas market is at very different levels of development. Most such installations are located in Asia and Europe. China has the highest number of biogas plants, with more than 100,000 biogas plants, followed by Germany with over 10,000 plants. In addition to the 100,000 biogas plants, China also has a large number of household biogas units, which gives a total of approx. 40 million operating units. The article concludes with a discussion of opportunities and barriers to the development of biogas plants, pointing to: financial issues, access to feedstock, political regulations, public awareness and the geopolitical situation. The most frequently cited reasons for investment failure include economic problems, lack of professional knowledge.

일반교사가 지각한 학생 자살 예방 및 위기 개입 과정에서의 어려움과 개선방향에 대한 질적 연구

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore the experiences of teachers regarding adolescent suicide prevention and crisis intervention at school.
 Methods: An online survey using open-ended questions was administered to teachers currently working in elementary, middle, and high schools in South Korea. A total of one hundred responses were collected and analyzed using a Consensual Qualitative Research-Modified method.
 Results: As a result, concerning ways that teachers employ in response to student suicidal behavior and crises, five categories of in-school interventions (e.g., student counseling, prevention-focused education, and referral to Wee-class) and two categories of external interventions (e.g., collaboration with relevant organizations, parent counseling, and cooperation requests) were emerged. Secondly, four areas of difficulties perceived by teachers were identified. These areas include administrative challenges(e.g., complex procedures, unclear responsibility, and delegation of responsibility), difficulties arising from counseling capabilities (e.g., lack of professional knowledge and experience, limitations in teachers' roles and authority), challenges related to parents or guardians (e.g., uncooperative attitudes of parents), and student-related difficulties (e.g., difficulties in self-disclosure). These areas were further broken down into a total of 18 categories. Thirdly, teachers' perspectives on improving the process of student suicide prevention and crisis intervention led to the identification of four areas and 18 categories. The areas were administrative (e.g., simplification of procedures, manual development),counseling-related (e.g., workforce expansion, teacher training support to enhance capabilities), student-related (e.g., strengthening psychological education and activities), and parents orguardians-related (e.g., improving parental awareness).
 Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, we discussed the implications for education and policies aimed at enhancing the suicide prevention and crisis response capacity of teachers, including mental health literacy education for teachers and students, alleviating the mental health-related workload of general teachers, and enhancing the clarity of their directions.

Exploring women’s experiences of diagnosis of ADHD in adulthood: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT Objective Women are more likely, than men, to be diagnosed late with ADHD but there is a paucity of research on their experiences. This paper reports on women’s lived experiences of diagnosis of ADHD in adulthood. Methods Fifty-two qualitative interviews were undertaken, between March 2022 and March 2023, with women aged 19–56 years. The participants were primarily university students, and were diagnosed, as an adult, with ADHD by a psychiatrist in England, United Kingdom. Interviews were undertaken online, through Microsoft Teams, lasting on average 1 h 15 min. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis generated six themes. Results Participants reported difficulties in being referred from primary care services to specialist ADHD services. Diagnosis was seen as empowering, but this was often tinged with sadness due to previous experiences which were painful and traumatic. Others struggled to cope with the diagnosis due to ‘internalised ableism’ and perceived stigma. There was minimal mental health and psychological support from professionals after diagnosis and inadequate follow-up and monitoring of medication. Participants identified numerous reasons for not having been diagnosed as a child including gender and racialised stereotypes, successful masking behaviour, lack of professional knowledge about ADHD, a perceived over-emphasis on diagnosing mental health issues, and women being invisible and not listened to. Discussion Increased training and awareness are needed for professionals on how ADHD presents in girls to support earlier diagnosis. Specialised ADHD psychological therapies are required, in addition to medication. Support after diagnosis including monitoring of medication needs to be strengthened.

Protection of Small and Medium-sized Investors under the Securities Law A Study on Information Disclosure and Early Payment System of Listed Companies

Small and medium-sized investors occupy the vast majority of China's securities market. However, the rights and interests of small and medium investors are not protected due to the disparity of power with companies, lengthy trial periods, high trial costs and lack of professional knowledge. Through comparative legal analysis, the article first examines the natural investors, followed by the analysis of the policies and implementation status in China and the United States based on data and cases, along with the viability of relevant policies in both countries. Finally, it provides suggestions for the existing policies.

Barriers to immigrant entrepreneurship: A causal relationship analysis of the Asian immigrant entrepreneurs in Germany employing the DEMATEL approach

Research background: Entrepreneurship and migration are top priorities on many national and international agendas. As a result, entrepreneurship is one of the most popular strategies immigrants use to avoid unemployment in a host country. However, studies lack to discuss causal relationships among key barriers to immigrant entrepreneurs. Purpose of the article: This study attempts to fill the knowledge gap and investigate the causal relationship between the primary obstacles faced by Asian immigrant entrepreneurs in Germany. Methods: A predesigned questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with Asian business owners in Germany for the study, and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method of data analysis was used. Findings & value added: The findings reveal that lack of sufficient financial resources to establish a business, high market competition, and a lack of knowledge of the local language of the host country are the most significant barriers, among others, which may severely hamper Asian immigrant business performance and have a considerable impact on their entrepreneurial decision. At the same time, lack of professional knowledge & skills, problems with rules & regulations, and cultural differences are among the least essential obstacles for Asian immigrant entrepreneurs. The findings show that unfamiliarity with the local language, problems with rules and regulations, cultural differences, and lack of international business experience are associated with the causer category. However, lack of enough capital to establish a venture, lack of professional knowledge and skills, difficulty in access to financial resources, and high market competition relate to the receiver category. This research generates value for policymakers, particularly those participating in migration studies. One of the study's novelties is using the DEMATEL framework for decision-making on barriers to immigrant entrepreneurship in the European context.

A case study on peer relationships between children with and without autism spectrum disorder in a Chinese inclusive kindergarten

The development of sustainable early childhood education advocates for the holistic development of all children, including children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As an important indicator of children’s social development, peer relationships between children with and without ASD in inclusive kindergarten have not gained much attention. Adopting peer nomination, semi-structured interviews, and participant observations, this study described peer relationships between the two types of children in a Chinese inclusive kindergarten and explored its influential factors. Fourteen children with ASD, 12 children without ASD, 4 teachers, the principal of the kindergarten, and 4 parents of children with ASD participated in this study. The results indicated three types of peer relationships: rejected, neglected, and average. ASD children’s emotional and behavioral challenges, their limited social interaction skills, and teachers’ positive feedback on children with ASD were the major reasons for being labeled the above three types respectively. Furthermore, three protective factors (the rule of child pairing in the kindergarten, innovative curriculum and instructional design, and assistance from parents of ASD children) and three hindering factors (hierarchical roles of the children, the dominance of the medical model, and lack of professional knowledge and skills) of children’s peer relationships were identified. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Experiences of Social Service Professionals Working with Sex Workers: Unsung Heroes

This study was aimed at revealing the professional difficulties and problems faced by social service professionals who provide services to sex workers. We conducted in-depth interviews with 11 professionals working with sex workers in Turkey and focused on their working experiences. The interviews revealed that professionals had such problems as pressure, institutional loneliness, burnout, and lack of policy in institutions. They experienced professional problems such as insecurity, ethical violations, ethical dilemmas, secondary trauma, involuntary clients, and lack of professional knowledge. Despite these problems, the fact that professionals who mobilize resources for sex workers are not supported with protective and preventive measures has deepened their problems, and that professionals have not taken a course on sex work during their education makes it difficult for them. It is recommended to establish solidarity networks for the well-being of professionals. The educational content of undergraduate programs through which professionals who are to provide services in the field of social services are trained should be updated and such services should be expanded by taking the needs of sex workers into account. Researchers should generate knowledge by evaluating the problems in this area in evidence-based way and apply techniques to increase the validity of their studies.

FACILITATING LEGAL ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING THROUGH SIOP MODEL (SHELTERED INSTRUCTION OBSERVATION PROTOCOL)

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) is an instructional model for lesson planning and delivery for making content in English more comprehensible for non-native English speakers. If applied to teaching Legal English (LE), it might be useful for both teachers and students. The aim of this paper is to propose a model for teaching LE at university level, based on the SIOP principles. The specificity of legal terminology, the differences among legal systems in the countries, students’ lack of knowledge from the legal field and English teachers’ lack of professional knowledge have been pointed out in the literature as some of the main challenges in teaching LE. However, it seems that no systematic approach has been identified to overcome these challenges. With this study we intended to contribute to that gap. It utilized both quantitative and qualitative research methodology. Conclusions were made based on the findings from two instruments: a questionnaire with forty (40) students of LE at the South East European University (SEEU) in North Macedonia and their reflections. For the reflection activity, students were first delivered a LE lesson based on the SIOP principles and then they were asked to reflect on the experience and compare it to the regular language lessons. Findings revealed that students consider the SIOP lesson more comprehensible than the regular lesson with regard to the most challenging areas of the LE courses, identified from the literature review.

Clinical environmental stressors and coping behaviors among undergraduate nursing students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the level of stress, stressors sources, and coping strategies used among female Saudi undergraduate nursing students during their clinical practice. MethodsA cross-sectional design was used. Using a convenience sampling technique, female nursing students in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Alahsa who enrolled in clinical courses were recruited from a governmental university from January to May 2022. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Coping Behavior Inventory (CBI). ResultsThe degree of stress perceived by the 332 participants ranged from 3 to 99 (54.77 ± 0.95). Stress from assignments and workload was the most common type of stressor perceived by nursing students, with a score of 2.61 ± 0.94, followed by stress from the environment, with a score of 1.18 ± 0.47. Meanwhile, the students used staying optimistic as the most adopted strategy, with a score of 2.38 ± 0.95, followed by the transference strategy, a score of 2.36 ± 0.71, and the problem-solving strategy scored 2.35 ± 1.01. The coping strategy of avoidance is positively correlated with all of the stressor types (P < 0.01), while the problem-solving strategy is negatively correlated with stress from peers and daily life (r = −0.126, P < 0.05). Transference is positively correlated with stress from assignments and workload (r = 0.121, P < 0.05), and stress from teachers and nursing staff (r = 0.156, P < 0.01). Lastly, staying optimistic is negatively correlated with stress from taking care of patients (r = −0.149, P < 0.01), and with stress from lack of professional knowledge and skills (r = −0.245, P < 0.01). ConclusionsThese research findings are significant for nursing educators to identify nursing students’ main stressors and coping strategies used. Effective countermeasures should be taken to promote a healthy learning environment, decrease the level of stressors and improve students’ coping strategies during clinical practice.

A qualitative study exploring challenges and solutions to negotiating goals of care at the end of life in hospital settings.

Negotiating goals of care (GoC) with patients is an essential skill for all health-care professionals (HCPs) in hospitals. End-of-Life Essentials (EOLE) is a Commonwealth-funded project that delivers free, peer-reviewed, evidence-based, online education and practice change resources. To date, around 26 000 doctors, nurses and allied health professionals have registered to access the education. 'Planning End-of-Life Care-Goals of Care' features in the suite of EOLE modules and includes education around negotiating GoC with patients and families. The aim of the study was to explore the views of module learners (HCPs) on challenges they have faced when negotiating GoC at the EOL with patients and families. Participants were learners (HCPs) who registered to the EOLE website and engaged with the GoC module. Learners' responses to the question posed at the end of the module 'What are the hardest or most challenging things about negotiating GoC with patients and families?' were extracted for a 12-month period. Qualitative data were analysed thematically in NVivo V.12, guided by the theoretical framework of pragmatism. An open, inductive approach was used to code the data, with axial coding used to refine and organize themes and subthemes. A total of 451 learner statements were analysed. Five themes emerged from the data: (i) differing views and opinions; (ii) challenges to understanding; (iii) managing emotions; (iv) initiating the EOL conversation and (v) lack of professional knowledge or capacity. Five subthemes were also organized under the theme 'differing views and opinions'. Planning EOL care demands high-level, compassionately skilful and sensitive care and services, which are in line with the patient's and family's wishes. In practice, however, there are many challenges to this, such as ensuring that patients, families, and HCPs are aware of different expectations regarding future health-care possibilities, and that HCPs are prepared for negotiating GoC to achieve quality and safe EOL care in hospitals.

Trial by Jury: The Anchor for Democracy

Trial by jury is a legal proceeding that originated in 12-13 century England. After a series of development and diffusion over the course of history, it has been adopted by several countries today, with the U.S. and Britain the most prominent. Still, the debate about abolishing the trial by jury has always been heated. Many people, such as Tomas Jefferson, regard jury trials as the foundation for democracy and justice because they can prevent the government’s abuse of power and have many other benefits. However, critics of trial by jury claim that it should be abolished due to jurors’ lack of professional knowledge and other flaws of this system. Such discussion about whether to abolish trial by jury is what the paper addresses on. In addition, this paper discusses trial by jury within its U.S. and Britain contexts and primarily focuses on the United States, since a large proportion of jury trials worldwide take place in America. After analyzing various primary and secondary sources from different time periods and contexts, this paper concludes that trial by jury should not be abolished since it can preserve democracy through checks and balances, instill citizens with civic virtues, and promote social justice. In addition to arguing trial by jury should not be abolished, this paper also examines certain criticisms of jury trials and rebuts these doubts.

Clinical stressors as perceived by first-year nursing students of their experience at Alexandria main university hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundClinical hospital stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic are one of the problems that affect the quality of education among first-year nursing students, particularly in the first 6 months of their practice. ObjectiveAssess the types and severity of clinical hospital stressors among first-year nursing students and investigate the relationship between students' clinical stressors and their level of worry from COVID-19. DesignA descriptive correlational research design. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria's main university hospital. The study included a convenience sample of 200 first-year nursing students. ToolsSocio-demographic and academic data of nursing students. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is used to assess the degree and type of stressors. ResultsThe highest reported types of stressors were stress from the clinical hospital (M = 13.54) and stress from a lack of professional knowledge and skills (M = 13). Concerning the overall stressors, all students experienced a severe degree of stress (M = 116.87). Furthermore, students' age, sex, number of study hours/week, number of assignments/week, and worry from COVID 19 were highly statistically significant with degrees of perceived stress as (p = 0.000, 0.030). ConclusionClinical hospital stressors had a significant negative impact on the majority of students' education in the hospital. As well as worrying about COVID 19, positively increased the perceived stressors of nursing students. RecommendationsImplement an educational program for the first-year nursing students about clinical hospital stressors during COVID-19 and trained them how they can cope with these stressors by using stress management.